Denielle

 Genesis  B.  Camato  

   II.  RENAL  FUNCTION  
ANALYSIS  O F  URINALYSIS  AND  BODY  FLUIDS  |  REVIEWER  

Renal physiology

Nephron TUBULAR REABSORPTION & TUBULAR SECRETION

q 1 to 1.5 million functional units of the kidney REABSORPTION- is the movement of substances out of the tubules
across the surrounding interstitial fluid into the blood of the
capillaries.
Two types of Nephrons:
1) Cortical nephrons SECRETION- occurs in small amounts in the nephron; process
whereby substances moved form the blood through the interstitial
r 85% of nephrons; fluid into the tubule.
r Situated at the cortex of the kidney
ACTIVE TRANSPORT- responsible for the reabsorption of GLUCOSE,
AMINO ACIDS and SALTS in the PROXIMAL CONVOULTED TUBULES
2) Juxtamedullary nephrons and the reabsorption of CHLORIDE in the ascending loop of henle and
SODIUM in the distal convoluted tubule.
r longer Henle’s loops and extends deep into
the medulla of the kidney PASSIVE TRANSPORT- movement of molecules across a membrane
as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical
potential on opposite sides of the membrane. UREA and SODIUM;
Proximal convoluted tubules and ascending loop of henle, ascending
4 Essential Renal Functions: loop of henle.
r Renal blood flow
r Glomerular filtration
r Tubular reabsorption
r Tubular secretion

Most!component!of!the!blood!except!
! Waste!products.!Small!amounts!are!ok!

!
blood!cells!&!proteins!are!filtered!into! but!harmful!in!large!doses.!
the!pores!of!the!glomerulus!before!
reaching!the!Bowmans!capsule.!

RENAL BLOOD FLOW

Glomerular!filtrates!contents.!

1! 2!
Next!desDnaDon!of!
the!filtrate;!Twisted!
or!‘coiled’!
!RENAL!ARTERY!

Each kidney is supplied with blood by a single renal artery that

arises on its respective side of the aorta before dividing into fine
segmented arteries that enters the HILUS within the kidney.
3! 4! Lines!the!proximal!
convoluted!tubules!
Each segmented artery branches into several lobular arteries. The
lobular arteries further subdivides into interlobular arteries which
branched off into AFFERENT ARTERIOLE (blood enters); blood
flows INTO the GLOMERULI (filter) through the afferent arteriole.
RENAL&VEIN& Blood flows OUT of the GLOMERULUS through the EFFERENT
ARTERIOLE (blood exits).

URETHER&

1. FILTRATION- of the blood by the glomerulus to form the

ultra filtrate of the urine
2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION- of electrolytes and nutrients 65%"of"SODIUM"are"reabsorbed;"NaCl"or"
‘table"salt’;"salty"outside"the"tubule.."
65%"water"leaves"by"OSMOSIS;"65%"potassium"
is"reabsorbed"as"well"as"90%"bicarbonate"ions"
Ac1ve'
needed to make the consistency of the internal transport'
which"are"impt"in"maintaining"the"pH"of"the"
blood"(7.35M7.45)"

environments
3. EXCRETION of waste materials
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
URINE&FORMATION& ------
FILTRATION 6"
-occurs as blood flows into the glomerulus from its afferent 5"
Ac1ve'
Glucose"&"Amino"acids"100&"reabsorbed"to"be"used"in"
respiraTon"&"making"proteins;"not"all"UREA"(Passive'
arteriole & plasma moves to the glomerular capillaries into transport' Transport)'"leaves"as"about"50%"is"reabsorbed."
SECRETION?"Ammonia"&"drugs"are"secreted"into"the"
the BOWMANS CAPSULE. From the glomerulus, the filtrate &' tubules""
Passive'
moves into the tubular segments of the nephron; here transport'
through TUBULAR REABSORPTION electrolytes and
nutrients move from the filtrate back into the blood LOOP'OF'HENLE;'
"
DescendingM"filtrates"travels"down"
stream. Tubular secretion substances move from the AscendingM"filtrate"travels"up"

NEPHRON' peritubular capillaries into the urine filtrate. The filtrate

concentrate passes into the collecting tubules then find its
7" 8"
way to the renal pelvis where it is directed to the ureter, to
the bladder, then to the urethra for elimination
(EXCRETION).! URINE.

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 Denielle  Genesis  B.  Camato  
   II.  RENAL  FUNCTION  
ANALYSIS  O F  URINALYSIS  AND  BODY  FLUIDS  |  REVIEWER  

&essen*al"for"the"filtra*on"of"blood"in"the"nephrons"within"
the"kidney"

&network"of"capillaries"
“capillary"tu=”"
Pumped"
&region"wherein"it"is"highly"salty;" out!"
WHY?"Because"sodium"is"acAvely"
pumped"out" ..and"H20"cannot"follow"
&thin"line"of"the"loop"is"lined" &descending"loop"is"permeable"to" because"ascending"loop"
is"(impermeable(to"

1" 2"
with"squamous"epithelial" h20;"but"has"very"low"permeability"to"
cells" Na"&"urea;"so"as"filtrate"travels"down" water;"hence"the"
intersAAal"fluid"
water"leaves"b/c"of"salty"
10"
9"
becomes"salty"
environment.."

&most"capillaries"
have"an"‘arterial"end’"
and"a"‘venous"end’"
..by"the"Ame"filtrate"reaches"the"end"of"
&leaves"passively" &components"of"the"
loop"its"highly"concentrated"because"of" &in"total"25%"of"NaCl"is" "
significant"amount"of"water"that"has" the"ascending" •  Afferent1"where" blood"are"filtered"out;"
leL." loop"&"is" reabsorbed"in"the"LOOP" blood"flows"
&however"in"the"ascending"loop"water" pumped"out" &filter" “glomerular*filtrate”*
that"leaves"cannot"escape"the" acAvely"of"the" then"is" of"HENLE" FROM;"enters"
"filtrate." diluted"
ascending"loop;" •  Efferent1"blood"
11" 12" flows"THROUGH;" &fluid"that"enters"

4"
exits" the"capsule"

3"

&kitchen"strainer;"water"and"other"small"par/cles"are"able"
to"passed"through."In"glomerulus"molecules"<1.8"nm"
(water,"sodium,"inulin,"glucose)"are"freely"filtered"out"
!place$wherein$ini6al$adjustments$are$
made$in$the$filtrate.$Under$the$ while"those"that"are">3.6"are"not"filtered"(red"blood"cells,"
influence$of$hormone$ haemoglobin..)"
ALDOSTERONE…$
&where"filtra/on"
occurs"
!in$order$to$prevent$cells$from$being$
damaged$

5" 6"
Distal#convoluted#
14#
13# tubules#
Collec<ng# &barrier"is"charge&selec/ve;"difficult"for"nega/ve"molecules"to"pass"through"hence"albumin"is"not"
!Na$is$reabsorbed$followed$closely$by$Cl;$while$POTASSIUM,$all$hydrogen$ions$are$ ducts;#where$ 3)LAYERS)
•  Capillary)wall)membrane) Zoomed&in)sec,on)of)barrier) filtered"despite"being"in"the"size"range.""""
secreted$in$the$tubules.$Almost$all$remaining$bicarbonate$is$reabsorbed;$although$ final$
DCT$is$normally#impermeable#to#water:#small$amounts$maybe$reabsorbed$too..$ adjustments$ ! Fenestra(ons&"pores;"lets"
takes$place# everything"through"except"for"
blood"cells"
•  Basement)Membrane&"
!NaCl$is$reabsorbed$in$addi6on$to$Urea;$ prevents"filtra/on"of"large"
although$some6mes$Urea$can$RE!enter$the$
tubules$at$the$loop$of$henle$(urea$recycling)$ $$$$$$UREA$ proteins"
•  Visceral)Epithelium)of))
Bowmans)Capsule&"has"podocytes.
"
16# NaCl$ Pedicels&"finger&like"projec/ons;"
15# so"
close"to"each"other"has"narrow""
Slits"between"them;"allows"small" 8"
molecules"to"pass"through"
7"

!regulates*water* “water*channels”*
in*the*body.*Acts* in*the*epithelium*
to*retain*levels*of* allowing*H20*to*
water*in*the*body* be*reabsorbed*
by*reabsorp9on*
&pressure"exerted"by"plasma"
&refers"to"the"force"a"fluid"
protein"on"walls"in"which"
exerts"on"the"walls"of"its"
they"are"contained;"sponge&
compartments;"eg:"water"
like"effect"encouraging"fluid"
***Medulla*is*SALTY*so*if* pushing"inside"the"water"
to"be"drawn&in"hence"""""
the*water*is*given* balloon"but"fluid"can"be"
permission*to*leave..*It* ‘pulling’"
pushed"out."
WILL!*!* &depends"on"a"balance"
that"favours"the"filtra8on"
and"those"that"opposed"
17# 18#
9" 10"
it"
###DEHYDRATED#

&major&driving&force&for&
filtra2on;&forces&fluid&out&of&
capillary&

&opposes"the"hydrosta8c"force"
!lack*of*ADH*means*collec9ng*duct* !in*general*URINE*contains* of"the"capillary""
is*less*impermeable*to*H20*so* H20,*urea,*NaCl,*potassium*
excess*water*can*passed*out*into* and*crea9nine..*
the*URINE!**

19# 20#
#####OVERHYDRATED##
&of"BOWMAN’S"

11"
12" Capsule"

'#We#tend#to#ignore#onco2c#
pressure#of#the#bowmans#capsule# NFP$#equals#the#pressure#

GLOMERULAR)FILTRATION)
as#only#2ny#amounts#of#protein# favouring#filtra2on:##
are#usually#present#in#the# #
glomerular#filtrate#
•  minus&the#pressures#
opposing#filtra2on#(eg:%
hydrosta.c%pressure%of%
the%glomerulus)%%
•  minus#hydrosta2c#
pressure#of#the#bowmans#
capsule##
•  minus&the#pressure#of#the#
glomerular#onco2c#
protein#which#is#equals#
14#
to…#
RENAL&CORPUSCLE.))essen2al)for)the)filtra2on)of)blood)in)
the)nephrons)of)the)kidney)
13# •  The#standard#test#used#to#
610%mmHg%of%mercury..% measure#the#filtering#capacity#of#
) GFR#accounts#for..# the#glomeruli#is#the#clearance+
test.+As#its#name#implies,#a#
GLOMERULUS.)basically)a)network)of)the)capillaries;) clearance#test#measures#the#rate#
“capillary)tuF”.)Located)within)the)BOWMAN’S)CAPSULE.) 'there#are#many#nephrons#
hence#there#are#many#‘renal#
at#which#the#kidneys#are#able#to#
remove#(to#clear)#a#filterable#
Although)the))glomerulus)serves)as)a)nonselec2ve)filter)of) corpuscles’#in#the#kidney.##
#
# substance#from#the#blood.##
#And&permeability&of&&
plasma)substances)with)molecular)weights)of)less)than) GFR'#refers#to#the#total#amount#
of#the#filtrate#all#formed#by#the#
glomeruli!&
#
70,000,)several)factors)influence)the)actual)filtra2on)process.) renal#corpuscle#in#both#kidneys#
per#minute# 'can#be#used#to#assessed#as#a#clue#
) whether#an#individual#has#renal#
impairment.#
FACTORS:)
•  Structure)of)the)capillary)walls)&)Bowmans)capsule) 15#
•  Hydrosta2c)and)Onco2c)pressures) 16#
•  Renin.Angiostenin.Aldosterone)system)
)

)
)
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 Denielle  Genesis  B.  Camato  
   II.  RENAL  FUNCTION  
ANALYSIS  O F  URINALYSIS  AND  BODY  FLUIDS  |  REVIEWER  

##
GFR=#product#of#surface# The#GFR#is#reported#in#mL/min;# .filtra*on-coefficient-mul=plied#by#
therefore,#determining#the#number#of#
area#and#permeability# milliliters#of#plasma#from#which#the#
NFP-
mul*plied-by#NFP.## clearance#substance#(crea=nine)#is#
completely#removed#during#1#min#is#
17# necessary#
18#

Kpermeability#of#surface#area#of#
glomeruli#tends#to#be#greater#b/c#
of#fenestra=ons#and..#

19# 20#

Example:#if#we#constrict#the#afferent#arteriole;##
the#hydrosta;c#pressure#of#the#blood#will#
decrease#due#to#the#reduc;on#of#blood;#as#this#
pressure#is#associated#with#NFP,#this#will#also#
decrease#so#as#GFR..#

Glomerulus#&#bowmans#
capsule#is#highly#specialized#in#
filtra;on#of#blood#and..#

21# 22#

GFR#is#a#good#indicator#as#to#how#well#the# KEY$NOTES:$
kidney’s#are#working..# •  When# interpre;ng# the# results# of# a# crea;nine# clearance# test,# the# GFR# is#
determined# not# only# by# the# number# of# func;oning# nephrons# but# also# by# the#
func;onal#capacity#of#these#nephrons.#
•  Currently,# rou;ne# laboratory# measurements# of# GFR# employ# crea;nine# as# the#
test# substance.# Crea;nine,# a# waste# product# of# muscle# metabolism# that# is#
normally# found# at# a# rela;vely# constant# level# in# the# blood,# provides# the#
laboratory#with#an#endogenous#procedure#for#evalua;ng#glomerular#func;on.#
•  Therefore,# although# the# crea;nine# clearance# is# a# frequently# requested#
laboratory# procedure,# its# value# does# not# lie# in# the# detec;on# of# early# renal#
disease.# Instead,# it# is# used# to# determine# the# extent# of# nephron# damage# in#
LOOP OF HENLE.MP4 known# cases# of# renal# disease,# to# monitor# the# effec;veness# of# treatment#
designed#to#prevent#further#nephron#damage,#and#to#determine#the#feasibility#
23# of#administering#medica;ons,#which#can#build#up#to#dangerous#blood#levels#if#
the#GFR#is#markedly#reduced.#

Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UVlXX-9x7Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A2dAyWyK6o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYyJF_aSC6o

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