Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2018) 7(11): 1389-1400

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 11 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.coX

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.16X

Feeding Value of Distillers Dried Grain with Soluble for Poultry

Om Prakash Dinani*, Pramod K. Tyagi, A.B. Mandal, Praveen K. Tyagi, Sneh Lata Gupta and N. Junaid

ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. - 243122, India

*Corresponding author

AB STRACT

Keywords
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is co-product of the ethanol industry
Feeding value, Distillers, produced during dry milling process. Its availability is increasing due to higher demand for
Dried grain, Poultry
ethanol as biofuel. The DDGS is high energy and high protein feed. Distillers dried grain
Article Info with soluble (DDGS) in poultry diet may be done for economic poultry production
replacing costly protein ingredient soybean meal. Level of DDGS in poultry diet depends
Accepted: upon species and age of poultry birds, type of cereal involved in its production, method of
12 October 2018
drying after fermentation, level of fiber etc. In general, DDGS can be incorporated at the
Available Online:
10 November 2018 inclusion level of 7.5 to 10% for economic poultry production.

three fold present in the cereal since two third

Introduction
to three fourth portion of cereal content is
starch (Swiatkiewicz and Koreleski, 2008).
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is
Thus, DDGS is very low in starch but higher
co-product of the ethanol industry produced
in non-starch poly saccharides (NSP) content
during dry milling process. Its availability is
as compared to their parent grains used in
increasing due to higher demand for ethanol as
ethanol production. DDGS is higher in gross
biofuel. Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rice
energy than parent grain but lower in
cereals are commonly used as fermentation
metabolizable energy due to higher NSP
substrates for ethanol production. Cereal
content. Dry milling process used for ethanol
yields about one third ethanol, one third
production leads to maillard reaction further
carbon di oxide gas and one third DDGS.
reduce the lysine availability as compared to
DDGS contain 65% distillers grains and 35%
their parent grains used in ethanol production.
distillers solubles on dry matter basis
Thus, lysine is the first limiting amino acid in
(AAFCO, 2005). DDGS contain all the
DDGS. Dry milling process also leads to
nutrients from grain in a concentrated form
reduction in moisture content. So, DDGS is
except for the majority of the starch, which
suitable for longer storage due to low moisture
has been utilized in the fermentation process
content (Jacob et al., 2008). DDGS contain
during ethanol production (Babcock et al.,
approximately 6% yeast biomass, which is
2008). So, it concentrates all nutrients about

1
rich in mannan, there may be antinutritional adverse effect on growth, carcass traits and
effects associated with mannans (Radfar et al., development of immune organs of broiler
2013). The enhanced availability and potential chickens and thus could safely include for
cost-benefit of DDGS represents a substantial profitable broiler production (ICAR-CARI,
economic value as it is less expensive than 2015). Min et al., (2015) conducted an
other protein sources like soybean meal (He et experiment to determine the effects of feeding
al., 2013). 0, 15, or 30% DDGS with or without 0 or 5%
glycerine on growth performance and meat
Chemical composition of DDGS yield. The results of this study demonstrate
that 15% DDGS of known nutritional quality
Energy value and amino acid composition of can be utilized in diets for growing broilers
DDGS fed to poultry (kcal/kg) reported by with no negative effects on growth
different researchers are given in the Table 1 performance and meat yield if the diets are
and 2. Chemical composition of different formulated on a digestible amino acid basis
sources of DDGS (%) is given in the Table 3. and meet the nutritional requirements of
Chemical composition of rice DDGS (%) on broilers. Hack et al., (2015) reported DDGS
as such basis is given in the Table 4. substitution level more than 75% decreased
(P≤0.01) values of body weight gain in brown
DDGS feeding on meat and egg production laying hens. Hassan and Aqil (2015) reported
DDGS can safely be added at the level of 10%
Conflicting reports are available on the effect without affecting growth performance of
of different levels of DDGS in diet on meat broiler chicks from 0 to 35 days and 20%
and egg production. without affecting productive performance in
laying hen from 30 to 42 weeks of age. Trupia
Masa’deh et al., (2012) reported feeding up to et al., (2016) reported that regular and low-fat
12.5% DDGS had no negative effect on DDGS addition up to 20% to layer diets did
growth performance, N and P retention levels not influence egg production and egg weight.
in pullet diet. Guney et al., (2013) reported Gacche et al., (2016) reported that DDGS can
that corn DDGS up to 20% inclusion levels in be incorporated in broiler feed up to 20% in
broiler diet had no detrimental effects on replacement of soybean meal without
performance parameters compared with a affecting the performance but DDGS at 30 %
standard corn-soybean diet. Olofintoye and level adversely affected the performance of
Bolu (2013) reported layer fed 20% dietary the broilers in terms of weight gain. Gupta
corn DDGS had better hen day production as (2016) reported higher body weight gain were
compared to 0% corn DDGS. Wamsley et al., in layers fed (between 26th to 35th wk of age)
(2013) reported that digestible lysine diet containing 5, 7.5 and 10% rice DDGS in
interaction with low levels of DDGS (4% comparison to those fed diet containing 0%
Starter, 5% Grower, 10% Finisher) showed DDGS. Kim et al., (2016) reported that
best growth performance. Wen Jiang et al., finishing broilers (28 to 56 days) can tolerate
(2013) reported DDGS up to 10% with up to 24% low fat DDGS in the later phase of
vitamin E (200 mg/kg) in laying hen diets can production without any detrimental effects on
be fed without adverse effects on laying live performance and carcass parameter. Rao
performance. Zhang et al., (2013) reported et al., (2016) reported rice DDGS improved
that diets containing 20% DDGS decreased body weight gain (BWG) at 5% compared to
the growth phase in broilers. Addition of those fed the SBM control diet at 21 d of age
DDGS up to 10% level did not exert any in broiler. Body weight gain (BWG) at 35d of
age was not affected by incorporating rice intake (FI), FI per egg and FI per egg mass
DDGS up to 10%, but depressed significantly were not affected by rice DDGS at 7.5% level
at 15% level. Rao et al., (2016) also reported but at 15% level depressed during 24 to 47
in layer egg production and egg mass were not weeks in layer. Ranjan et al., (2017) reported
affected at 7.5% level of rice DDGS but that 75% replacement of soybean meal with
depressed at 15% level during 24 to 47 weeks rice DDGS showed significantly (P<0.05)
of age. Ranjan et al., (2017) reported that 75% decreased dry matter intake in duck.
replacement of soybean meal with rice DDGS
have higher egg production and superior egg Effect of DDGS on feed conversation ratio
quality traits in duck. Dinani et al., (2018a) (FCR)
concluded that the feeding of rice DDGS
levels of 12.5% and 15%, respectively with or Conflicting reports are available on the effect
without enzyme supplementation do not have of different levels of DDGS in diet on FCR.
any adverse effects on the carcass traits, but Światkiewicz et al., (2013) reported DDGS at
xylanase supplementation improved abdomen the level of 200 g/kg with enzyme (xylanase
fat and giblet weight of broiler chicken at 42 and phytase) in the diet had no effect on feed
days. conversion ratio may be incorporated in the
diet of laying hens without any negative
Effect of DDGS on feed intake effects. Wen Jiang et al., (2013) reported
DDGS up to 20% with vitamin E (200 mg/kg)
Conflicting reports are available on the effect in laying hen diets significantly reduced FCR
of different levels of DDGS in diet on feed (P < 0.05) but can be fed to laying hens at
intake. Swiatkiewicz et al., (2013) reported levels up to 10% without adverse effects on
DDGS at the level of 200 g/kg with enzyme laying performance. Addition of DDGS up to
(xylanase and phytase) in the diet had no 10% level did not exert any adverse effect on
effect on feed intake may be incorporated in FCR of broiler chickens and thus could safely
the diet of laying hens without any negative include for profitable broiler production
effects. Zhang et al., (2013) reported that diets (ICAR-CARI, 2015).
containing 20% DDGS decreased average
daily feed intake in broiler. Hongyu et al., Min et al., (2015) conducted an experiment to
(2014) reported feed intake was adversely determine the effects of feeding 0, 15, or 30%
affected by the highest level of DDGS in the DDGS with or without 0 or 5% glycerine on
diet (50%) during the first 12 weeks period of growth performance and meat yield. Higher
laying. Hack et al., (2015) reported DDGS dietary levels of DDGS may be acceptable,
substitution level more than 75% decreased but feed conversion may be reduced unless
(P≤0.01) values of feed intake in brown laying pellet quality can be improved. Hack et al.,
hen. Trupia et al., (2016) reported that regular (2015) reported DDGS substitution level more
and low-fat DDGS addition up to 20% to layer than 75% decreased (P≤0.01) values of FCR
diets did not influence feed intake. Gacche et in brown laying hen. Trupia et al., (2016)
al., (2016) reported that DDGS at 30 % level reported that regular and low-fat DDGS
adversely affected the feed intake. Gupta addition up to 20% to layer diets did not
(2016) reported dietary inclusion of 5, 7.5 and influence feed efficiency. Gacche et al., (2016)
10% rice DDGS showed significantly reported that DDGS at 30 % level adversely
(P<0.05) higher feed intake in 10 weeks of affected the performance of the broilers in
production (phase I) in layers as compare to terms of weight gain, feed intake and FCR.
control group. Rao et al., (2016) reported feed Rao et al., (2016) reported rice
DDGS significantly improved feed efficiency any adverse effect on haematological, serum
at 5 and 10% levels as compared to those fed biochemical and carcass traits.
the SBM control diet at 21 d of age but at 15%
level feed efficiency was depressed Effect of DDGS on immunocompetance
significantly compared to control.
Barekataina et al., (2013) conducted an
Effect of DDGS on blood biochemical experiment to investigate effect of 20%
parameters sorghum DDGS with or without a combination
of protease and xylanase in broiler chickens,
Ghazalah et al., (2011) reported there was no under a necrotic enteritis disease challenge.
significant (P>0.05) difference among Result showed that incorporation of DDGS to
treatment groups for all hematological the diets improved (P<0.01) the IgA and IgG
parameters, except Hb%, total protein and titer at d 13 but interacted with the disease
total lipids at 50% substitution for SBM. Wen challenge, reducing the concentration of IgA at
Jiang et al., (2013) reported AST, ALT, Ca, d 21 and IgM at d 35 in the infected birds. Min
HDL, LDL, CHO, and α-tocopherol et al., (2015) reported that DDGS reduced
concentrations in serum were not significantly serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total
influenced by DDGS. However, increasing antioxidant activity, whereas increased IgA,
DDGS from 10 to 20% in laying hen diets IgG and malondialdehyde (MDA) of 21 days
significantly (P<0.05) increased P content in old broiler. Thus, 15% dietary DDGS
serum compared with 0% DDGS. Youssef et inclusion has the beneficial effects on immune
al., (2013) evaluated the effect of DDGS (0, 5, functions for broilers. Alizadeh et al., (2016)
10 and 15%) on hemato-biochemical property reported diet containing 10% of DDGS
of broiler. Result showed that DDGS stimulated cell-mediated immune response
insignificantly (P>0.05) affected the indicating the immunomodulatory activities of
hematological parameter and DDGS inclusion these products following immunization with
in the diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased non-inflammatory antigens in broiler
glucose concentration. Gacche et al., (2015) chickens. Gupta (2016) reported that immune
reported that no adverse effect on response in terms of cell mediated immune
haematological (haemoglobin, packed cell response (CMI) and haemagglutinin antigen
volume, total erythrocyte count, total (HA) titre were found non-significant
leukocyte count and differential leukocyte (P>0.05), when rice DDGS were included in
count) and serum biochemical (total protein, the diets at varying level (5, 7.5 and 10%).
albumin, aspartate amino transferase, alanine
amino transferase and creatinine) profile on Effect of DDGS on gut health
the replacement of soybean meal with DDGS
up to 30% in broiler rations. Gupta (2016) Hahn (2010) reported diets containing DDGS
reported that different levels of rice DDGS (5, had significantly (P<0.05) higher count of
7.5 and 10%) had significant higher effect on Lactobacillus compared to diets containing
serum albumin, total serum protein (P<0.01), meat cum bone meal (MBM). Yan et al.,
A/G ratio (P<0.05) and significantly (P<0.01) (2013) reported corn DDGS (30%) and rye
lowering effect on serum lipid profile (total were detrimental to broiler performance and
serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL NSP degrading enzymes improved growth
and VLDL). Dinani et al., (2018b) concluded performance and gut health of broilers when
that rDDGS can safely incorporated at the rye or rye with DDGS were present.
inclusion level of 12.5% in broiler diet without
 Table.1 Energy value of DDGS fed to poultry (kcal/kg)

AMEn TMEn Species Authors

2880 - Turkey Potter (1966)
2480 2864 Poultry NRC (1994)
2756 2800 Turkey Roberson (2003)
- 2905 Broiler Lumpkins et al., (2004)
- 2831 Layer Batal and Dale (2004)
2760 2980 Turkey Noll and Brannon (2005)
2770 2884 Layer Roberson et al., (2005)
- 2863 Layer Parsons et al., (2006)
- 2820 Layer Batal and Dale (2006)
- 2871 Layer Fastinger et al.,(2006)
2770 2851 Broiler Waldroup et al., (2007)
- 2904 Broiler Hong et al., (2008)
2526 - Broiler Applegate et al., (2009)
2810 - Broiler Shim et al.,(2011)
- 3150 Broiler Guney et al.,(2013)
3,394 - Broiler and Turkey Adebiyi and Olukosi (2015)
3070 - Broiler Hassan and Aqil (2015)
2615 - Broiler Kim et al., (2016)
2883 - Layer Gupta (2016)

Table.2 Amino acid composition (%) of DDGS of various cereals

Amino Acids % Rice DDGS1 Rice DDGS2 Rice DDGS3 Corn Sorghum Wheat
DDGS DDGS DDGS
Indispensable AA
Arginine 1.42 1.47 3.06 1.16 1.06 1.53
Histidine - 1.01 1.04 0.72 0.68 0.92
Isoleucine 1.12 0.93 1.89 1.00 1.31 1.35
Leucine 2.02 2.94 3.60 3.12 4.02 2.66
Lysine 0.99 0.64 1.23 0.78 0.66 0.65
Methionine 0.52 0.61 1.19 0.55 0.51 0.53
Phenylalanine 1.35 1.28 2.32 1.32 1.62 1.92
Threonine 1.24 0.92 1.67 1.06 1.03 1.21
Tryptophan - 0.24 - 0.21 0.34 0.40
Valine 1.53 1.39 2.64 1.34 1.59 1.70
Dispensable AA
Alanine 1.81 1.84 2.56 1.90 2.79 1.48
Aspartic acid 2.26 1.94 3.91 1.82 2.09 1.92
Cysteine 0.61 0.62 0.98 0.53 0.47 0.73
Glutamic acid 4.52 4.08 7.48 4.28 6.08 9.81
Glycine 1.23 1.10 1.92 1.02 0.99 1.62
Proline 1.22 1.86 2.10 2.06 2.41 4.11
Serine 1.21 1.34 2.20 1.16 1.35 1.88
Tyrosine - 1.08 - 1.01 - -
CP 23.1 28.55 45.0 27.27 31.50 40.67
References- Rice DDGS1 (Luu et al., 2000), Rice DDGS2 (Gupta, 2016), Rice DDGS3 (Xue et al., 2012) Corn
DDGS (Pahm et al., 2008), Sorghum DDGS (Urriola et al., 2007) and Wheat DDGS (Lan et al., 2008)
 Table.3 Chemical composition of different sources of DDGS (%)

Nutritional values Rice DDGS Corn DDGS Wheat DDGS Sorghum DDGS
Protein 42-45 25-30 44 26
Moisture (max.) 10 10 10 10
Fiber 4-7 4-7 7.9 -
Fat 3-5 3-5 3.5 8.1
Sand Silica (max.) 3 3 3 3
Appearance Medium Brown Yellowish - -
powder Granular form
Source: (Gupta, 2016), Adebiyi and Olukosi (2015), Hancock et al., (1995)

Table.4 Chemical composition of rice DDGS (%) on as such basis

Moisture 9.1 14.6 9.21 - 10.5 8.28

Crude protein 23.1 28.2 28.55 19.1 30.00 45.00
Crude fiber - 2.3 10.85 - 9.05 4.89
Ether extract 9.9 - 6.44 7.8 7.11 4.49
Ash 4.7 1.97 - 0.5 4.89 10.22
NDF 15.4 - 43.07 - 41.43 27.12
ADF - - 17.39 - 16.29 -
Calcium 0.55 - 0.75 - 0.09 0.73
Phosphorus 0.35 - 0.41 - 0.42 0.77
Gross energy 4784 - 4513 - - 4097
(kcal/kg)
DE (Mcal/kg) - - - 3.42 -
ME (Mcal/kg) - - - 3.00 2.88
NE (Mcal/kg) - - - 1.78 -
References Luu et al., Taysayavong and Xue et al., Choi Patil et al., Gupta
(2000) Preston (2010) (2012) (2014) (2015) (2016)

Min et al., (2013) reported that up to 15% in broilers, which may subsequently improve
DDGS inclusion level showed better villus dietary nutrient absorption. In addition,
height, crypt depth and ratio of villus height broiler chicks with shallow intestinal crypts
to crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and exhibited better growth performance. Gupta
ileum on day 42 in male broiler. Therefore, (2016) reported that inclusion of 7.5 and 10%
diet added with DDGS can improve intestinal level of DDGS significantly (P<0.05) lower
morphology up to 15% DDGS level for the TVC in crop as compare to 0 and 5%
broiler starter and grower age. In a companion inclusion level of DDGS, while TVC
study of Wang et al., (2015) male chicks were significantly (P<0.01) lowered in jejunum at
used to investigate the interaction among the all three levels of DDGS as compare to 0%
protein source DDGS and meat cum bone inclusion level. However Lactobacillus have
meal diet (MBM) on small intestine significant (P<0.01) effect at 5, 7.5 and 10%
morphology. In conclusion, DDGS diet may levels of DDGS with maximum effect at 10%
facilitate small intestine longitudinal growth level of DDGS in jejunum but have no
significant (P>0.05) effect on crop region. safely incorporated at the inclusion level of
Ranjan et al., (2017) reported that no 12.5% in broiler diet without any adverse
significant (P>0.05) difference in villus length effect on growth performance haematological,
and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and serum biochemical and carcass traits.
ileum in duck fed various levels of rice
DDGS up to 75% replacement of soybean In layers, DDGS was tested successfully at
meal. Dinani et al., (2018c) concluded that inclusion rates up to 25% (Masa'deh et al.,
rDDGS can safely be incorporated in broiler 2011). The eggs quality parameters were
diet at the inclusion level of 12.5% with better improved by DDGS addition (Loar et al.,
humoral immunity, gut health and without any 2010). In contrast, some experiments reported
adverse effect on intestinal histomorphometry. a slight decrease in egg production at
inclusion rate above 10% (Roberson et al.,
Maximum safe inclusion level of DDGS 2005; Shalash et al., 2010). Gupta (2016)
reported that rice DDGS can safely
DDGS is used efficiently by broilers at incorporated at the inclusion level of 10% for
inclusion rates below 20% (Wang et al., economical egg production. Rao et al., (2016)
2015). However, some authors reported a reported rice DDGS can be safely
reduction of broiler growth performance incorporated 7.5 % in layer. Ranjan et al.,
and/or feed efficiency at rates such as 18% (2017) reported that 75% replacement of
(Lumpkins et al., 2004) or 25% and above soybean meal with rice DDGS have higher
(Wang et al., 2007). There are some reports of egg production and superior egg quality traits
decreased performance when 9 or 12% DDGS in duck.
were included in the diet (Shalash et al.,
2009) while in other cases levels as high as Thus, it may be concluded that use of
24% did not impair broiler performance distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS) in
(Shim et al., 2011). Comparison of DDGS poultry diet may be done for economic
samples differing in quality (darkness) poultry production replacing costly protein
showed that dark samples led to lower growth ingredient soybean meal. Level of DDGS in
performance, with a high correlation between poultry diet depends upon species and age of
luminance value and weight gain (Cromwell poultry birds, type of cereal involved in its
et al., 1993). High inclusion rates (30%) can production, method of drying after
also lead to problems of pellet quality that fermentation etc. In general, DDGS can be
could explain lower performance (Wang et incorporated at the inclusion level of 7.5 to
al., 2007, 2015). Meat quality did not affected 10% for economic poultry production.
by DDGS in diets except at high inclusion
rates that may lead to a higher content in References
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How to cite this article:

Om Prakash Dinani, Pramod K. Tyagi, A.B. Mandal, Praveen K. Tyagi, Sneh Lata Gupta and
Junaid, N. 2018. Feeding Value of Distillers Dried Grain with Soluble for Poultry.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(11): 1389-1400. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.161