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Ch. 15 SHM Summary

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) describes the oscillatory motion of a system where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. The period, frequency, angular frequency, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in SHM are defined. Energy in SHM oscillates between potential and kinetic forms. The motion of a pendulum undergoes SHM for small amplitudes. Damped oscillations dissipate energy over time, while forced oscillations occur when an external periodic driving force matches the natural frequency of a system.

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59 views1 page

Ch. 15 SHM Summary

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) describes the oscillatory motion of a system where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. The period, frequency, angular frequency, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in SHM are defined. Energy in SHM oscillates between potential and kinetic forms. The motion of a pendulum undergoes SHM for small amplitudes. Damped oscillations dissipate energy over time, while forced oscillations occur when an external periodic driving force matches the natural frequency of a system.

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Abhi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Summary

15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion


Periodic motion is a repeating oscillation. The time for one oscillation is the period T and the number of
oscillations per unit time is the frequency f. These quantities are related by f = T1 .
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is oscillatory motion for a system where the restoring force is proportional to the
displacement and acts in the direction opposite to the displacement.
Maximum displacement is the amplitude A. The angular frequency ω, period T, and frequency f of a simple
−
− −
− −
−
harmonic oscillator are given by ω ,T , where m is the mass of the
k m 1 k
= √ = 2π√ , and f = √
m k 2π m

system and k is the force constant.


Displacement as a function of time in SHM is given byx(t) = A cos (
2π
t + ϕ) = Acos (ωt + ϕ) .
T
−
−
The velocity is given by v(t) = −Aωsin (ωt + ϕ) = −vmax sin (ωt + ϕ) , where vmax = Aω = A√
k
.
m

The acceleration is a(t) 2


= −Aω cos (ωt + ϕ) = −amax cos (ωt + ϕ) , where amax = Aω
2
= A
k

m
.

15.2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion


The simplest type of oscillations are related to systems that can be described by Hooke’s law, F = −kx, where F is
the restoring force, x is the displacement from equilibrium or deformation, and k is the force constant of the
system.
Elastic potential energy U stored in the deformation of a system that can be described by Hooke’s law is given by
1 2
U = kx .
2

Energy in the simple harmonic oscillator is shared between elastic potential energy and kinetic energy, with the
total being constant:

1 2
1 2
1 2
ETotal = mv + kx = kA = constant.
2 2 2

The magnitude of the velocity as a function of position for the simple harmonic oscillator can be found by using
−−−−−−−−−−
k 2 2
|v| = √ (A − x ).
m

15.3 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion


A projection of uniform circular motion undergoes simple harmonic oscillation.
Consider a circle with a radius A, moving at a constant angular speed ω. A point on the edge of the circle moves
at a constant tangential speed of vmax = Aω. The projection of the radius onto the x-axis is
x (t) = Acos (ωt + ϕ) , where (ϕ) is the phase shift. The x-component of the tangential velocity is

v (t) = −Aωsin (ωt + ϕ) .

15.4 Pendulums
A mass m suspended by a wire of length L and negligible mass is a simple pendulum and undergoes SHM for
−
−
amplitudes less than about 15°. The period of a simple pendulum is T = 2π√
L
, where L is the length of the
g

string and g is the acceleration due to gravity.


−−− −
The period of a physical pendulum T = 2π√
I
can be found if the moment of inertia is known. The length
mgL

between the point of rotation and the center of mass is L.


−
−
The period of a torsional pendulum T = 2π√
I
can be found if the moment of inertia and torsion constant are
κ

known.

15.5 Damped Oscillations


Damped harmonic oscillators have non-conservative forces that dissipate their energy.
Critical damping returns the system to equilibrium as fast as possible without overshooting.
An underdamped system will oscillate through the equilibrium position.
An overdamped system moves more slowly toward equilibrium than one that is critically damped.

15.6 Forced Oscillations


A system’s natural frequency is the frequency at which the system oscillates if not affected by driving or damping
forces.
A periodic force driving a harmonic oscillator at its natural frequency produces resonance. The system is said to
resonate.
The less damping a system has, the higher the amplitude of the forced oscillations near resonance. The more
damping a system has, the broader response it has to varying driving frequencies.

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