Fluid Mechanics, Assignment –I

1.a) How does the viscosity of air vary with temperature?

b) Explain the differences between manometer and mechanical
gauges. What are the different types of mechanical pressure
gauges c) A metal ball weighs 9500N in air and 8000N in water.
Find out its volume and specific gravity.
2. a) Define the following fluid properties: Density, weight
density, specific volume and specific gravity of a fluid. b) An oil
film of thickness 1.5 mm is used for lubrication between a square
plate of size 0.9 m × 0.9 m and an inclined plane having an angle
of inclination 200 . The weight of the square plate is 392.4 N and
it slides down the plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2 m/s. Find
the dynamic viscosity of the oil.
3 a) Define the terms surface tension and capillarity.
(b) What is the importance of a manometer? Explain the types of
manometers in brief.
4.(a) What are the modes of measuring pressure? How can you
convert the pressure in KPa into the liquid columns and vice
versa?
(b) Explain atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressures
5.a) Derive the equation for capillary rise in a small tube dipped
in a liquid.
b) What is Pascal’s law? Explain with an example.
(c) A piston of 7.95 cm diameter and 30 cm long works in a
cylinder of 8.0 cm diameter. The annular space of the piston is
filled with an oil of viscosity 2 poise. If an axial load of 10N is
applied to the piston, calculate the speed of movement of the
piston.
6. a) List all fluid properties and derive Newton’s law of viscosity.
b) Find the height through which water rises by capillary action
in a glass tube of 2mm bore if the surface tension at the
prevailing temperature is 0.075 N/m c) What are the applications
of surface tension?
7a) Derive the equation for capillarity depression when a small
glass tube is inserted in mercury. b) A piston of 7.95 cm diameter
and 30 cm long works in a cylinder of 8.0 cm diameter. The
annular space of the piston is filled with an oil of viscosity 2
poise. If an axial load of 10N is applied to the piston, calculate
the speed of movement of the piston.
b) List all the fluid properties and explain why water rises in a
small glass tube when inserted in water. c) The space between
two parallel plates kept 3mm apart is filled with an oil of dynamic
viscosity 0.2 Pa.s. What is the shear stress on the lower fixed
plate, if the upper one is moved with a velocity of 1.50m/sec?
8. a) What are the properties of ideal fluid? b) Define Specific
volume and Specific Gravity.b) What are the different types
fluids? Explain each type9. a) What are the properties of real
fluid? b) Define Surface tension and Capillarity b) One litre of
crude oil weighs 9.6 N. Calculate its Specific weight, density and
specific volume. c) Differentiate between simple and differential
manometers
10. a) Define kinematic viscosity. What is the relation between
kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
b) Explain all three Simple manometers with neat sketches. b)
State the advantages of mechanical pressure gauges over
manometers?
11. a) Define Newtonian law of Viscosity
b) Explain how the vacuum pressure can be measured with
the help of U-tube manometer? c) A U-tube differential
manometer is connected two pressure pipes A and B. Pipe A
contains Carbon tetrachloride having a specific gravity 1.594
under a pressure of 11.772 N/ Cm2 and pipe B contain oil of
specific gravity 0.8 under pressure 11.72 N/ Cm2 . The pipe A
lies 2.5 m above pipe B. Find the difference of pressure measured
by mercury as a fluid filling U- tube.
12. a) What is viscosity? Why the viscosity of liquids usually
decreases as the temperature increase
 b) A differential manometer is connected to two pipes whose
centres are at 3 m difference in height. Higher level pipe is
carrying liquid of specific gravity of 0.9 at a pressure of 1.8 bar
and another pipe is carrying liquid at specific gravity of 1.5 at a
pressure of 1 bar. The centre of pipe carrying low pressure liquid
is 2 m above the higher level of the mercury in the manometer.
Find out the difference in mercury level in the manometer in cm.
1 3. a) What is surface tension? How temperatures influence
surface tension?
b) Define Hydrostatic law. b) In a hydraulic jack, the diameter
of small and large pistons is 2 cm and 10 cm respectively. If the
force applied on small piston is 1000 N, find the load lifted by the
large piston when (i) Both pistons are at same level (ii) Smaller
piston is 50 cm above the large piston. The specific gravity of oil
is 0.8.
14. a) What is inverted manometer? Where it is used?
b) Define specific gravity & Viscosity of fluid. c) A U-tube mercury
manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil flowing
through a pipe whose specific gravity is 0.85. The centre of the
pipe is 15 cm below the level of mercury. The mercury level
difference in the manometer is 25 cm, determine the absolute
pressure of the oil flowing through the pipe. Atmospheric
pressure = 750 mm of Hg.
d) If the equation of a velocity profile over a plate is v = 2y2/3 ; in
which v is the velocity in m/s at a distance of y meters above the
plate. Determine the shear stress at y = 0, y = 0.05 and y = 0.075
m. Given dynamic viscosity as 0.85 N.s/m2. (8M)
15. (a) Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 3 mm
diameter when immersed in (i) Water, (ii) Mercury. Both the
liquids being at 30 0C and the values of the surface tension for
water and mercury at 30 0C in contact with air are respectively
0.0075 kgf/m and 0.052 kgf/m. b) Derive the expression for
pressure difference in case of inverted U-tube manometer
16. a) Calculate the capillary effect in mm in a glass tube 2 mm
in diameter when immersed in (i) Water, (ii) Mercury. Both the
liquids being at 20 0C and the values of the surface tension for
water and mercury at 20 0C in contact with air are respectively
0.0736 N/m and 0.51 N/m. Contact angle for water = 00 and for
mercury 1300 meters with neat sketch(b) List all fluid properties
and derive Newton’s law of viscosity. (8M)
17 a) What are the modes of measuring pressure? How can you
convert the pressure in KPa into the liquid columns and vice-
versa?
B ) Two large plane surfaces are 20 mm apart and the gap
contains an oil of dynamic viscosity 0.6 Pa s. A thin plate of 0.50
m2 is to be pulled through the gap at a constant velocity of 0.6
m/s. It is 8 mm from one of the surfaces. Neglecting the edge
effects, calculate the force required to pull the plate.
18.(a)Two large plates are 6 mm apart and the space in-between
in filled with a fluid. A plate of 1 mm thickness and 10 cm square
is pulled parallel to the planes and midway between them with a
velocity of 2 m/s. Assume linear velocity profile on either side.
The force required was 0.32 N. Determine the viscosity of the
fluid.
( b) The pressure of water increases with depth in the ocean. At
the surface, the density was measured as 1015 kg/m3. The
atmospheric pressure is 1.01 bar. At a certain depth, the
pressure is 880 bar. Determine the density of sea water at the
depth. The average value of bulk modulus is 2330×106N/m

                                   Chapter 2   Assignment -II

1. What is centre of pressure? Why its position is always different

from the position of center of gravity in case of submerged
surfaces 

2.A right angled triangular plate is held in water in the vertical

plane. Find out the total pressure acting on the plate and the
position of its centre of pressure from both axis X and Y.   
3. A differential manometer is connected to two pipes whose
centres are at 3 m difference in height. Higher level pipe is
carrying liquid of specific gravity of 0.9 at a pressure of 1.8 bar
and another pipe is carrying liquid at specific gravity of 1.5 at a
pressure of 1 bar. The centre of pipe carrying low pressure liquid
is 2 m above the higher level of the mercury in the manometer.
Find out the difference in mercury level in the manometer in cm. 

4.  What is stream line? Write the differential equation for it in

Cartesian coordinate system. 

5. A Circular plate 4 m in diameter is placed in such a way that it

top vertex is at 2 m below free water surface and bottom vertex is
5 m below the free water surface. Find out the total pressure
acting on the plate. 

6.  What is stream function? Write an equation for streamline in

terms of stream function. 

7. A triangular plate with base 2 m and height of 4 m is

immersed in water and the plane of the plate makes an angle 300
with the free surface of water. The base is parallel to water
surface and 2 m below the free water surface. Find out the total
pressure acting on the plate and the centre of pressure from free
surface of water. 

8. Show that equipotential lines and stream lines are orthogonal

to each other except at  Stagnation point. 

9. In an incompressible flow field, the velocity vector is given by V

= (6xt+yz2)  i + (3t+xy2) j + (xy-2xyz – 6tz) k.Verify whether the
flow exists or not? If so, then find the acceleration vector at a
point P (1,2,3) at t = 2. 

10.Differentiate between stream function and velocity potential. 

11. a) Define stream function and velocity potential. What are

their uses  b) Determine whether the following velocity
components satisfy the continuity equation. i) u = cx, v = -cy  ii) u
= -cx/y , v = c log xy 

12. What is a flow net? What are its uses. 

13. . a) What is a centre of pressure? Derive the equation for the
centre of pressure for a submerged  plane surface in a fluid.   b)
A circular plate of diameter 0.75m is immersed in a liquid of
relative density 0.80 with its  plane making an angle of 30
degrees with the horizontal. The centre of the plate is at a depth
of 1.50 m below the free surface. Calculate the total force on one
side of the plate and the location of centre of pressure 

14. Explain the concept of stream tube in fluid mechanics. 

15.  Derive the equation for centre of force for a circular plane
area immersed in a fluid  b) Find the absolute pressure at a
depth of 5m below the surface of a liquid of relative density  0.85.
The barometer reading on the surface is 750 mm of mercury 

16. What is centre of pressure? Where does it lie in relation to

centre of gravity? 

17. What are different types of flows? Explain in detail b) Derive

the equation of continuity in three-dimension form. 

18. Differentiate between stream function and velocity potential. 

19. a) What are different types of flows? Explain in detail. (8M)  b)

A circular plate 4 m in diameter is placed in such a way that it
top vertex is at 2 m below free water surface and bottom vertex is
5 m below the free water surface. Find out the total pressure
acting on the plate. 

20. b) Define and distinguish between (i) Steady and unsteady

flow  (ii) Rotational and irrotational flow 

21. An annular plate 3 m external diameter and 1.5 m internal

diameter is immersed in water with its greatest and lowest depths
below water surface as 4 m and 1.2 m respectively. Determine
the total pressure and the position of the center of pressure on
one face of the plate.  

22. Derive the expression for 3-Dimensional continuity equation. 

23. Define and distinguish between stream line, path line and
streak line. 
24. a) A square disc of side 1 m is immersed vertically in water so
that an edge of the square makes an angle of 350 with the
horizontal. If the highest corner of the disc is at a depth of 1.5 m
below the free surface, find the total pressure on one face of the
disc and the depth of centre of pressure.  

 b) Classify and briefly explain different types of flow 

25.What is meant by 1D, 2D and 3D flows? Explain 

26. a) Derive the expression for total pressure on inclined plane

surface.   b) A stream function in a two-dimensional flow is equal
to 2xy. Show that the flow is irrotational and determine the
corresponding velocity potential 

27. Describe the use and limitation of flow nets. 

28. a) If the expression for the stream function is given by x3 –

3xy2, indicate whether the flow is rotational or irrotational. If the
flow is irrotational determine the value of the velocity potential. 
b)  A circular plate 3 m diameter is immersed in water with its
greatest and lowest depths below water surface as 3 m and 1 m
respectively. Determine the total pressure and the position of the
center of pressure on one face of the plate. 

29. Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform flow. 

30. a) explain the terms total pressure and center of pressure b)

what are the methods of describing fluid flow (b) Differentiate
between steady and unsteady flow 

31. a) Show that the centre of pressure of any lamina immersed

under liquid is always below its  centroid  b) Define the equation
of continuity.  Obtain an expression for continuity equation for a
3 dimensional flow 

. 

34. a) What is a centre of pressure? Derive the equation for the

centre of pressure for a  

submerged plane surface in a fluid.  

 b) A triangular plate with base 2 m and height of 4 m is
immersed in water and the plane of the plate makes an angle 300
with the free surface of water. The base is  

parallel to water surface and 2 m below the free water surface.

Find out the total  

pressure acting on the plate and the centre of pressure from free
surface of water 

35.  Check whether the following velocity relations satisfy the

requirements for steady irrotational flow.  (i) u = x + y, v = x – y
(ii) u = xt2 + 2y , v = x2 – yt2 (iii) u = xt2, v = xyt + y2 

36.  A triangular plate of base width 1.5 m and height 2 m lies

immersed in water with the apex downwards. The base of the
plate is 1 m below and parallel to the free water surface.
Calculate the total pressure on the plate and the depth of the
centre of pressure. 

37. What is the difference between laminar flow and turbulent

flow? State the condition for Irrotational flow 

38. a) Explain the terms:    (i) Path line               (ii) Streak

line                                  (iii) Stream line          (iv) Stream
tube.  

 b)  A pipe, through which water is flowing, is having diameters

40 cm and 20 cm at the cross-sections 1 and 2 respectively. The
velocity of water at section 1 is 5 m/s. Find the velocity head at
the sections 1 and 2 and also rate of discharge 

40. Distinguish between:  (i) Steady flow and un-steady flow,  (ii)
Uniform and nonuniform flow,  (iii) Compressible and
incompressible flow,  (iv) Rotational and irrigational flow (v)
Laminar and turbulent flow. 

41. a) Define stream function and velocity potential. What are

their uses?    b)  Determine whether the following velocity
components satisfy the continuity     equation. i) u = cx, v = -cy   
ii) u = -cx/y, v = c log xy 
42. a) The flow field is given by ψ = x3y Check whether the given
field exists or not? Further check whether it is irrotational?  

 b) Given that u = x2– y2and v = – 2xy, determine the stream

function and potential function for the flow  

 43 Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow of

an incompressible fluid. 

Chapter III Assignment - III

1.a) What are the surface and body forces? State the Bernoulli’s
equation and discuss the significance of different terms. (8M)  

b)A pipe line 300 m long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers from
1.2m diameter at the high end to 0.6 m at the low end. The
discharge 

through the pipe is 5.4 m3/minute. If the pressure at the high

end is 70 KPa, 

find the pressure at the low end. Neglect losses. 

2a) Derive the Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation.State

the assumptions made. (8M)  

b)A pipe line tapers from 1.5 m in diameter at higherend to 1.0 m

diameter at lower end in 400 m length at a slope of 1 in 100. The
pressure at the higher end is 75 KPa. If the discharge is 60
m3/minute, find the pressure at lower end. Neglect losses 

 
3.a) Derive the Euler’s equations of motion for three dimensional
steady state incompressible non viscous flow. (8M)  

b)A water pipe changes in diameter from 400mm at section A to

800mm at section B which is 7 m above. Thepressures at A and
B are 100 KPa and 75 KPa respectively. The discharge is 400
litres/sec. Find the direction of flow.  

a)A bend in pipeline conveying water gradually reduces from 0.6

m to 0.3 m diameter and deflects the flow through angle of
600.At the larger end the gauge pressure is171.675 kN/m2.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on
the bend when there is no flow. 

4.a) Derive the Darcy - Weisbach equation for friction head loss
in a pipe .  

b) Draw neat sketches of total energy line and hydraulic gradient

line for the following cases and discuss:  

i) Uniform diameter parallel pipe line  

ii) Parallel converging pipe line  

iii) Parallel diverging pipe line.  

5.a) Derive the Bernoulli’s equation and discuss its significance.

(10) 

b)A Water pipe changes in diameter from 400mm at section A to

800mm at section B which is 7 m above. The pressures at A and
B are 100 KPa and 75 KPa respectively. The discharge is 400
litres/Sec. Find the direction of flow 

 
6.b)A pipe line 300 m long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers
from 1.2m diameter at the high end to 0.6m at the low end. The
discharge through the pipe is 5.4 m3/minute. If the pressure at
the high end is 70 kpa,find the pressure at the low end. Neglect
the losses 

7.(a)In a 450bend a rectangular air duct of 1 m2cross-sectional

area is gradually reduced to 0.5 m2area. Find the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold the duct in position if the
velocity of flow at 1m2 section is 10 m/s, and pressure is
2.943N/cm2. Take density of air as 1.16 kg/m3 

a) Define and distinguish between streamline, path line and

streak line. b) State and derive Bernoulli’s theorem, mentioning
clearly the assumption underlying it. (6M+9M) 8. a) An oil of
specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300 mm
at the rate of 500 liters/s. Find the head lost due to friction and
power required to maintain the flow for a length of 1000 m. Take
ν = 0.29 stokes. b) What do you understand by the terms: major
energy loss and minor energy losses in pipe 

9. A 1200 bend-cum reducer has 300mm diameter at the inlet

and 200mm diameter at outlet. When the bend-cum reducer
carries a discharge of 0.30 m3 /sec of water, pressure at the inlet
section is 210 kN/m2 . Assume no energy loss in the bend and
determine the components of force exerted by the bend on the
flow. Assume the bend to be in a vertical plane and the weight of
the bend and water is to be 1500N. 

10. a) List the assumptions which are made of while deriving

Bernoulli`s equation. b) What are the limitation of the Bernoulli`s
equation. c) An inclined water supply line changes its diameter
gradually from 20 cm to 50 cm in a vertical height of 3m whereas
pressure changes from 0.8 kgf/cm2 and 0.6 kgf/cm2
respectively. If the flow is 200 liters/ second find: i) direction of
flow and ii) the head lost in friction between the two section 

 
 

Chapter IV Assignment -IV 

1.a)What do you mean by pipe in series and pipes in parallel?

(6M)  

b) Three pipes of 40 cm in diameter, 300 m long, 20 cumin

diameter, 400 m long and 30 cm in diameter, 200 m long are
connected in series and the ends are connected to two tanks
whose water level difference is 20 m.  

Find the discharge through the compound pipe, (i) considering

only frictional losses (ii) frictional and all other minor losses.
Assume friction factor as 0.005  

2.a) Write Darcy’s equation and explain its significance. (6M)  

b) Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevations of

10 m are connected by a pipe line ABC which consists of two
pipes of AB and BC joined in series. Pipe AB is 10cm in diameter,
20m long and has a value of f =0.02. Pipe BC is of 16cm
diameter, 25m long and has f=0.018. The junctions with the
reservoirs and between the pipes are abrupt. Calculate the
discharge considering all minor losses. 

3.a) State the principles for flow through branched pipes. (6M)  

b)A pipe line 30 cm in diameter 1500 m long is used to connect

two tanks and has a slope of 1 in 100. The water level in the first
tank is 10 m above inlet of the pipe and water level in the second
tank is 2 m above the outlet of the pipe. Considering only
frictional losses, find the flow rate through the pipe. Also draw
TEL and HGL lines. Take friction factor as 0.005 
 

4.a) Using Hagen-Poiseuille equation derive an expression for the

head loss in a pipe of diameter D and length L in terms of
Reynolds number and velocity head. (8M)  

b)A flow of 420 liters/min of oil (specific gravity =0.91 and

viscosity = 1.24 poise) is pumped through a pipeline 75 mm
diameter having a length of 62 m and whose outlet is 3 m higher
than its inlet. Estimate the power required for the pump if its
efficiency is 60 %. 

5a) Explain Reynolds experiment with neat sketch (5M) 

b) Derive the expression for head loss due to sudden

enlargement.(7M) 

6(a). Derive the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and state the

assumptions made 

 (b) Describe Reynold’s experiment with a neat sketch. What are

the outcomes of Reynolds experiment? 

 7(a) A crude oil of viscosity 0.97 poise and relative density 0.9 is
flowing through horizontal circular pipe of diameter 10cm and of
length 10m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends
of the pipe, if 100 kg of the oil is collected in a tank in 30 seconds
The population of a city is 8X105 and it is to be supplied with
water from a reservoir6.4 km away. Water is to be supplied at the
rate of 0.14m3 per head per day and half the supply is to be
delivered in 8 hours. The full supply level of the reservoir is R.L
180.00. and its lowest water level is R.L.105.00. The delivery end
of the main is at R.L 22.50 and the head required there is 12m.
Find the diameter of the pipe. Take f= 0.04. 
 

3. a) Show that the velocity profile in laminar flow through a

circular pipe is parabolic. Find the average velocity in terms of
maximum velocity. b) Describe Reynolds experiments to
demonstrate the two types of flow 

a) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous

flow through a circular pipe. Also sketch the velocity distribution
and shear distribution across a section of the pipe b) Define and
explain the terms: i) Hydraulic gradient line and ii) Total energy
line 

 3. a) An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through a pipe of

diameter 300 mm at the rate of 500 liters/s. Find the head lost
due to friction and power required to maintain the flow for a
length of 1000 m. Take ν = 0.29 stokes. 

 b) What do you understand by the terms: major energy loss and
minor energy losses in pipe? 

a) Derive the expression for the loss of head due to friction in

turbulent flow. b) Explain the Moody Chart and its significance in
design of pipe flow problems c) Explain pipes in parallel. 

7. a) Discuss the various losses in flow through pipes. b) What do

you meant by pipes in series and pipes in parallel? c) A 2500m
long pipeline is used for transmission of power. 120 kW power is
to be transmitted through the pipe in which water having a
pressure of 4000 kN/m2 at inlet is flowing. If the pressure drop
over the length of pipe is 800 kN/m2 and f=0.006, find: i)
diameter of the pipe ii) efficiency of transmission. 

8. . a) What are hydraulic grade line and total energy line? How
do you draw the same? b) What do you mean by pipe in series
and pipes in parallel? 

9.. a) What are the different losses in flow through the circular
pipes?. (7M) b) Define minor losses in pipes and obtain equation
for any four losses 
10.a) Explain how the following flow problems are analyzed. i)
Series pipe connection (ii) parallel pipe connection and iii)
Equivalent pipe connection. (7M) b) Explain how Reynold’s
experiment is conducted in the lab and bring its practical use. 

11. a) Define ‘Hydraulic gradient line’ and ‘Total energy line’. The
cross section of a pipe carrying a given discharge is suddenly
enlarged. What would be the ratio of the two diameters of the
pipe if the magnitude of the loss of head at this change of section
is same irrespective of the direction of flow? Assume CC = 0.64.
(7M) b) Derive an expression for the loss of head due to friction in
flow through circular pipes. 

12.a) Explain with neat sketch the Reynold’s experiment and

define Laminar and Turbulent flow. (7M) b) A compound piping
system consists of a1600m of 0.4m diameter, 1200m of 0.3m
diameter and 800m pipe of 0.25m diameter cast iron pipes
connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an equivalent
length of 0.4m pipe and (ii) an equivalent size pipe 3000m long. 

13. (a) Derive an expression for head loss due to sudden

expansion in a pipe. (b) A pipe of 150 mm diameter and length
100 m carries water at 20 . If the pressure loss in pipeline is
26.613 kN/m2 , find whether the pipe will act as smooth or
rough pipe. Also determine maximum velocity and discharge. 

14. (b) Pipes of 50 cm diameter, 1800 m length, 40 cm diameter,

1200 m length and 30 cm diameter, 600 m length are connected
is series; (i) If these pipes are to be replaced by an equivalent pipe
of 40 cm diameter, what would be its length? (ii) What would be
the diameter of the equivalent pipe of 3600 m length? 

15. An orifice meter is used to measure the air-flow passing

through a pipe of 8 cm diameter. The diameter of orifice meter is
2 cm. The pipe is horizontal. The head causing the flow is
measured by using a manometer containing water. The measured
head is 5.6 cm of water. The pressure and temperature of air
flowing through the pipe is 770 mm of Hg and 300 K. Take Cd
(orifice meter) = 0.65. 

16.A pipe 50 mm diameter is 6m long and the velocity of flow of

water in the pipe is 2.4 m/s. What loss of head and the
corresponding power would be saved if the central 2 m length of
pipe was replaced by 75 mm diameter pipe, the change of section
being sudden? Take f = 0.04 for the pipes of both diameters. (b)
Explain Reynold’s experiment.  

17. List out the various minor losses that may occur when fluid
is flowing through a pipe line. Also give the formulae to calculate
the losses. (b) Oil of viscosity 0.1 Pa.s and specific gravity 0.90
flows through a horizontal pipe of 25 mm diameter. If the
pressure drop per metre length of the pipe is 12 kPa determine
the rate of flow in N/min, the shear stress at the pipe wall,
Reynold’s number of the flow and the power required per 50 m
length of pipe to maintain the flow. 

        Assignment -V on Chapter V

1. a) Define velocity of approach. How can you account

for it while computing the discharge over weirs? b) A
pitot-tube is inserted in a pipe of 300mm diameter. The
static pressure in pipe is 100mm of mercury (vacuum).
The stagnation pressure at the center of the pipe,
recorded by the pitot tube is 0.981N/cm2 . Calculate the
rate of flow of water through pipe, if the mean velocity of
flow is 0.85 times the central velocity. Take Cv=0.98.  

2. .a) What are the applications of Venturimeter? Explain

the working principle of venturimeter. (7M) b) What are
the different types of notches? Explain Rectangular and
Stepped notches. 

3. a) A Pitot tube was used to measure the quantity of

water flowing in a pipe of 0.30m diameter. The water was
raised to a height of 0.25m above the center line of pipe
in the vertical limb of the tube. If the mean velocity is
0.78 times the velocity at the center and coefficient of
Pitot tube is 0.98, find the discharge in the pipe line. The
static pressure head at the centre of the pipe is 0.2 m.  

4. b) A Venturi-meter is provided to measure the water

flowing through a horizontal pipe of25 cm diameter. The
throat of the venture- meter is 12cm. The pressure of
water flowing through the pipe is 1.5 bar and the vacuum
measured at the throat is 30 cm of Hg. Find the water
flow rate through the pipe. Take Cd=0.975. 
5. a) Differentiate between stagnation pressure head and
static pressure head with reference to a pitot tube.
Explain with the help of a neat sketch. (7M) 

6.   A Venturimeter of throat diameter 5cm is fitted into a

12.5 cm diameter water pipe line. The coefficient of
discharge is 0.96. Calculate the flow in the pipe line when
the reading on a mercury water differential U tube
manometer connected to the upstream and throat
sections shows a reading of 20 cm. 

7. a) A Venturimeter has its axis vertical, the inlet and

throat diameters being 150mm and 80 mm respectively.
The throat has 220mm about inlet and coefficient
discharge is 0.96. Petrol of specific gravity 0.78 flows up
through the meter at a rate of 0.029 m3 /s. Find the
pressure difference between the inlet and the throat.
(7M) 

8.   A 150mm X 75mm Venturi meter with a coefficient of

discharge 0.98 is to be replaced by an orifice meter
having a coefficient of discharge 0.60. If the both the
meters are to give the same differential mercury
manometer reading for a discharge of 100 liters per
second and the inlet diameter is to remain 150mm. what
should be diameter of the orifice? 

9. (a) Write a note on classification of notches and weirs.

(b) In an experiment on determination of hydraulic
coefficients of a sharp-edged orifice, 2.5 cm in diameter,
it was found that the jet issuing horizontally under a
head of 1 m travelled a horizontal distance of 1.6 m from
Vena contracta in a course of vertical drop of 0.7 m from
the same point. Further, if a flat plate were held normal
to the jet at Vena contracta, the force of 5.6 N would be
exerted on the plate. Determine Cd, Cv and Cc for the
orifice. 

10.  Define co-efficient of velocity, co-efficient of

contraction and co-efficient of discharge. (b) Describe the
method for determining co-efficient of velocity
experimentally.  
 11.  A submerged sharp – crested weir is 0.8 high
stands clear across a channel having vertical sides and
has a width of 4 m. The depths of water to the two sides
are 1.5 m and 1 m respectively. Determine the discharge
over the weir. Take Cd = 0.6. 

12.   A reservoir discharges through a sluice 0.915 m

wide by 1.22 m deep. The top of the opening is 0.61 m
below the water level in the reservoir and the downstream
water level is below the bottom of the opening. Calculate
the discharge through the opening if Cd = 0.60 and
percentage error if the opening is treated as a small
orifice 

13.  What is a notch? Also give the classification of

notches.  

10. Two pipes each 300 m long are available for connecting to
a reservoir from which a flow of 0.085 m3 /s is required. If the
diameter of the two pipes are 0.30 and 0.15 m respectively,
determine the ratio of the head lost when the pipes are
connected in series to the head lost and when they are
connected in parallel. Neglect minor loss. 

11. Explain Reynold’s experiment. 

12. 

0.02 liters of a liquid (G = 0.9) flow in 40 seconds through a

pipe 0.25 m long and 1.5 mm diameter emerging from the
bottom of a tank holding the liquid maintained at a constant
level of 0.35 m above the outlet end of the pipe discharging
freely. Compute the dynamic viscosity of the liquid. 

14. (a) Distinguish between free and submerged

orifice. 

15.  (b) An orifice of 10 cm diameter under a head of

3 m discharges 35 liters per second of water. The jet from
the orifice exerts a force of 300 N on a flat plate placed
normal to it. Determine the theoretical discharge,
coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction.  
 16. (a) What do you understand by Aeration of Nappe
and why is it required?  

(b) Water flows through a rectangular channel 1 m wide and

0.5 m deep and then over a Cipolletti weir of crest length 60
cm. If the water level in the channel is 22.5 cm above the
weir crest, calculate the discharge over the weir: (i)
neglecting the velocity of approach. (ii) Considering the
velocity of the approach. Take Cd = 0.6 and assume angle of
inclination for Cipolletti weir as tan-1. 

19 .(a) What is an orifice? Give the classification of orifices. (b)

The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 20 mm
is 1 m. The actual discharge through the orifice is 0.85 lps. Find
the coefficient of discharge.  

 20. A rectangular notch of crest width 0.4 m is used to measure

the flow of water in a rectangular channel 0.6 m wide and 0.45 m
deep. If the water level in the channel is 0.225 m above the weir
crest, find the discharge in the channel. For the notch assume Cd
= 0.63 and take velocity of approach into account. 

21 . An orifice meter is used to measure the air-flow passing

through a pipe of 8 cm diameter. The diameter of orifice meter is
2 cm. The pipe is horizontal. The head causing the flow is
measured by using a manometer containing water. The measured
head is 5.6 cm of water. The pressure and temperature of air
flowing through the pipe is 770 mm of Hg and 300 K. Take Cd
(orifice meter) = 0.65.