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Lab No.8 Lab Manual

This document describes an experiment on analyzing DC resistive circuits using source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalents. The objectives are to verify theoretical analysis through experimental results. Techniques for circuit simplification like source transformations and Thevenin/Norton equivalents are discussed. Students are instructed to use these methods to analyze sample circuits, calculate theoretical values, build the circuits, collect experimental measurements, and compare the results.

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Salma Saleem
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82 views5 pages

Lab No.8 Lab Manual

This document describes an experiment on analyzing DC resistive circuits using source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalents. The objectives are to verify theoretical analysis through experimental results. Techniques for circuit simplification like source transformations and Thevenin/Norton equivalents are discussed. Students are instructed to use these methods to analyze sample circuits, calculate theoretical values, build the circuits, collect experimental measurements, and compare the results.

Uploaded by

Salma Saleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab-8.

Source Transformation, Thevenin and Norton


Equivalent
The objective of this experiment is to analyze DC resistive circuits employing the source
transformation, Thevenin and Norton theorems. Experimental results will allow the
verification of the theoretical analysis.

REQUIRED COMPONENTS
Voltage Source
Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Connecting Wires & Jumpers

TECHNIQUES FOR CIRCUIT SIMPLIFICATION


In this section, source transformations and Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits are
discussed as additional methods to simplify the circuit analysis.
Source transformations
A source transformation, shown in Fig. 9-1, allows the replacement of a voltage source in
series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with the same resistor, or vice versa. In
order for these two circuits to be equivalent, the voltage drop and the current drawn by
any load at nodes a and b must be the same. The relationship between I S and V S is simply:
VS
I S=
R

Figure 9-1: Source Transformation

 The above equation holds for the special cases when there is a resistor R pin parallel
with the voltage source or a resistor Rin series with the current source.
Figure 9-2: Equivalent circuit containing a resister either in series with a voltage source or in parallel
with a current source.

 In both cases the resistance has no effect on the equivalent circuit.


 It can be shown that by applying source transformations on the circuit, an equivalent
circuit with respect to the voltageV Oconsisting of a current source and a resistor can be
found.

Thevenin and Norton equivalents


For purpose of analysis, it is often desirable to replace, at a specific pair of terminals
(nodes) of a circuit, the set of interconnected elements (resistors and power sources)
"behind" the pair of terminals, by a single resistor and a single power source. Thevenin and
Norton equivalents are techniques of circuit simplification that describe the behavior of a
circuit at a specific pair of terminals.
Thevenin equivalent
 A Thevenin equivalent circuit is composed of an independent voltage source V th in
series with a resistor Rth, replacing an interconnection of sources and resistors.
 The value of V th is open circuit voltage at the pair of terminal in the original circuit.
 Rth is given by the ratio of V th and the short circuit current I SC observed at the pair of
terminals when a short circuit is placed across them. Thus, Rth=V th/ I SC .
 Determination of V th and Rth can be simplified by applying source transformations.
Norton equivalent
 A Norton equivalent circuit is composed by an independent current source I N in parallel
with a resistor R N .
 The Norton equivalent can be derived from the Thevenin equivalent simply by making a
source transformation.
 Therefore, the Norton current equals the short circuit current at the terminal of
interest, I N =I SC , and the Norton resistance is identical to the Thevenin resistance.
R N =R th.
 Notice that source transformation can be applied to calculate I N and Rth.
THEORETICAL WORK
1. Source transformation: Consider the circuit in figure 9.3 (use the component values
provided in lab). Use a series of source transformation to find an equivalent circuit
(with respect V O) consisting of a current source and a resistor. Complete the entries in
table 9-1 corresponding to the theoretic values. Use R 1 and R3 for the calculation of
Include the calculation and circuit simplification in a separate sheet.
2. Thevenin equivalent: Consider the circuit in figure 9.4 (use the component values
provided in lab). Find the Thevenin equivalent and complete the entries corresponding
to the theoretical values include the calculation in separate sheet.
3. Norton equivalent: Consider the circuit in figure 9.5 (use the component values
provided in lab). Find the Norton equivalent and complete the entries corresponding to
theoretical values. Include the calculation in a separate sheet.
ANALYSIS
This section is intended for the analysis and comparison of the experimental and
theoretical results. Answer all the questions.
1. Calculate the error percentage between the measured and theoretical data and
complete all the corresponding entries in Tables 9-1 through 9-6. The error percentage
is given by
D −Dm
% Error= th ∗100
Dth
Where Dth and Dm are theoretical and measured data respectively.
2. Comment on the overall agreement between the theoretical and experimental results.
Consider that resistor values have the tolerance of up to 10% .

EXPERIMENTS
Thevenin equivalent: Assemble the circuit in Figure with the component values shown in
Table. Take measurements to complete the entries corresponding to the experimental
values. Connect the DMM in current measurement mode across terminals a and b in order
to measure Isc.

Figure 9-4 Thevenin Equivalent

Table 9-2
Paramete Theor Experimenta %
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Parameter
r y l Error
Values Vth

Rth

Norton equivalent: Assemble the circuit in Figure with the component values shown in
Table. Connect the DMM in current measurement mode across terminals a and b in order to
measure In. Measure Vthin order to determine Rn.

Figure 9-5

Table 9-3
Paramete Uni Experimenta
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Parameter Theory % Error
r t l
Values IN
RN
ASSESSMENT SHEET

Student Name: ______________________ Reg. #: _________________

PLOs Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

3.0 2.0 1.0 0

Apparatus PLO-5 Can independently Can setup and Can setup and Cannot setup or
Usage setup, operate and handle the handle the handle the
handle the apparatus apparatus with apparatus with apparatus
minimal help some help

Data PLO-5 All required data is Data recorded Data recorded Data recorded
Acquisition recorded and and presented is and presented is only with
presented accurately complete but partially considerable
and completely in the accuracy is not as complete. The assistance from
required format per requirement. required format instructor
The required is followed but
format is with few
followed deficiencies

Workstation PLO-8 Student hands Student does


over the not hand over
NA NA workstation in the workstation
the required in the required
manner manner

Data PLO-4 Analyzes and Analyzes and Analyzes data Unable to


Interpretation interprets data interprets data correctly analyze and
correctly for all correctly for few however unable interpret data
tasks/ experiments in
tasks/ to interpret it for any tasks/
the lab
experiments in for tasks/ experiments in
the lab experiments in the lab
the lab

Total Score in Lab /10

Instructor Signature: _________________

Date: _________________

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