Essential Neo-Riemannian Theory For Todays Musician
Essential Neo-Riemannian Theory For Todays Musician
5-2013
Recommended Citation
Mason, Laura Felicity, "Essential Neo-Riemannian Theory for Today's Musician. " Master's Thesis,
University of Tennessee, 2013.
https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1646
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and
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To the Graduate Council:
I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Laura Felicity Mason entitled "Essential Neo-
Riemannian Theory for Today's Musician." I have examined the final electronic copy of this
thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Music, with a major in Music.
A
Thesis
Presented
for
the
Master
of
Music
Degree
The
University
of
Tennessee,
Knoxville
Laura
Felicity
Mason
May
2013
All
rights
reserved.
ii
To my parents
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
must
first
thank
my
family
for
their
love
and
continuous
support.
Without
them, this would have been impossible. I would also like to thank Mark and Barb Dittig,
who have supported me during the pursuit of my Master’s degree.
I must extend many special thanks to my piano teachers: first of all, to Dr.
Eugene Flemm, who was patient with me throughout my undergraduate career and has
always been a dear friend; to Mrs. Teresa-‐Falk, who encouraged and motivated me to
continue my musical journey and whose musicality has always inspired me; and finally
to Dr. David Northington, who believed in me when I did not believe in myself. To each
of them, I extend my sincere gratitude and admiration. Without their guidance,
I would also like to thank my friends, professors, and colleagues for their
continuous support in this process. Some brought me coffee; some critiqued my ideas
and provided invaluable feedback. All contributed to my work, and I am thankful for
each contribution. Of those, I would especially like to thank Glenn Kahler and Nick
Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Brendan McConville, my
thesis advisor, who tactfully guided me through this process. The careful consideration
of my ideas, guidance and direction he provided have been indispensable.
iv
ABSTRACT
This
thesis
will
build
upon
the
foundation
set
by
Engebretsen
and
Broman
in
Transformational Theory in the Undergraduate Curriculum: A Case for Teaching the
Neo-‐Riemannian Approach (Journal of Music Theory Pedagogy 21) and Roig-‐Francoli’s
Harmony in Context (McGraw-‐Hill) by justifying the inclusion of neo-‐Riemannian Theory
(NRT) in the undergraduate music theory curricula. This thesis also serves as a text for
use by undergraduates to supplement a typical theory curriculum. While Engebretsen
and Broman introduce the notion of NRT inclusion, and Roig-‐Francolí dedicates several
pages in Harmony to its discussion, NRT remains uncommon in an undergraduate
curriculum. NRT, an emerging and relevant analytical system, lends itself to bridging the
transition from the chromatic harmony of the nineteenth century to the varied
techniques of the twentieth century. NRT’s flexibility assists comprehension of passages
from various genres of music, old and new. In an effort to communicate the concepts of
NRT to as many undergraduate perspectives as possible, examples and assignments
feature musical works of the Common Practice Period, such as those of Beethoven and
Liszt, as well as those drawn from the Rock-‐Pop Era from artists such as Ozzy Osbourne
and The Beatles. This thesis addresses the application of NRT through various written,
aural, and keyboard assignments that can be easily utilized in most undergraduate
curricula. Through the use of written assignments, including examples for analysis as
well as composition-‐exercises, students will achieve an understanding of NRT at the
v
vi
vii
viii
Figure
34:
John
Lennon
and
Paul
McCartney’s
All
My
Loving
from
the
album
With
the
Beatles.
Used
with
Permission.
................................................................................
51
Figure
35:
The
compound
transformation
in
John
Lennon
and
Paul
McCartney’s
All
My
Loving
from
the
album
With
the
Beatles
..................................................................
51
Figure
36:
The
RP
transformation
is
not
an
involution
.....................................................
52
Figure
37:
Capuzzo’s
analysis
and
reduction
of
Ozzy
Osbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”61
..
53
Figure
38:
Capuzzo’s
transformational
network
of
Ozzy
Osbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”61
..................................................................................................................................
54
Figure
39:
Ozzy
Osbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”
charted
on
the
Tonnetz.
M.1
is
shown
in
a,
while
m.
2
is
shown
in
b.
.......................................................................................
54
Figure
40:
The
progression
from
Bob
Dylan’s
“Lay,
Lady,
Lay”
........................................
55
Figure
41:
The
charted
progression
from
Bob
Dylan’s
“Lay,
Lady,
Lay”
...........................
55
Figure
42:
The
compound
transformation
of
(C,+)
to
(G,-‐).
.............................................
56
Figure
43:
The
LRP
transformation
of
(C,+)
to
(G,-‐)
..........................................................
56
Figure
44:
The
Involution
of
the
PRL
compound
transformation
.....................................
57
Figure
45:
The
DOM
and
DOM’
transformations
shown
as
compound
transformations.
58
Figure
46:
Sergei
Rachmaninoff’s
Prelude
Op.
32,
No.
4,
mm.
37-‐43.
Public
Domain.
.....
59
Figure
47:
Rachmaninoff’s
Prelude
Op.
32,
No.
4,
mm.
37-‐43
shown
on
the
Tonnetz
.....
59
Figure
48:
mm.
1-‐3
of
Charlie
Rutlage
by
Charles
Ives.
Public
Domain.
...........................
62
Figure
49:
Schubert’s
Overture
to
Die
Zauberharfe,
opening
Andante
(as
reduced
by
Richard
Cohn).
..........................................................................................................
64
Figure
50:
mm.
34-‐38
of
Ernest
Bloch’s
Poems
of
the
Sea,
II.
Chanty.
NY:
G.
Schirmer,
1923.
Used
with
Permission.
....................................................................................
69
Figure
51:
Erik
Satie’s
Gnossienne
No.
4.
Public
Domain.
.................................................
70
Figure
52:
mm.
64-‐68
of
Dmitri
Kabalevsky’s
Sonatina
in
C
Major,
Op.13,
No.1.
Public
Domain.
....................................................................................................................
71
ix
INTRODUCTION
In 1987, David Lewin published his book Generalized Musical Intervals and
by their relationship to a key area, establishing transformational theory. From that time
forward, others have added to this analytical theory. One specialized segment of this
theory is neo-‐Riemannian theory (NRT), which deals only with major and minor triads
NRT, an emerging analytical system, lends itself to bridging the transition from
the chromatic harmony of the nineteenth century to the varied techniques of the
twentieth century, while also showing the effective use of set theory on traditional tonal
music. NRT’s flexibility assists comprehension of passages from various genres of music,
old and new, such as those of Beethoven and Liszt, as well as those drawn from the
Rock-‐Pop Era from artists such as Ozzy Osbourne and The Beatles.
for Teaching the Neo-‐Riemannian Approach” (Journal of Music Theory Pedagogy 21),
Engebretsen and Broman present the need for the inclusion of neo-‐Riemannian Theory
(NRT) in the undergraduate music theory curricula. While Engebretsen and Broman
introduce the notion of NRT inclusion, they do not provide curriculum to follow, though
they offer several practical classroom applications and an order of inclusion. The only
1
Richard
Cohn,
“Introduction
to
Neo-‐Riemannian
Theory:
A
Survey
and
a
Historical
Perspective.”
Journal
of
Music
Theory,
42,
no.
2,
Neo-‐Riemannian
Theory
(Autumn,
1998),
171.
1
texts that have attempted to address this need are Roig-‐Francolí’s Harmony in Context,
2nd ed. and Joseph Straus’s Introduction to Post-‐Tonal Theory, 3rd ed. Roig-‐Francolí
dedicates several pages in Harmony to NRT discussion, but does not seek to include any
material that links NRT to set theory. Straus, on the other hand, includes NRT in a
section on transformational theory that is short, succinct, and not always accessible to
Engebretsen and Broman’s article inspired the writing of this thesis, which serves
two purposes: a master’s thesis and an introductory, supplemental text for an
programs utilizing one of the following texts, though the text could enhance any
Kostka’s Materials and Techniques of Post-‐Tonal Music, 4th ed., and Joseph Straus’s
Introduction to Post-‐Tonal Theory, 3rd ed. Because this thesis serves two purposes,
master’s thesis and introductory text, the reader will find more scholarly quotes in this
thesis than would be found in the traditional undergraduate text.
My goal as a teacher and an author was to introduce the student to NRT in an
accessible manner, while introducing more advanced topics of the theory, such as
cycles, and including information regarding the use of set theory in conjunction with
NRT. Because I wanted to maintain undergraduate accessibility, I have decided not to
include information on pedagogically difficult works, such as Henry Klumpenhouwer’s
“Dualist Tonal Space and Transformation in Nineteenth-‐Century Musical Thought” and
2
“Some Remarks on the Use of Riemann Transformations,” which have had great impact
on NRT.
I have organized this thesis in a manner similar to that of a textbook, offering
instructional text, followed by “Terms to Know,” “Further Reading,” and “Exercise
Sections.” The text addresses the application of NRT through various written, aural, and
keyboard assignments that can be easily utilized in most undergraduate curricula, many
of which can be modified for additional exercises of the same variety. Through the use
of written assignments, including examples for analysis as well as composition-‐exercises,
students will achieve an understanding of NRT at the Analytical and Synthesis levels of
Bloom’s Taxonomy.
3
define and catalog each adaptation with accuracy. To produce responsible theorists and
musicians in general, the pedagogy and curriculum must be constantly updated to
While the traditional written tonal music theory curriculum, including aspects of
musician cannot limit himself/herself to these practices alone. With this in mind, many
music theory curricula include twentieth century analytical techniques in the last
semester of undergraduate study. This semester generally covers topics such as pitch
class analysis, twelve tone methodology, and aleatoric music. Generally, textbooks
covering twentieth century analysis do not dedicate substantial time to new theories of
following a basic study of pitch class analysis will offer reinforcement to concepts
learned and will introduce another explanatory system into each musician’s supply of
analytical tools. Therefore, the purpose of this text is two-‐fold. First, this supplement
(to a standard theory sequence text) will introduce basic NRT (also referred to as
transformational theory, of which it is a faction) to the undergraduate curriculum,
2
Two
exceptions
are
Joseph
Straus’s
introduction
of
neo-‐Riemannian
Theory
under
“Triadic
Post-‐
Tonality”
in
his
third
edition
of
Introduction
to
Post-‐Tonal
Theory
(2005)
and
Miguel
Roig-‐Francolí’s
nd
introduction
in
Harmony
in
Context,
2
ed.
4
course. Second, this text is meant to be a useful analytical tool for undergraduate
students studying music of the Neo-‐Romantic, Minimalist, and Pop-‐Rock genres, which
equivalence, and the ‘Table of Tonal Relations’] of their tonally centric and dualistic
residues, integrates them, and binds them within a framework already erected for the
study of the atonal repertories of our own century.”4 Therefore, introducing NRT in
The material of this text should be introduced after a basic study of pitch class
analysis. For instance, the author recommends introducing this material after
Chapter 5 of Stefan Kostka’s Materials and Techniques of Post-‐Tonal Music, 4th ed., or as
a supplement to Chapter 4 of Joseph Straus’s Introduction to Post-‐Tonal Theory, 3rd ed.
Introducing this material in those sequences where indicated will provide the smoothest
3
Nora
Engebretsen,
and
Per
F.
Broman,
"Transformational
Theory
in
the
Undergraduate
Curriculum:
A
Case
for
Teaching
the
Neo-‐Riemannian
Approach."
Journal
of
Music
Theory
Pedagogy
21
(2007),
40.
4
Cohn,
“Introduction,”
169.
5
What
is
Neo-‐Riemannian
Theory?
group theory. “Group Theory extracts the essential characteristics of diverse situations
in which some type of symmetry or transformation appears. Given a non-‐empty set, a
binary operation is defined on it such that certain axioms hold, that is, it possesses a
structure (the group structure).”5 More generally, transformational theory continues the
tradition of Milton Babbitt and Allen Forte by using mathematics to show the
relationship between and among intervals. By performing group transformations or, in
our case, NRT, the musician can see meaningful relationships within these triadic
progressions, just as prime forms of sets show us meaningful information about various
pitch sets.
Because NRT transformations can be defined mathematically and the use of
enharmonics becomes tedious, this text utilizes standard pitch class terminology and
definitions. (See Tables 1 and 2 at the end of the Preface.) For more information about
set theory, consult the Further Reading section at the end of Chapter One.
5
Flor
Aceff-‐Sánchez,
et
al.,
“An
Introduction
to
Group
Theory
with
Applications
in
Mathematical
Music
Theory,”
Publicaciones
Electrὀnicas
Sociedad
Matemática
Mexicana
15
(2012),
7.
6
relative (R), and leading-‐tone exchange (L, also called Leittonwechsel). (See Figure 1
below.) A parallel transformation converts a major triad to the minor and vice versa by
moving the third by half-‐step. In other words C Major is transformed to C Minor just as
C Minor is transformed to C Major. A relative transformation converts a major triad to a
minor triad by moving the fifth a whole-‐step up and vice versa, moves a minor triad to a
major triad by moving the root down by whole-‐step (i.e. C Major to A Minor or A Minor
minor triad by moving the root down by half-‐step, and vice versa, from minor to major
by moving the fifth up a half-‐step to become the root of the resulting triad (i.e. C Major
by passing motion and triadic progressions that divided the octave by thirds. Chromatic
progressions “. . . were frequently expressed by means of bold modulations, innovative
7
chord progressions, dissonance and resolutions and, in general, much less preparation
for abrupt changes. These radical transformations gave rise, in music, to
postromanticism and, finally, to atonality.”6 While this music is aurally aesthetic, it is
non-‐functional according to traditional tonal harmony. The best way to describe these
non-‐functional chords using traditional harmony is to say that they are “coloristic”
chords or that they are modally borrowed. We must consider an alternative analytical
system to accommodate these non-‐functional triads that are found in late nineteenth
The student is advised to thoroughly review Table 1 and Table 2 below. The
tables will ensure the student is well equipped to follow this text.
6
Flor
Aceff-‐Sánchez,
et
al.,
“Introduction
to
Group
Theory,”
12.
8
list. See Further Reading for locations of Allen Forte’s set
class listing.
hexatonic A scalar arrangement of six pitches within the same octave.
normal form The unordered pitch class set, notated by [ ] in this text.
pitch class (pc) Any group of pitches with the same name, which may
Pl: pitch classes (pcs) occur in any octave, which are generally indicated by an
pitch class set (pc set) Any unordered amalgamation of pitch classes. For
Pl: pitch class sets (pc instance, in a tonal work we may find the pitches C (0), E
sets) (4), and G (7) together. This creates the common triadic pc
set
[047].
9
Table
1
Continued:
Terms
for
Review
prime
form
The
numerical
representation
of
a
set
class,
notated
with
octave equivalency Two pitches of the same name are considered one pc
regardless of the octave in which the pitch occurs, reducing
modulo 12 (mod-‐12) Any integer larger than 11 is reduced to its equivalent
Set class The collection of equivalent normal order forms, through
Tn/TnI
7
Ibid.,
70.
10
in This Text
Pitch
Name
Pitch
Class
C
0
C#/Db
1
D
2
D#/Eb
3
E/Fb
4
F
5
F#/Gb
6
G
7
G#/Ab
8
A
9
A
A#/Bb
(or
T
for
Ten)
B
B
(or
E
for
Eleven)
11
General
Background
Hugo
Riemann
(1849-‐1919),
music
theorist
and
musicologist,
is
considered
the
founder of modern music theory thought.8 His treatise, Handbuch der Harmonielehre,
outlines harmonic function defined by root-‐interval structures rather than the scalar-‐
based structures of the Common Practice Period to which we have become accustomed.
In 1987, Lewin introduced Riemann’s diatonic functions in a way in which they
functioned outside of a diatonic key structure.9 Lewin’s interpretation of Riemann’s
transformations provided a technique to interpret music that was triadic, yet not
necessarily functional according to traditional scalar practices. Lewin’s work has been
summarized: “In David Lewin’s transformational approach to triadic relations, . . . he
explores classes of contextual transformations that, following Riemann and Hauptmann,
act upon consonant triads whose constituent pitches are arranged in a line of
alternating minor and major thirds (transformations that largely comprise incremental
shifts along this line that change one triad into another).”10 Essentially, Lewin’s
application of (mathematical) group theory to music sought to show triadic relationships
12
In 1989, Brian Hyer published his dissertation Tonal Intuitions in "Tristan und
Isolde" in which he substantiated the use of three of Lewin’s contextual inversions
(Parallel, Leading-‐tone Exchange, and Relative) and one transposition (Dominant), which
he represented solely by first letter (P,L, or R) instead of Lewin’s shortened titles (such
as MED). Hyer’s chosen contextual inversions would become the basis of NRT
transformations as would the use of the geometrical Tonnetz, which Hyer also revived
One contextual inversion that that Hyer synthesized was the NRT Relative
transformation performed on a triad results in that triad becoming the mediant of the
resulting triad, i.e. (C,+) MED = (A,-‐).12 The MED’ transformation is the opposite of the
MED transformation, i.e. (A,-‐) MED’ = (C,+). Hyer combined the MED and MED’
transformations into one transformation, which we use in NRT: the Relative (R)
transformation. (See Figure 2.) The R transformation transforms a triad to its relative
Figure 2: MED and MED’ transformations and the NRT REL transformation
11
Cohn,
“Introduction,”
171.
12
Ibid.,
176.
13
From the works of David Lewin, Brian Hyers, Henry Klumpenhouwer, Richard
Cohn, and others, NRT has evolved to the theory that it is today.
Terminology
In NRT, triads are considered ordered pc sets and are referred to as Klangs.
Lewin states, “Each Klang is an ordered pair (p, sign), where p is a pitch class and sign
takes on the values + and – for major and minor respectively. The Klang models a
harmonic object with p as root or tonic, an object whose modality is determined by the
sign.”13 In NRT, chords are not arranged and weighted in the traditional tonal hierarchy.
Cohn states, “In assuming the a priori status of consonant triads, neo-‐Riemannian
continued to favour triads as harmonic objects. Indeed, the adoption of a group-‐
theoretic approach to relations between triads suggests that the internal structure of
the individual triads might also be viewed group-‐theoretically, as a complex of equal
weighted pitch-‐classes and intervals.”14 Per Broman states the concept this way: “The
abandonment of diatonic context allows neo-‐Riemannian theory to model non-‐diatonic
relationships among triads: any consonant triad can be connected to any other through
13
Lewin,
Generalized
Musical,
175-‐76.
14
Richard
Cohn,
"Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,
Hexatonic
Systems,
and
the
Analysis
of
Late-‐Romantic
Triadic
Progressions."
Music
Analysis
15,
no.
1
(1996),
12.
14
some combination of the P, L, and R transformations.”15 The term Klang and its
notation system were adopted to remove the stigmatism of the diatonic key. For the
purpose of this text, we will refer to Klangs simply as “triads,” although we will adopt
18
Figure
3:
Richard
Cohn’s
reduction
of
Brahms’
Concerto
for
Violin
and
‘Cello,
first
movement,
mm.268-‐79.
Trichords, and Their ‘Tonnetz’,” in which he introduced the term parsimony. Two
chords are parsimonious if they share two pitches.16 Skinner states, “Cohn’s definition
two voices are retained as common tones, and (2) the third voice proceeds by an
interval no greater than twice the smallest available interval in a given tuning.”17 In the
15
Per
F.
Broman,
"Reger
and
Riemann:
Some
Analytical
and
Pedagogical
Prospects."
Svensk
Tidskrift
för
Musikforskning
(2002),
16.
16
Douthett,
Jack
M.,
et
al.
"Introduction,"
5.
17
Myles
Leigh
Skinner,
“Toward
a
Quarter-‐Tone
Syntax:
Analyses
of
Selected
Works
by
Blackwood,
Haba,
Ives,
and
Wyschnegradsky.”
PhD
diss.,
(State
University
of
New
York
at
Buffalo,
2006),
198.
15
case equal temperament, the smallest interval available is the half-‐step/semitone.
Notice in Figure 3 above, that Brahms maintains two pitches between triads as indicated
by the open noteheads.18 The maintained pitches may not be spelled the same way;
they may be enharmonics. Parsimonious voice leading is considered directly relational
to NRT as it creates the progressions which analyzed with NRT. Figure 4 gives examples
of parsimonious voice leading among pc sets, where a “step” can be that of a half or a
whole. 19
19
Figure
4:
Possible
Stepwise
Transformations
in
a
Triad
18
Richard
Cohn,
“Neo-‐Riemannian
Operations,
Parsimonious
Trichords,
and
Their
‘Tonnetz’
Representations.”
Journal
of
Music
Theory,
41,
no.
1
(Spring
1997),
35.
19
Richard
Plotkin,
“Transforming
Transformational
Analysis:
Applications
of
Filtered
Point-‐
Symmetry.”
(PhD
diss.,
The
University
of
Chicago,
2010),
53.
16
because it is not an involution. Involutions in mathematics are defined as an operation,
which, when applied to its result, returns the original number.20 In music, a
transformation applied a second time returns the transformed chord to the original
chord, which is the first common characteristic of the basic transformations.21 For
instance, G Major transformed by the Relative transformation becomes E minor. When
the Relative transformation is performed on the resulting E minor, G Major results.
parallel (P), relative (R), and leading-‐tone exchange (L, also called Leittonwechsel).
(See Figure 5 below.) A parallel transformation converts a major triad to the minor and
vice versa by moving the third by half-‐step. These chords are parsimonious because
they share the root and the fifth. A relative transformation converts a major triad to a
minor triad by moving the fifth a whole-‐step up and vice versa, moves a minor triad to a
major triad by moving the root down by whole-‐step. The leading-‐tone exchange
transformation converts a major triad to a minor triad by moving the root down by half-‐
step, and, from minor to major, by moving the fifth up a half-‐step to become the root of
If the transformations were described according to the rules of traditional
harmony (with key contexts), a parallel (P) transformation converts a major triad to its
20
Todd
A.
Ell
and
Stephen
J.
Sangwine,
“Quaterion
Involutions
and
anti-‐involutions.”
In
Computers
and
Mathematics
with
Applications,
53,
no.
1,
(2007),
137-‐138.
21
Cohn,
“Neo-‐Riemannian
Operations,”
1.
17
parallel minor and vice versa. A relative (R) transformation converts a triad to its
relative major or minor. The leading-‐tone exchange (L) transformation converts a triad
to its iii (if the original is major) or VI (if the original chord is minor).
transformations share several properties: each is an involution; each is mode-‐altering (it
maps a triad to its pitch-‐class inversion); and each transformation preserves two
common tones, replacing the third with a pc a semitone away (in the case of P and L) or
a whole tone away (in the case of R). This last property is particularly significant for the
analysis of late Romantic music, where common-‐tone preservation and smooth voice-‐
leading are characteristic stylistic features.”22 Mode-‐altering can be thought of as the
inversion of the triad; thus, [047] becomes [037] or vice versa. To visualize common-‐
tone preservation, view Figure 5 below. Also, notice that they are involutions as
performing the transformation to the resulting triad returns it to the original.
Figure 5: NRT transformations performed on a C major triad. Note each transformation is an involution.
The
Tonnetz
22
Cohn,
"Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,"
12.
18
Joe Argentino states, “The Tonnetz or ‘tone-‐network,’ is a two-‐dimensional graph in
which the axes represent the three intervals of a trichord (traditionally major and minor
chords).”23 Because the transformations are involutions, the Tonnetz features only
major and minor triads, while augmented and diminished triads have not been included
in the basic transformations.24 (See Figures 6 and 7.) The Tonnetz links neo-‐Riemannian
Under
equal
temperament,
each
pitch
should
appear
only
once
on
the
Tonnetz,
and the Tonnetz should wrap around on itself.25 Due to the use of two dimensions (on
23
Joe
R.
Argentino,
“Transformations
and
Hexatonic
Tonnetz
Spaces
in
Late
Works
of
Schoenberg,”
PhD
diss.,
The
University
of
Western
Ontario
(2010),
1.
24
Cohn,
"Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,"
13.
25
Engebretsen
and
Broman,
"Transformational
Theory,"
45.
19
26
Figure
8:
Euler’s
Tonnetz
paper),
this
text’s
Tonnetz
will
feature
repeated
pitches
in
the
order
that
they
would
appear if the Tonnetz wrapped around on itself (three-‐dimensional figure).27
The first Tonnetz was created in 1739 by Leonhard Euler.28 (See Figure 8.)
Ottakar Hostinský introduced the angled Tonnetz in 1879 and Riemann adapted it in
26
Rachel
W.
Hall,
“Playing
Musical
Tiles.”http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Bridges/london.pdf.
27
A
scrolling
tonnetz
may
be
accessed
at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TonnetzTorus.gif.
28
Richard
Cohn,
Audacious
Euphony
Chromaticism
and
the
Consonant
Triad's
Second
Nature
(New
York:
Oxford
University
Press,
2012),
28.
29
Reinhold
Behringer
and
John
Elliott,
“Linking
Physical
Space
with
the
Riemann
Tonnetz
for
Exploration
of
Western
Tonality,”
in
Music
Education.
NY:
Nova
Science
Publishers,
Inc.,
1.
20
30
Figure
9:
Riemann’s
Tonnetz
Modern theorists Lewin, Hyer, and Cohn have updated and modified the Tonnetz
to fit their needs.31 One such update was the use of pitch classes.32 As discussed
earlier, the use of pcs eliminates the need to use enharmonics.33 Dmitri Tymockzo
states, “Ultimately, pitch classes are important because they provide a language for
making generalizations about pitches.”34 Because NRT translations do not function
within a key, reducing triads to pc sets makes their translation much easier.
30
Justin
London,
“Some
Non-‐Isomorphisms
Between
Pitch
and
Time,”
(April
2001.)
http://www.people.carleton.edu/~jlondon/some_non-‐isomorphisms.htm.
31
Dmitri
Tymoczko,
"Discrete
Voice-‐Leading
Lattices,"
in
A
Geometry
of
Music:
Harmony
and
Counterpoint
in
the
Extended
Common
Practice
(New
York:
Oxford
University
Press,
2011),
412.
32
Alissa
S.
Crans,
Thomas
M.
Fiore,
and
Ramon
Satyendra,
“Musical
Actions
of
Dihedral
Groups,” The
Mathematical
Association
of
America,
Monthly
116
(June–July
2009),
488.
33
Notes
are
considered
enharmonic
if
they
are
the
same
in
pitch
(in
modern
tuning)
though
bearing
different
names
(e.g.
F
sharp
and
G
flat
or
B
and
C
flat).
34
Dmitri
Tymockzo,
"Harmony
and
Voice-‐Leading"
in
A
Geometry
of
Music:
Harmony
and
Counterpoint
in
the
Extended
Common
Practice
(New
York:
Oxford
University
Press,
2011),
31.
21
Figure
10:
The
Pitch
C lass
Set
Tonnetz
Another such modification was Jack Douthett and Peter Steinbach’s chickenwire
Tonnetz.35 (See Figure 11.)36 The chickenwire Tonnetz shows the relationship of triads
through the use of root-‐named chords rather than showing the individual connectivity
of pitches. Uppercase letters indicate major chords while lowercase letters trace minor
chords. As shown by the key, solid lines represent the parallel transformation of chords,
dashed lines represent the relative transformation of chords, and dotted lines represent
leading-‐tone exchange transformations. For instance, (Eb,-‐) is transformed to (B,+)
through the leading-‐tone exchange (as indicated by the dotted line).
35
Dmitri
Tymockzo.
“The
Generalized
Tonnetz,”
2.
http://dmitri.mycpanel.princeton.edu/tonnetzes.pdf.
36
Milan
Kidd,
An
Introduction
to
the
Practical
Use
of
Music-‐Mathematics,
5.
http://www.math.uchicago.edu/%7Emay/VIGRE/VIGRE2006/PAPERS/Kidd.pdf.
22
36
Figure
11:
Douthett
and
Steinbach’s
chickenwire
Tonnetz
37
Figure
12:
A
region
of
Edward
Gollin’s
3D
Tonnetz.
37
Edward
Gollin,
“Some
Aspects
of
Three-‐Dimensional
‘Tonnetze’,”
Journal
of
Music
Theory,
42,
no.
2,
Neo-‐Riemannian
Theory
(Autumn,
1998),
202.
23
In 1998, Edward Gollin introduced the 3D tonnetz, pictured above (Figure 12).
While further expansions, like Gollin’s, have been made to the Tonnetz and others have
created Tonnetze of their own,38 we will use the Riemann/Hyers Tonnetz (both with
one pitch at a time. When (G,+) is transformed to (G,-‐) via the parallel transformation,
think of the edge of the triangle resting on B being flipped over onto Bb (Figure 13a).
When (G,+) is transformed to (E,-‐) via the relative transformation, think of the edge of
the triangle resting on D being flipped over onto E (Figure 13b). When (G,+) is
transformed to (B,-‐) via the leading-‐tone exchange transformation, think of the edge of
the triangle resting on G being flipped over onto F# (Figure 13c).
a
b
c
Figure
13:
The
basic
transformations
38
Cohn,
Audacious,
28.
24
R
P
L
a
b
c
Figure
14:
Transformations
of
triads
and
their
involutions.
Because all of the transformations are involutions, repeating the transformation
will return the triad to the original triad. Therefore, the transformations can be undone
Figure 15: Prokofiev, Fugitive Visions, Op. 22, No. 4, mm. 45-‐49. Public Domain.
2. Mark the first triangle in an identifying manner. (We will use a solid
25
Tonnetz, indicating the transformation by the appropriate indicators (P, L,
or R).
Take for example, mm. 45-‐49 of Prokofiev’s Fugitive Visions, Op. 22, No. 4 (Figure 15).
For this exercise, a solid triangle will be used. (See Figure 16 below.)
4. Identify which pitches change between the chords. In this example, B to
Figure 16: The Tonnetz representation of Prokofiev, Fugitive Visions, Op. 22, No. 4, mm. 45-‐49
26
5. Identify the transformations with the appropriate indicators (P, L, or R).
(C,+) to (E,-‐) is a leading-‐tone exchange. Shown in green above.
Repeat the steps given above for the progression below on the Tonnetz below.
Which transformations result? Is there anything unique about the results?
27
Your resulting navigation should look like that in Figure 17 below. Notice that
the progression LRLRP is performed twice to return to the original triad.
Figure
17:
The
sample
progression
charted
In recent years, many other music theorists have added to this theory and begun
to build upon the foundations laid for them. A bibliography offering readings on the
history and fundamentals of NRT is given in the Further Reading portions at the end of
this chapter.
28
Involution Parsimony
Mod-‐12 Tonnetz(e)
Perspective.” Journal of Music Theory 42, no. 2, Neo-‐Riemannian Theory
Cohn, Richard. "Maximally Smooth Cycles, Hexatonic Systems, and the Analysis of Late-‐
Romantic Triadic Progressions." Music Analysis 15, no. 1 (1996): 9-‐40. Read
Section I.
‘Tonnetz’ Representations.” Journal of Music Theory, 41, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 1-‐
66.
Gollin, Edward, and Alexander Rehding. The Oxford Handbook of Neo-‐Riemannian Music
29
Kidd, Milan. An Introduction to the Practical Use of Music-‐Mathematics.
Klumpenhouwer, Henry. “Some Remarks on the Use of Riemann Transformations.” Music
Lewin, David. Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations. Yale University Press:
Skinner, Myles Leigh. “Toward a Quarter-‐Tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by
Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky.” PhD diss., State University of New
Transformations,” 196-‐199.
Introduction to Post-‐Tonal Theory, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004.
Whittall, Arnold. The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism. UK: Cambridge University
29
Δ Written Exercises
1. Chart each chord on the Tonnetz and chart a P transformation, followed by an L
30
2. On the Tonnetz, chart the transformations of the following chord progression:
(C,+) (A,-‐) (F,+) (D,-‐) (Bb,+) (G,-‐) (Eb,+). (In this text, arrows [] will
be used to indicate the movement from triad to triad within a progression.) Does a
31
3. Perform each NRT transformation on PC set [047]. Which PC sets result? What is
32
4. On the Tonnetz, identify the transformations that must be made to progress
from (D,+) to (Gb,+) and the triads in the progression. To progress to (Gb,+), you
P ____ ____ L
33
6. Analyze mm. 1-‐8 of Christian Sinding’s Rustle of Spring, Op. 32, No. 3 by tracing
NRT transformations.
Figure 18: mm. 1-‐8 of Christian Sinding’s Rustle of Spring, Op. 32, No. 3. Public Domain.
34
7. Analyze mm. 4-‐8 of Erik Satie’s Le Piccadilly by tracing NRT transformations.
Figure
19:
mm.
4-‐8
of
Erik
Satie’s
Le
Piccadilly.
Public
Domain.
35
36
Δ Keyboard Exercise
1. Play the progression from Written Exercise #4 using SAB parsimonious voice leading.
Δ Composition Exercises
1. Write an 8 bar progression using P, L, R transformations. After you have decided on a
progression, add rhythmic values and create a melodic line, including non-‐chord tones.
2. Write a short composition with ternary (ABA’) form where A modulates to B through 3
1. Break the class into 3 parts: SAB. Have each section move one voice at a time to create
2. Break the class into 3 parts: SAB. Ask students to complete transformations without
identifying which voice should move, i.e. say “parallel.” The voice singing 3 would move
to b3.
3. Play the progression (C,+) (A,-‐) (F,+) (D,-‐) (Bb,+)(G,-‐) (G,+) (C,+). Have
students identify the changing voice and chart the transformations on the Tonnetz.
(Other listening exercises may be conducted in the same manner.)
4. Listen to the first 12 measures of Richard Strauss’s Also Sprach Zarathustra and ask
37
The
Cyclic
Nature
of
the
NRT
Transformations
Often
times
an
NRT
analysis
includes
a
cycle,
which
is
a
series
of
repeated
NRT
transformations. In 1996, Lewin wrote the article “Cohn Functions” detailing Cohn’s work that
uses mod-‐12 when considering the construction of non-‐trivial cycles of pitch class sets.39 Non-‐
trivial cycles are series of triads that are at least 3 pc sets in length.40
In the same year, Cohn wrote “Maximally Smooth Cycles, Hexatonic Systems, and the
Analysis of Late-‐Romantic Triadic Progressions,” detailing his theory of maximally smooth
cycles. Maximally smooth cycles are constructed such that any pc set in the cycle becomes
another pc set in the cycle by moving a single note by a half-‐step. The most famous of these
cycles is the circle of fifths,41 which is considered maximally smooth due to the change of one
pitch of the scale to create another scale. For instance, C Major becomes G Major when F is
In Figure 20, Cohn has reduced mm. 268-‐79 of Brahms’ Concerto for Violin and ‘Cello,
first movement to show the maximally smooth cycle that Brahms wrote. Notice that the
changing notes have filled-‐in noteheads. Also, note that the open noteheads show the two
maintained pitches from one chord to the next. The maintained pitches are also indicated by
39
Douthett,
et
al.
"Introduction,”
4.
40
Douthett,
et
al.,
"Filtered
Point-‐Symmetry
and
Dynamical
Voice-‐Leading."
In
Music
Theory
and
Mathematics:
Chords,
Collections,
and
Transformations.
(Rochester,
NY:
University
of
Rochester
Press,
2008),
76.
41
Douthett,
et
al.
"Introduction,”
4.
42
Myles
Leigh
Skinner,
“Toward
a
Quarter-‐Tone
Syntax,”158.
38
arrow. Realize that this progression is maximally smooth because the pitches that move do so
by half-‐step.
Figure
20:
Cohn’s
reduction
of
Brahms’
Concerto
for
Violin
and
‘Cello,
first
movement,
mm.268-‐79.
43
Concerto charted on the Tonnetz below serves as a nice example of this cycle type. (See Figure
21.43) Note that the Tonnetz should be three-‐dimensional and would continuing rolling on
itself; in which case, the progression would start exactly where it began.
While speaking of the development of NRT, Joe Argentino states, “The characteristic
trait of hexatonic passages is the disappearance of tonally driven triadic progressions (directed
fifth motions), replaced by, as an example, symmetrical divisions of the octave (major third
motions), where motion from one chord to the next is frequently characterized by efficient,
43
Cohn,“Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,”
15.
39
smooth voice-‐leading and an abundance of common tones.”44 These passages are related by
thirds. Brahms’s progression is one such progression: it is an LP cycle.
Figure
21:
The
charted
Tonnetz
for
Brahms’
Concerto
for
Violin
and
‘Cello,
first
movement,
mm.
268-‐79.
LP and PL cycles are the same cycle only in reverse. For example:
There are four hexachords that result from the aggregate pcs involved in four distinct
triadic starting points for LP/PL cycles: (C,+), (Db,+), (D,+), and (Eb,+). (See Figure 22.) Notice
that there are no shared triads between hexachords, because each of the four hexachords is a
44
Argentino,
“Transformation,”
1.
40
closed cycle. If the pcs are taken from each of the resulting triads and combined, the repeated
Performing either PL or LP three times will result in the original triad (as seen above).
Engebretsen and Broman state, “These cycles are often referred to as a hexatonic cycles [sic]
because each engages all and only those pitch-‐classes forming a hexatonic collection.”45
Skinner states, “The conventional PL cycle . . . is a significant compositional resource for late
Romantic composers such as Wagner, Franck, Liszt, Mahler, and Richard Strauss.”46
P
L
P
L
P
L
C,+
C,-‐
Ab,+
Ab,-‐
E,+
E,-‐
C,+
[3478B0]
Db,+
Cb,-‐
A,+
A,-‐
F,+
F,-‐
Db,+
[014589]
D,+
D,-‐
Bb,+
Bb,-‐
Gb,+
Gb,-‐
D,+
[12569A]
Eb,+
Eb,
-‐
B,+
B,-‐
G,+
G,-‐
Eb,+
[2367AB]
Figure
22:The
PL
cycles
45
Engebretsen
and
Broman,
"Transformational
Theory,”
48.
46
Skinner,
“Quarter-‐Tone
Syntax,”
223.
41
Following the instructions from Chapter One, chart the cycle above47 on the Tonnetz
Notice that the cycle ends on the same triad on which it begins. After completing the
Milan
Kidd,
An
Introduction,
4.
47
42
Notice that the LP hexachords divide up the twenty-‐four major and minor chords into
four distinct tonal regions, and all are all members of the 3-‐11 set class. Richard Cohn states, “.
. . What is unique about set-‐class 3-‐11, together with its nine-‐note complement, is the capacity
of its member sets to form an ordered set of maximally smooth successions that is long enough
to be perceived as a cycle . . . yet short enough that it does not exhaust all the members of its
set-‐class.”48 In other words, each of the hexatonic cycles come from set class 3-‐11 and form
short cycles, which each utilize only six of the 24 triads within the set-‐class.
“’Hexatonic’ is a nickname for set-‐class 6-‐20, whose prime form is (0, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9). As
one of the all-‐combinatorial hexachords, 6-‐20 maps itself under three distinct transpositions
and three distinct inversions. Consequently, there are only four distinct pc sets, each of which
49
Figure
23:
Richard
Cohn’s
Illustration
of
The
Hyper-‐hexatonic
System
48
Cohn,
“Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,”
17.
49
Cohn,
“Introduction,”
175.
43
supplies the fund of pcs from which the triads in a single hexatonic system are drawn.” Each of
the hexachords in Figure 23 has a regional name given by Cohn. The cycles are related to each
other through the R transformation and form Cohn’s Hyper-‐hexatonic system (see Figure 23).
The (Ab,+) of the Northern cycle is transformed by R to (F,-‐) of the Eastern cycle. Likewise the
(F,+) of the Eastern cycle is transformed by R to (D,-‐) of the Southern cycle and so forth. Figure
24 shows the adjacent cycles as they would appear on the Tonnetz. When read from left to
50
Figure
24:
Adjacent
LP
transformations
of
Forte
class
3-‐11
on
the
Tonnetz
break
down
into
an
octatonic
collection.51
Figure
25
shows
a
PR
cycle.
In
the
case
of
the
top
50
Argentino,
“Transformations,”
7.
44
row of the chart, we can see that when the pcs are taken from each of the resulting triads and
combined, the repeated pitches are cancelled, and then the octatonic collection results. Notice
P
R
P
R
P
R
P
R
C,+
C,-‐
Eb,+
Eb,-‐
Gb,+
Gb,-‐
A,+
A,-‐
(C,+)
[0134679A]
D,+
D,-‐
F,+
F,-‐
Ab,+
Ab,-‐
B,+
B,-‐
(D,+)
[235689B0]
Db,+
Db,-‐
E,+
E,-‐
G,+
G,-‐
Bb,+
Bb,-‐
(Db,+)
[124578AB]
52
Figure
26:
Sample
RP
cycle
51
Engebretsen
and
Broman,
"Transformational
Theory,”
49.
52
Ibid.,
50.
45
The complete LR cycle starting on (C,+) may be seen in Figure 27. Notice that the LR
cycle goes through the entire series of consonant triads. Engebretsen and Broman state, “The
LR cycle, which moves along the horizontals of the Tonnetz, differs from the LP and PR cycles in
that it progresses through all twenty-‐four consonant cycles, rather than partitioning them into
shorter cycles.”53 Richard Cohn states, “The complete <LR> cycle is too long to sustain
(C,+)
R
=
(A,-‐)
(A,-‐)
L
-‐
(F,+)
(F,+)
R
=
(D,-‐)
(D,-‐)
L
=
(Bb,+)
53
Engebretsen
and
Broman,
“Transformational
Theory,"
49.
54
Cohn,
“Neo-‐Riemannian
Operations,”
36.
46
Figure 28: Wagner’s Parsifal, Act I, mm. 39-‐41. Public Domain.
While the complete RL/LR cycle is too long to use in composition, it is possibly the most
common translation chain found in literature. RL cycles can be found in diatonic and non-‐
diatonic settings. A diatonic setting can be seen below in mm. 39-‐41 of Wagner’s Parsifal, Act I,
giving us another way of looking at this common progression (I-‐vi-‐IV-‐ii-‐V-‐I). (See Figure 28.)
Another famous example of an RL cycle is Ludwig van Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.55
(See Figure 29.) The reduction of Beethoven’s progression is shown in Figure 30 below. In
Figure 31 below, the progression is charted on the Tonnetz. In Figure 32, Roig-‐Francolí gives a
more detailed reduction of the second half of the chain. Notice that a shows the progression
with the temporary tonicizations of each triad, while b eliminates the dominant triads of the
dominant tonic progressions to show the RL cycle that unifies the progression.
55
Cohn,
“Maximally
Smooth
Cycles,”
33.
47
56
Figure
29:
Beethoven’s
Ninth
Symphony
Miguel
A.
Roig-‐Francolí,
Harmony
in
Context
2
Ed.,
(NY:
McGraw-‐Hill
Companies,
Inc.,
2011),
735.
56 nd
48
57
Figure
30:
Roig-‐Francolí’s
reduction
of
Beethoven’s
Ninth
Symphony
58
Figure
31:
Roig-‐Francolí’s
diagram
of
Beethoven’s
Ninth
Symphony
59
Figure
32:
Roig-‐Francolí’s
reduction
of
Beethoven’s
Ninth
Symphony
57
Ibid.,
735.
58
Ibid.,
735.
59
Ibid.,
735.
49
Another example of the RL cycle is that of Schubert’s Sonata in B-‐flat Major, fourth
movement, mm. 119-‐130. (See Figure 33.) Notice that Schubert interrupts the cycle with P in
60
Figure
33:
Capuzzo
Analysis
of
Schubert,
Sonata
in
B-‐flat
Major
(1828),
IV,
mm.
119-‐130
Compound
Transformations
transformations performed individually results in a new triad. Compound transformations are
a combination of two or more individual transformations performed in succession to produce
the new triad. While cycles have their place in literature, compound transformations can be
found in many genres, including Pop-‐Rock music. In Figure 34, Lennon and McCartney have
60
Capuzzo,
Guy.
"Neo-‐Riemannian
Theory
and
the
Analysis
of
Pop-‐Rock
Music."
Music
Theory
Spectrum
26,
no.
2
(2004):
182.
50
started an RL cycle in All My Loving, which they dismiss with the compound transformation RP,
To perform compound transformations, take the nearest movement in the direction of
the resulting triad on the Tonnetz and follow in logical route, using the shortest route possible.
In the case of the RP transformation in All My Loving, (D,+) R = (B,-‐) P = (B,+).
Figure
34:
John
Lennon
and
Paul
McCartney’s
All
My
Loving
from
the
album
With
the
Beatles.
Used
with
Permission.
Figure
35:
The
compound
transformation
in
John
Lennon
and
Paul
McCartney’s
All
My
Loving
from
the
album
With
the
Beatles
51
Start on (C#,-‐) and perform PR. Perform PR on the resulting triad. What is the final
result?
Figure 36 shows the progression (C#,-‐) (E,-‐) (G,-‐), which is the sollution to the
activity above. (See Figure 36a.) Notice that unlike the individual transformations, compound
a
b
Figure
36:
The
RP
transformation
is
not
an
involution
52
transformations are not involutions. To return to the original triad, one must perform the
opposite compound transformation. (C#,-‐) RP = (E,-‐) while (E,-‐) PR = (C#,-‐). (See Figure 36b.)
In the article “Neo-‐Riemannian Theory and the Analysis of Pop-‐Rock Music,” Capuzzo
successfully demonstrates the usefulness of NRT in describing the non-‐traditional progressions
that are often found in popular music written within the last 60 years. One such piece that
Capuzzo uses to demonstrate NRT’s effectiveness is Ozzy Osbourne’s “Flying High Again.”61 In
Figure 37, Capuzzo has written out the guitar line in both standard notation and tablature,
Figure
37:
Capuzzo’s
analysis
and
reduction
of
Ozzy
Osbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”
61
In Figure 38, Capuzzo reduces the progression to triad names and shows first the
compound transformations performed above the chords and then demonstrates the
progression
(PL
RP
PL)
is
transposed
(i.e.
T7)
the
second
time.
Or
if
related
by
61
Ibid.,
184.
62
Ibid.,
184.
53
61
Figure
38:
Capuzzo’s
transformational
network
of
Ozzy
O sbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”
a
b
Figure
39:
Ozzy
Osbourne’s
“Flying
High
Again”
charted
on
the
Tonnetz.
M.1
is
shown
in
a,
while
m.
2
is
shown
in
b.
transformation,
the
chords
are
the
result
of
an
RL
transformation.
[i.e.
(A,+)
RL
(E,+)
and
so
on.]
Therefore, the entire progression can be shifted on the Tonnetz by RL, which shifts their
Another rock song that utilizes compound transformations is Bob Dylan’s “Lay, Lady,
Lay.” Figure 40 shows both occurrences of the progression: first as the original and second by
the transposition Tn of seven. Figure 41 shows both instances charted on the Tonnetz. Like
54
Osbourne’s “Flying High Again,” the chords while transposed by seven are the result of an RL
63
Figure
40:
The
progression
from
Bob
Dylan’s
“Lay,
Lady,
Lay”
a
b
Figure
41:
The
charted
progression
from
Bob
Dylan’s
“Lay,
Lady,
Lay”
NRT progression could be mapped as follows: (C,+) P = (C,-‐) R = (Eb, +) L = (G,-‐). Thus, the
55
If we reverse the progression, we arrive at the same triad. (C,+) L = (E, -‐) R = (G,+) P = (G,-‐). The
compound transformation would be (C,+) LRP = (G,-‐). (See Figure 43.)
56
Notice also that the compound transformation PRL is an involution just as a single
transformation is an involution even though other compound transformations are not
involutions. (G,-‐) P = (G,+) R (E,-‐) L = (C, +). Figure 44 illustrates the involution. Likewise, the
One
of
Lewin’s
single
transformations,
DOM,
is
not
considered
a
single
NRT
transformation since it is not an involution. The DOM transformation moves a triad directly
two triangles to the left. In other words, a triad moves to itself subdominant. For example,
(D,+) DOM = (G,+). (See Figure 45a.) DOM is also not an NRT transformation because the DOM
transformation is a compound transformation (RL). Likewise, DOM’, which is the opposite of
the DOM transformation, is the compound transformation (LR). (See Figure 45b.) An example
of the DOM/compound RL transformation is mm. 37-‐43 of Rachmaninoff’s Prelude Op.32, No.
57
4. (See Figure 46.) In Figure 46, on can see that Rachmaninoff begins an LR cycle, but dismisses
it by performing a double transformation (RL) to move from (G,-‐) to (D,-‐) and then performs the
double transformation again to move from (D,-‐) to (A,-‐). After passing between the triads for
a b
Figure 45: The DOM and DOM’ transformations shown as compound transformations.
58
DOM/
DOM’/
DOM’/
RL
LR
LR
Figure 46: Sergei Rachmaninoff’s Prelude Op. 32, No. 4, mm. 37-‐43. Public Domain.
Figure 47: Rachmaninoff’s Prelude Op. 32, No. 4, mm. 37-‐43 shown on the Tonnetz
59
A Taxonomy." Music Theory Spectrum 21, no. 1, (Spring 1999): 74-‐104.
Cohn, Richard Lawrence. Audacious Euphony: Chromaticism and the Consonant Triad's
Second Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Read Chapter 2.
the Analysis of Late-‐Romantic Triadic Progressions." Music Analysis 15, no. 1
Douthett, Jack M., Martha M. Hyde, Charles J. Smith, and John Clough. "Filtered Point-‐
60
Analysis of Late-‐Romantic Triadic Progressions." Music Analysis 15, no. 1 (1996): 9-‐40.
Kidd, Milan. An Introduction to the Practical Use of Music-‐Mathematics.
61
Δ Written Exercises
1. Describe the relationship of the chords in the treble clef of the piano
accompaniment of mm. 1-‐3 of Charlie Rutlage by Charles Ives by using NRT
Figure 48: mm. 1-‐3 of Charlie Rutlage by Charles Ives. Public Domain.
62
63
3. Chart the progression on the Tonnetz and identify the cycle of Schubert’s
Overture to Die Zauberharfe, opening Andante (as reduced by Richard Cohn).64
62
Figure
49:
Schubert’s
Overture
to
Die
Zauberharfe,
opening
Andante
(as
reduced
by
Richard
Cohn).
64
Cohn,
“Neo-‐Riemannian
Operations,”
35.
64
Which pitches are shared by the two cycles? Which Triads are shared by the two
cycles?
65
5. Complete a full PLR cycle on pc set [269]. Give the Tn/TnI relationships for each
66
67
Which pcs are shared the most shared? What pc set do they create?
68
8. Analyze mm. 34-‐38 of Ernest Bloch’s Poems of the Sea, II. Chanty using NRT
transformations.
Figure
50:
mm.
34-‐38
of
Ernest
Bloch’s
Poems
of
the
Sea,
II.
Chanty.
NY:
G.
Schirmer,
1923.
Used
with
Permission.
69
9. Analyze the selection from Erik Satie’s Gnossienne No. 4 using NRT
transformations.
70
10. Analyze the selection from Dmitri Kabalevsky’s Sonatina in C Major, Op.13, No.1
Figure 52: mm. 64-‐68 of Dmitri Kabalevsky’s Sonatina in C Major, Op.13, No.1. Public Domain.
71
Δ Composition Exercise
1. Complete an 8-‐bar composition, using only the pitches from the cycle in Written
Exercise #1.
2. Complete a composition of at least 8 bars containing at least 2 compound
transformations.
Δ Keyboard Exercise
1. Play the progression (Db,+) (Bb,-‐) (G,-‐) (E,-‐) with parsimonious voice-‐
leading.
72
As an infant theory, transformational theory continues to develop. In recent years, many
improvements have been made in several areas, including additional transformations, seventh
chords, and pc sets that do not have major and minor sonorities or are larger than triads. (See
Further Reading at the end of this section.) Transformational theory has added single
transformations, some of which may not be involutions and transformations performed on
augmented triads, a chord commonly found between parsimonious major and minor triads of
late-‐Romantic progressions.65 With each advance of NRT and transformational theory, changes
are made to the Tonnetz and new Tonnetze are created.
The benefits of such an analytical system are numerous. Transformational theory as a
whole allows for the analysis of many genres, including late Romantic works, Impressionism,
theorist to analyze music in concrete mathematical terms, defining relationships that are not
seemingly present when analyzed with traditional Roman numeral analysis. When combined
with digital technologies, Tonnetze and new representations of progressions give clarity and
65
Popoff,
Alexandre.
"Towards
A
Categorical
Approach
of
Transformational
Music
Theory."
ArXive-‐prints
(April
2012):
18.
73
While there are still musical areas to be hypothesized and explored within
transformational theory, distinguishing works are abundant. I suggest those who are interested
in further study familiarize themselves with the following pieces of literature.
Further
Reading
Biamonte,
Nicole.
“Augmented-‐Sixth
Chords
vs.
Tritone
Substitutes.”
Music
Theory
Cohn, Richard. “Square Dances with Cubes.” Journal of Music Theory 42, No. 2, Neo-‐
Cohn, Richard. "Weitzmann's Regions, My Cycles, and Douthett's Dancing Cubes." Music
Theory."
Roeder, John, and Scott Alexander Cook. “Triadic Transformation and Parsimonious
Voice Leading in Some Interesting Passages by Gavin Bryars.” Intégral, 20 (2006):
43-‐67.
Taylor, Benedict. “Modal Four-‐Note Pitch Collections in the Music of Dvořák’s American
74
INDEX
Franck,
Cesar,
41
A
G
aleatoric,
4
Argentino,
Joe,
19,
39
Gollin,
Edward,
23,
24,
82
group
theory,
6,
12
B
H
Babbitt,
Milton,
6
Beethoven,
Ludwig
van,
47,
48,
49
half-‐step,
16
Ninth
Symphony,
48,
49
Handbuch
der
Harmonielehre,
12
Bloch,
Ernest,
69
Hauptmann,
Moritz,
12
Poems
of
the
Sea,
69
hexachord,
9,
43
Brahms,
Johannes,
16,
38,
39,
40
hexatonic,
9,
41
Concerto
for
Violin
and
‘Cello,
38
Hostinský,
Ottakar,
20
Broman,
Per,
14,
41,
46
Hyer,
Brian,
13,
21,
24
Tonal
Intuitions
in
"Tristan
und
Isolde",
13
Hyper-‐hexatonic
system,
44
C
Capuzzo,
Guy,
50,
53
I
Circle
of
Fifths,
29,
38,
60
Cohn,
Richard,
5,
14,
15,
18,
21,
38,
43,
44,
46
Introduction
to
Post-‐Tonal
Theory,
29
Common
Practice
Period,
12
inversion,
43
common
tone,
15,
18,
40
involution,
17,
18,
19,
25,
29,
53,
57
common-‐tone
maximization,
5
Ives,
Charles,
62
counterpoint,
4
Charlie
Rutlage,
62
cycle
maximally
smooth,
38
non-‐trivial,
38
K
cycle,
38,
41
Kabalevsky,
Dmitri,
71
closed,
41
Kabalevsky,.
Dmitri
hexatonic,
41,
43
Sonatina
in
C
Major,
Op.13,
No.1,
71
LP/PL,
39,
40,
41,
44,
46
Kidd,
Milan,
22,
42,
82
LR/RL,
44,
46,
47,
50,
51,
58
Klang,
14,
15,
25,
29
maximally
smooth,
38,
39,
43,
60
Klangs,
14
non-‐trivial,
60
Klumpenhouwer,
Henry,
83
PR/RP,
44,
45,
46
Kostka,
Stefan
Materials
and
Techniques
of
Post-‐Tonal
Music,
2,
5
D
Kostka,
Stefan,
2,
5
75
76
voice-‐leading
parsimony,
5
W
Wagner,
Richard,
41,
47
Parsifal,
47
77
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VITA
Laura
Felicity
Mason
received
her
Bachelor’s
degree
in
Music
Education
from
Clearwater
Christian College with a proficiency in piano. While at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
she studied Music Theory. Laura holds a graduate teaching assistantship in the School of Music,
where she teaches aural skills and music theory. She has special interests in Music Theory
Pedagogy, Grundgestalt, and neo-‐Riemannian Theory. In addition to her responsibilities at the
University, Laura enjoys working as a church pianist and teaching private piano and theory
lessons.
86