UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS UNISA less Te CMY1501 (473205) October/November 2018 Introduction to Se Crime, Offenders and Criminal ehaviour Duraton 2 Hours 50 Marks EXAMINERS . FIRST PROF AE HESSELINK SECOND DRM BARKHUIZEN Closed book examination ‘This examination question paper remains the property of the University of South Africa and may not be removed from the examination venue INSTRUCTIONS This examination paper consists of eleven (11) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark- reading sheet Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigilator Answer all the questionsMy1501 Oct/Nov 2018 ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS Feminist cnminology views women as oppressed, both by gender and class, and this branch proposes that inequality is firmly rooted in the (1) rational choice theory {2) social process theory (3) cntieat or conflict fraction (4) social structure approach (1) With regards to the application of theory, refers to the fact that theory has ment, 1s useful, and that ts accuracy can be anticipated (1) falsifabitty (2) predictability (3) plausibility (4) evidence of validity a) According to the _, individual differences in the tendency to commit cnme, can be explained in ‘a person's level of (poor) self-control that is linked to inadequate child-rearing practices (1) generat theory of crime (2) rational choice theory (3) trait theory (4) social milieu school of thought (a) Crminologists use anvthe method to answer questions such as, “Why are some individuals more prone to committing cnme than others?” (1) intuitive (2) screntific (3) unempinoal (4) rational a) Which theonst observed the need to address the inequalities in the treatment of respectable persons who commit cnme, versus people without power who offend? (1) Beccana (2) Sutherland (3) Bentham (4) Quetelet a Factors such as the protection of the community as a whole, reconciliation, compensation, political instability and unreliable statics refer to (1) Manaism feminism (2) Black feminism (3) Cntical criminology (4) African cnminology (a)10 " CMY 1501 OctNov 2018 Premises such as punishment, should deter and control behaviour, fit the crime and be swnft in order to fitin with (1) Social milieu of thought (2) Classical cnminology (3) Positwst cnminology (4) Chtical cnminotogy (i) The cultural deviance theory combines elements of both the strain and social disorganisation theones, that are based in (1) Social process theones (2) Positwistic criminology (8) Social cognitive theory (4) Social structure theories 7 1 Tenets such as, “offenders rely more on verbal and physical aggression” and “offenders use a limited range of altemnatves to solve interpersonal problems" refer to _as.a component of social cognition (1) social problem solving (2) moral reasoning (3) _ self-control and impulsiveness (4) empathy (i) According to the, a chid imitates a mode's behaviour and the consequences are rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behaviour (1) trait theory (2) social learning approach (3) rational choice theory (4) general theory of crme a) ‘Which option below relates to Cnminologists and research in the criminal justice system? (1) The formulation of new policies, to shape social and economic policy to prevent crime and research on sutable treatments for offenders (2) Tolecture upcoming law students, to shape political and economic policies and to conduct esearch to empower all members of society (3) Toassist with the training of judicial officers in crime and offending behaviour and to develop policies to address inadequate research practices and economic inequality (4) The formulation of new laws to shape economic and political policies and to conduct research on suitable treatments for mentally il persons a)12 13, 14 15 16 cMy1501 ‘Oct/Nov 2018 Risk factors contributing to a delinquent career include (1) An early onset of antisocial behaviour, receiving social grants / assistance from social services and divorced parents (2) Parental crimmnality, poor parental supervision, truancy, impulsivity, vandalism and drug use (3) Vandalism, erratic punishment practices from parents, sexual promuscutly and recenving social grants / assistance from social services (4) Low school achievement, criminal onset with economic and narcotic-related crimes, drug abuse and dropping out of schoo! (1) Physiological disorders have a anda influence on human behaviour, and -often result- in stigmatisation (iabelling) (1) health, social (2) _ biological, psychological (3) environmental, social (4) health, biological a ‘Community associated criminal risk factors include (1) poor access to social services, child-headed households, unemployment and poverty (2) social disorganisation, overcrowded households, inadequate access to police services and Poverty (3) criminal peer associations, poor access to social services, unemployment and poverty (4) a culture that promotes crme, social disorganisation, high residential mobility and criminal peer associations a) The ability to make rational choices among possible actions, to select one action over others and the fact that one can be held responsible for one's actions, refers to (1) rationalisation (2) determinism (8) free will (4) social learning a) Desires, interests and needs, direct behaviour toward the fulfilment of an aroused need This statement refers to (1) Gognitions (2) Needs (3) Emotions (4) Internal motes a)7 18 19 20 21 22 CMY 1501 OctNov 2018 Before an act can be defined as a crime, law must regard it as such and must be in place (1) customary, an effective cnminal justice system (2) common, adequately traned police officers, (3) ptwvate, suitable correctional centres (4) onminal, surtable punishment (1) The rational choice theory 1s built on the (1) Social structure approach (2) Posttiastic schoo! of thought (3) Classical school of thought (4) Social process approach 1 The scientific study of making laws, breaking laws and reacting towards the breaking of laws falls within the realm of (1) Common law (2) Private law (3) Criminal law (4) Crminology a) Which option below refers to the “bread and butter” of crminology and any science that aims to explain crime and offending behaviour? (1) Internews (2) Observations (3) Plaustbiity (4) Theory (1) Which femunistic perspective focuses on the axes of race, gender and class as the basis of oppression, and also considers the personal, cultural and institutonal levels of experience of femaies? (1) Black feminism (2) Socialist feminism (3) Radical feminism (4) Liberal feminism (1) Elements such as thinking, observation and awareness, the learning process and memory, form part of the (1) Mind-set of offenders (2) Locus of control (3) Process of cognition {4) Social learning approach23 24 25 26 27 2B cMy1501 OctiNov 2018 There are no genes for crnminal behaviour, however, Walsh (2015) found that there are genes that lead to certain traits, such as and that may cause engagement in criminal behaviour (1) lowself-esteem, aggression (2) poor decision-making skils, inadequate copying mechanisms (3) low empathy, cunning behaviour (4) impulsiveness, low empathy a) Children do not team to display low self-control, rather low self-control is the default outcome that occurs in the absence of adequate (1) socialisation (2) parental supervision (3) _ parental involvement (4) discipline O} People who are oriented towards the present rather than the future, who display nsk-taking behaviour and are self-centered, exhibit (1) Poor coping mechanisms (2) An inadequate support structure (3) An inteligence deficit (4) Low self-control a Ifa child's 1s incomplete or negatively focused, it can result m an adolescent with a poor self- image, who 1s alienated from conventional society and feels litle attachment to a law-abiding itestyle (1) _ trust im other people (2) perception of love (3) socialisation process (4) _ sense of belonging a Exposure to violence, alcohol and drugs, smoking, abuse directed at the mother and inadequate nutntion, relates to sk factors that are linked to cnminal behaviour (1) hereditary and mental (2) prenatal and pennatal (3) socialisation and self-control (4) alcohol and drug abuse a) Protective factors that contnibute to children desisting from cnme include (1) antisocial peer associations, pro-crminal norms and exposure to conventional norms (2) _pro-crminal norms, antisocial peer associations and law-abiding parents (3) involvement in religious practices, pro-social attitudes and antisocial peer associations (4) _pro-social attitudes, involvement in religious practices and exposure to conventional norms a29 30 31 32 33 cMy i501 Oct/Nov 2018 Which option below is linked to socialisation, as a risk factor for children, to become involved m delinquent behaviour? (1) Absent parents and inconsistent discipline (2) Exposure to substance abuse and violence (8) Poor school achievement and truancy (4) Run-away behaviour and exposure to violence (i) Self-concept, expectations and beliefs refer to (1) Emotions (2) Cognitions (3) Needs (4) Motives a Official crme statistics are influenced by (1) Limited police manpower, political and economic deviations, fluctuations in legislation and technology (2) The fact that many crmes are not reported, stagnation in the population's age categories and by legislation (3) Adechne in close-knit communities, decreased population mobility and increased informal social control (4) Stagnation of society's norms and values, political and religious deviations and the fact that not all crimes are reported (1) The model advocates the importance of human nights and 1s based on the notion that the criminal justice process is beset by human error (1) cme contrat (2) criminal justice (3) social justice (4) due process a) Who was the first person to use the term “white-collar” cnme? (1) Beccania (2) Sutherland (3) Bentham (4) Lombrosso a)a7 39 My 1501 Oct/Nov 2018 Two approaches, namely the and can be distinguished from the social milieu schoo! of thought (1) due process, social control mode! (2) social structure, social process model (3) socialisation, social contro! model (4) _ social process, due process model (1) According to the major principle that should govern legislation was “the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers” and the government should be ‘of the people, by the people, for the people” These pnnciples are also known as (1) Bentham, punishment (2) Lombrosso, determinism (3) Beccana, hedonism (4) Beceara, utitananism a Various risk factors based on South African research findings exist in this regard, Burton (2007) found that many children that live in communities in Cape Town, where gangs are nfe, reported that 1s a route into gang membership (1) a sense of belonging (2) negative peer association (3) poor parental supermsion (4) substance use (1) Various motivation theories exist The theories state that punishment and reward serve as a means to ensure that people act in a certain way (1) process (2) instrumental (3) content (4) structural (a) The number of unreported crimes that are not reflected in official statistics are referred to as (1) Unretiable official statistics. (2) Dark figure of crime. (3) Limited police cnme reports (4) Predictive official statistics (1) The theory has its roots im the _, which was developed by Beccana (1) rational choice, classical schoo! of thought (2) social learning, radical schoo! of thought (3) rational choice, positivistic schoo! of thought (4) social learning, positwastic school of thought (1)40 41 42 43 44 CMY1501 Oct/Nov 2018 Proponents of the theories believe that a person's socialisation determines the likelihood of offending behaviour (1) positraistic (2) trait (3) social process (4) social structure: a Risk factors such as interpersonal conflict, marital conflict, parental neglect and parental deviance, are associated with asa risk indicator for crminal involvement (1) family functioning (2) family structure (3) socialisation (4) _ personality and temperament a The theory views each offender as physically and mentally unique and focuses on other possibilities to explain crminal involvement (1) self-contro (2) rational choice (3) socialisation (4) trait a Came patterns are influenced by (1) unempioyment, substance abuse and the social composition of the population (2) the economic composition of the population, direct ctimization and a lack of social cohesion (3) the type or category of crme, use of weapons, and poverty levels (4) age, gender, educational level and the geographical area (1) According Van Dijk (1998), universal or common factors contribute fo cnme Which option below represents worldwide factors associated with crime? (1) High rates of alcohol and drug abuse, illegal immigrants and repeat victimisation (2) High rates of unemployment, firearms, urbanisation and marginalisation of youth (3) High rates of low educational achievements, economic constraint, alcohol and drug abuse, and marginalisation of youth (4) High rates of unemployment, alcohol and drug abuse, firearms, urbanisation and economic constraints a)45 46 a7 48 49 10 CMY1501 Oct/Nov 2018 The fact that each individual ts responsible for his or her actions makes mitigating circumstances or excuses for behaviour inadmissible This pnnciple is central to the school of thought (1) radical (2) classical (3) cntical (4) socral ay Which feminist perspective focuses on the importance of patriarchy, and argues that prostitution 1s the product of a patnarchal society, inequality and unequal power relations? (1) Postmodern 2) Socialist (3) Radical (4) Liberal a) According to theory of basic needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs, such as. self-esteem and self-actualisation can be satisfied (1) Agnew’s, self-control (2) Sutherland's, social learning (8) Roestoff's, human behaviour (4) Maslow’s, content (qt) ‘A need for achievement that 1s rooted in one’s experiences, socialisation processes and development, is inked to needs (1) social (2) _ psychological (3) _ biological {4) developmental (ty ‘This nisk factor, 1s referred to as a “disease” and is one of three facilitating factors that is often present when crimes are committed. (1) Alcohot (2) Drugs (3) Firearms (4) Low self-control a50 1" CMY 1501 OclNov 2018 According to the theory, crime is a spontaneous unrestrained natural human impulse that requires litle skill, with mit ay (2) @) 3) imal short-term satisiaction self-control trait rational choice social learning (1) (60) Total. 50 marks ° UNISA 2018UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA UNI SA EXAMINATION MARK READING SHEET THES EN DEEDES Ae me ‘3SG%wa UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA EKSAMEN-MMERKLEESBLAD rar er Jas coo eos sre to at Jas ez ca «23 e232 22 2] Eg a2) i ang eo hgguenens sn igs cbs sees inne A Jos <> «oy cas os Pa 2 HP Kgs eo goes) les eps ergo JSSleas cas eases ca [rcsrcercaer 2B Maine 6 om i OEE For use by examination invigilator Vir gebruik deur eksamenopsiener a Hara Haare Eas agi et Hib eta Cuba Shida 8 i cteiegr ets B Hidian es sf fai ai ee a Sib gi Fo sh cheb diet sy cpa: ce 63 va) noha tain ea es hangar thargiat Gigs en 0: arg) a Shr et 1 et Bigs paral Thea) cy a a mamas 1a ye eae ingens ciaare iba foes does} ae hanes cise cass eh Gee chien es lesMARK READING SHEET INSTRUCTIONS ‘Your mark reading sheet is marked by computer and should therefore be filled un thoroughly and correctly USE ONLY AN HB PENCIL TO COMPLETE YOUR MARK READING SHEET PLEASE DO NOT FOLD OR DAMAGE YOUR MARK READING SHEET Consult the illustration of a mark reading sheet on the reverse ofthis page and follow the instructions step by step when working on your sheet Instruction numbers @ 1o refer wo spaces on your mark reading shoot which you should fill m as follows © Wave your paper code in these eght squares, for mstance Peps S}¥]t [oj - [x] © he paper number pertains only to first-level courses consisting of two papers WRITE for the Sst paper and for the second If only one paper, then leave blank © Fam your imiuals and surname © Fatlnthe date ofthe exammation © Filan the name of the evamination centre © RITE the dignts of your student number HORIZONTALLY (from le to right) Begin by filling in the frst digit of your student number an the first square onthe lef, then fil nthe other digs, each one ma separate square © _ineach verncal column mark the digit that corresponds tothe digt in your student number as follows i © RITE your unique paper number HORIZONTALLY NB Your unique paper number appears atthe top of your examination paper and consists only of digits. 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