Capitalization.

The capital letter "A" in the Latin alphabet followed by its lower-case equivalent.

Capitalization, or capitalisation,[note 1] is writing a word with its first letter as a capital

letter (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in lower case in writing systems with
a case distinction. The term is also used for the choice of case in text.
Conventional writing systems (orthographies) for different languages have different
conventions for capitalization.
The systematic use of capitalized and uncapitalized words in running text is called
"mixed case". Conventions for the capitalization of titles and other classes of words vary
between languages and, to a lesser extent, between different style guides.
In some written languages, it is not obvious what is meant by the "first letter": for
example, the South-Slavic digraph "nj" is considered as a single letter for the purpose
of alphabetical ordering (a situation that occurs in many other languages) and can be
represented by a single Unicode character, but at the start of a word it is written "Nj":
only the "N" is capitalized. In contrast, in Dutch, when a word starts with the digraph "ij",
capitalization is applied to both letters, such as in the name of the city of IJmuiden. There
is a single Unicode character that combines the two letters, but it is generally not used.

Punctuation Marks

Punctuation marks are symbols that are used to aid the clarity and comprehension of
written language. Some common punctuation marks are the period, comma, question
mark, exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation mark and hyphen.
Punctuation
Symbol Definition Examples
Mark
An apostrophe is used as a substitute for a
missing letter or letters in a word (as in
the contraction cannot = can't), to show the
I can't see the cat's tail.
apostrophe ' possessive case (Jane's room), and in the Dot your i's and cross your t's.
plural of letters, some numbers and 100's of years.
abbreviations. Note: groups of years no
longer require an apostrophe (for example,
the 1950s or the 90s).

A colon is used before a list or quote. There are many punctuation

marks: period, comma, colon,
and others.
A colon is used to separate hours and
colon : minutes. The time is 2:15.
A colon is used to separate elements of The ratio of girls to boys is
a mathematical ratio. 3:2.
A comma is used to separate phrases or She bought milk, eggs, and
comma ,
items in a list. bread.
The dash is also known as an
A dash is used to separate parts of a "em dash" because it is the
dash —
sentence. length of a printed letter m —
it is longer than a hyphen.
An ellipsis (three dots) indicates that part of
ellipsis ... 0, 2, 4, ... , 100
the text has been intentionally been left out.
exclamation An exclamation point is used to show
! It is cold!
point excitement or emphasis.
A hyphen is used between parts of a
compound word or name. It is also used to The sixteen-year-old girl is a
hyphen -
split a word by syllables to fit on a line of full-time student.
text.
Parentheses are curved lines used to
separate explanations or qualifying
This sentence (like others on
statements within a sentence (each one of
parentheses () this page) contains a
the curved lines is called a parenthesis). The
parenthetical remark.
part in the parentheses is called a
parenthetical remark.
A period is used to note the end of a
period . I see the house.
declarative sentence.
A question mark is used at the end of a
question mark ? When are we going?
question.
Quotation marks are used at the beginning
and end of a phrase to show that it is being
quotation mark " She said, "Let's eat."
written exactly as it was originally said or
written.
semicolon ; A semicolon separates two independent Class was canceled today; Mr.
 Smith was home sick.
clauses in a compound sentence.
Relatives at the reunion
A semicolon is also used to separate
included my older brother,
items in a series (where commas are
Bob; my cousin, Art; and
already in use).
my great-aunt, Mattie.