Module 1: What is History? 3.

Old maps that may reveal how space and geography

were used to emphasize trade routes, structural build-
What is History? up, etc.
4. Material evidence of the prehistoric past like cave
drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writings
o The past of mankind
5. Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
o Chronological records of significant events
6. Oral history or recordings by electronic means of
o History is written by victors
o It is important events accounts of eyewitnesses or participants: the
o It is a historian’s duty to draw insights from the ideas recordings are then transcribed and used for research.
7. Published and unpublished primary documents,
and realities that have shaped the lives of men and
eyewitness accounts, and other written source
women and the society.
o A historian can comprehend how situations
happened, identify their elements and think of how Secondary Sources
these situations can be solve today’s pre-documents
and help plan for the future. Gottschalk simply defines secondary sources as ―the testimony
o A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk of anyone who is not an eyewitness－that is of one who was
(1950, New York: Knopf, p. 17) The English word not present at the event of which he tells‖ (p. 53). These are
history is derived from the Greek noun istoia, books, articles, and scholarly journals that
meaning learning. had interpreted primary sources or had used them to discuss
o Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set certain subjects of history
of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological
factoring was a factor in the account Examples of Secondary Sources:
o Latin word scientia (English, science) came to be
used more regularly to designate non-chronological 1. Bibliographies
systematic accounts of natural phenomena; and the 2. Biographical works
word history was reserved usually for accounts of 3. Reference books, including dictionaries,
phenomena (especially human affairs) in encyclopedias, and atlases
chronological order. 4. Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers
after the event
The study of History 5. Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie
reviews, book reviews)
o Therefore, the study of the beliefs and desires, 6. History books and other popular or scholarly books
practices and institutions of human being. 7. Works of criticism and interpretation
o History becomes an active factor in the study of the 8. Commentaries and treatises
Philippine society. 9. Textbooks
o It also includes a look into the development oh 10. Indexes and abstracts
Philippine culture through time especially with the
influences of the colonial periods that would
eventually shape the present Philippine identity. Module 3 - Magellan’s Voyage around the World

Why we should study History? UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVE

Historical sources are written by various authors with
o An examination of the past can tell us a great about different perspectives.
how we are to be who we are. I t means looking at the
roots of modern institutions, ideas, values and Perspectives refers to the point of view of the said
problems. writer who was a witness to the event. Though historical
o Studying history allows us to gain valuable sources are important in the writing of history, the historian is
perspective on the problems of our modern society. careful in using these sources as the writer may example,
missionary chronicles or narratives that were written by the
Module 2: UNDERSTANDING SOURCES religious missionaries who came to the Philippines to spread
Christianity in the islands usually referred to the early
What is Sources? Filipinos as barbarians or uncivilized. This, of course, is not
true as it is known that Filipinos already had a form of
It is from historical sources that our history is studied and civilization and had contact with Asian neighbors before the
written. But in analyzing them, several methodologies and Spaniards arrived.
theories were used by historians to properly study history and
glean from the sources what is, for them, a proper way of Different participants who also wrote their accounts
writing history to enhance and disseminate national identity. can also give varied opinions and statements about a single
event. For example, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 can be
Primary sources are materials produced by people or groups read from the point of view of the Filipinos and from the side
are either participants or eyewitnesses to the event. These of the Spaniards. The same event can be viewed from the lens
sources range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal of foreigners who were in the Philippines at that time and were
documents, official documents (government or private), and just passive observers. In any case, reading a historical event
even photographs. from the points of view of all side will enable us to form our
own studies about the said event.
Examples primary sources:

1. Photographs that may reflect social conditions of

historical realities and everyday life
2. Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the
conditions of life of societies in the past
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT On September 7, 1522, Elcano and 17 survivors
arrived in Spain aboard the ship Victoria. One of them was
One of the benefits that the Europeans gained from Antonio Pigafetta, the assistant of Magellan who kept a
the Crusades was the discovery of some products that were not journal that became the main source of what we know about
available in their home country. These included porcelain, the first encounter of the Spaniards and the Filipinos.
silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, spices, and
other oriental products. Of all these Asian products, spices ABOUT THE AUTHOR
became the most expensive and in-demand commodity among
Europeans because of their numerous uses such as food Antonio Pigafetta (1491-c.1534), born around 1490
preservation, flavor enhancement, and even medicine. Since in the town of Vicenza, Venice, Italy was the eldest son of
spices were a very lucrative commodity, many merchants Goivanni Pigafetta to second wife Angela Zoga. He studied
aspired to monopolize their supply and distribution in the astronomy, geography, and cartography and during his
European markets. younger years worked in the ships owned by the Knights of
Rhodes.
Asian goods reached Europe either via the Silk Road
or the Arabian-Italian trade route. Both routes were expensive His biographers described him as a well-educated
and oftentimes disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and young man possessing an avid curiosity of the world around
bandits. The closing of the land route of the Spice Trade with him. He joined the delegation of Monsignor Francesco
the conquest by the Ottoman Empire of Contantinople Chieregati when the latter was assigned as Papal Nuncio to
(present-day Turkey and the ―gateway to the West‖ then) in Spain in 1519. It was during this time when Pigafetta became
1453 forced European kingdoms to look for ways to purchase acquainted with the lucrative spice trade and heard the news of
spices directly from the source. They decided to explore the the voyage to be undertaken by Ferdinand Magellan. After
oceans to look for a way to the famed Spice Islands. getting the approval of the Spanish sovereign, he left
Barcelona and went to Seville. He presented his credentials to
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal put up a Magellan and to the Casa de la Contratacion, the office in
maritime school that trained sailors who would later discover charge of voyages to the New World. He was admitted as one
an eastern route going to the Spice Island (the modern-day of the sobresalientes (supernumeraries), or men coming from
Moluccas Islands) and other islands in Southeast Asia via the prominent families who will join the trip for the love of
Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. This route enabled them adventure and for the advancement of military service.
to trade directly with the producers of spices and other Pigafetta survived the challenges and catastrophes that the
Oriental goods. The numerous economic benefits it gave to expedition encountered along the way, including being
Portugal made other monarchs envious and prompted them to wounded in the Battle of Mactan. He was among the 18
search for a new trade route to Asia. This led to the discovery survivors who returned to Spain on September 6, 1522 aboard
of many territories previously unknown to the Europeans, the Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elcano.
though inhabited already and known to other races.
From Seville, Pigafetta reported to his Majesty King
The marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Carlos V and gave him a handwritten account of what
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1469) coupled with the victory of the happened to them during the journey before returning to his
Catholic monarchs over the Moors in the Battle of Granada native Italy. Very little is known as to what happened to him
(1492) resulted in the rise of Spain as a world power. With the during the latter part it of his life except on some accounts that
domestic problems already under control, Spain started to he joined the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in its battle
explore their economic options outside the Iberian Peninsula. against the Turks. He died sometime in 1534.
Inspired by the success of Portugal, they aspired to have a fair
share in the spice trade. They financed the trans-Atlantic ABOUT THE BOOK
voyages of Christopher Columbus (1492 to 1502) which
resulted in the discovers of the territories on the other side of
Pigafetta kept a detailed journal of what happened to
the Atlantic Ocean. Decades later, the Spanish monarch also
them from the time they left Seville in 1519 until they returned
supported the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to go to the Easy by
to Spain three years after. When he returned to Italy, many of
sailing westward, a proposal that Portugal refused to finance.
his associates asked him to write a formal account of the
Magellan expedition and have it published. He followed their
The Magellan-Elcano expedition left the port of advice and, after doing it, he presented his draft to Pope
Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville on August 20, 1519 with Clement VII, Philippe de Villiers L'Isle-Adam (grandmaster of
around 270 men of different nationalities. One of its main the Knights of Rhodes) and to Louis of Savoy (mother of King
objectives was to search of a new maritime path to the Spice Francis I of France), hoping that they would help him finance
Islands that would not violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal. its publication. Unfortunately, he was unable to find a
Along the way, the expedition suffered natural and man-made financier who would pay the deposit required by the printer
challenges and out of the five ships that left Spain only three because by that time, the accounts of Maximilianus
reached the Philippines were marked with hospitality and Transylvanus and Peter Martyr were already out and interest
cordial exchanges of goods. The local inhabitants traded with on Magellan expedition had died down. Sometime in 1536, a
them and some were even converted to Christianity. Lapu- condensed version of his manuscript was published in Venice
lapu, the chieftain of Mactan, refused to trade with the by Jacques Fabre.
Spaniards and when Magellan learned this, he waged war with
him. Despite their superiority in term of arms and training, the
The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive time.
Spaniards lost the battle and one of the casualties was
What was handed down to us are copies of the manuscript that
Magellan himself. When the survivors returned to Cebu, they
were never printed in his lifetime. Three of them were in
were also treacherously attacked by their former allies. This
French and two are kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale in
prompted them to leave the island. By that time, their number Paris. The third one was originally owned by British collector
was just enough to man two ships, the Victoria (now under the
Sir Thomas Phillipps. Later, Beinecke Rare Book bought it
command of Juan Sebastian Elcano) and the Trinidad The
and it is now kept in the Manuscript Library of Yale
expedition finally reached the Spice Islands and Managed to
University in New Haven. The fourth copy was written in
purchase a large amount of spices before leaving.
mixed Italian, Spanish, and Venetian languages and could be
Unfortunately the Trinidad and her crew were captured by the found in the Ambrosian Library in Milan. In 1800, Carlo
Portuguese on their journey back. Amoretti published an Italian version and the following year a
French version came out in Paris. An English version was o Sinunog ni Magellan ang kinatitirhan nila
published in 1819. James Alexander Robertson made his own Lapu-lapu (20-30 horses)
English version of the Ambrosian copy and it appeared in The o After that, Magellan was shot the right leg
Philippine Islands opus (Volume 33) as well as in a separate with a poisoned arrow.
edition. o 15 people nalang ang natira sa kasamahan
ni Magellan.
Of the four known primary sources that dealt with the o Magellan had fatal around by natives
Magellan expedition, Pigafetta's account is the longest and (mga tauhan ni Lapu-lapu)
most comprehensive. It recounted the individual fates of the o Yung mga natirang tauhan ni Magellan
five ships (Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, (15 people) ay bumalik kay Raja
Santiago, and Victoria) that comprised the Magellan Humabon at trinap ito para patayin
expedition. It narrated lucidly how they gallantly survived the katulad nang pagpatay kay Magellan.
unforeseen problems and challenges, such as shortage of food,
various types of diseases, the crew's lack of confidence in 1. November 8, 1521 – they arrived Moluccas Island
Magellan's leadership, and the hostile attitude of the people
they encountered during the journey. Pigafetta's account also o May natitirang dalawang barko nung
included maps, glossaries of native words, and geographic panahon na iyon (Trinidad at Victoria)
information and descriptions of the flora and fauna of the o Trinidad (hindi na maayos ang
places they visited. kondisyon ng barko)
o Victoria (they used to route to spain,
Pigafetta's travelogue contributed immensely to the commanded by Juan Sebastian Elcano)
enrichment of Philippine historiography. His writing provided o Enrique (Malaysian) Isa sa mga slaves
us a glimpse of the political, economic, and social conditions na kasama sa exploration ni Magellan.
of the islands in the Visayan region during the 16th century. o He serves as an interpreter between the
He described vividly the physical appearance, social life, Filipino and Spaniards. He also led the
religious beliefs, and cultural practices of the people they Victoria (barko) back to spain to
encountered in the islands of Samar, Leyte, and Cebu. His complete the navigation.
account also contains data about the economic activities of the
local folks and the goods they offered for trade. He got all this 2. September 6, 1522
information through the help of Magellan's slave/interpreter, o 18 people nalang ang nakabalik ng
Enrique de Malacca. Pigafetta likewise gave us an eyewitness ligtas sa spain at yung 35 na iba ay
account of the death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan. nasa cebu nakakulong.

The report of Pigafetta is quite long and is not Relevance Magellan's Voyage Around the World
presented here in its entirety. The excerpts are limited to the
narration of what happened to the expedition upon reaching
1. Importance of Geography
the Philippines—front the time they landed on Homonhon up
2. It clearly deboned the flat earth theory.
to the Battle of Mactan. Since Pigafetta and Enrique de
3. Dumating ang Catholism sa Pilipinas.
Malacca were not natives of the Visayan region, there were
inaccuracies in the information about and the spelling of the
names of places they visited. Thus, the correct equivalent and Learning of Magellan's Voyage Around the World
translation are provided in this book to make the excerpts
understandable to contemporary students. 1. Discovery and Rediscovery
a. Nung nakarating sila Magellan sila ba ang
Excerpts from Magellan's Voyage Around the World nakatuklas sa Pilipinas? Natives or Magellan

2. Journal writing and historical recording

Magellan a. Because of Pigafetta has a desired to explore
or history.
 Request use the East and West to explore. 3. Death of Magellan
 Portugal (East) Treaty of Tordesillas Line a. Sino nga ba ang pumatay kay Magellan,
Spain (West) ginamit ni Magellan ang daan west to lapu-lapu or natives? Its natives not lapu-
east. lapu. But the credits to the lapu-lapu because
 September 20, 1519 (Atlantic Ocean) he was the leader of mactan.
o Brazil (Eastern route) 4. Importance of Travelling
o 5 ships a. Explore different places
o 270 crew b. We need to enriced ourself in travelling to
reach the different part of world. But make
 1520 – they found out the strait of Magellan until sure our priority destination will always be
reach the Pacific Ocean our country.
o It took 38 days to cross the pacific ocean.
o Mar Pacifico or Tanquil or Calm (dating
pangalan ng pacific ocean)
o It took 99 days to cross the Pacific ocean
 March 6, 1521 – They landed on Guam (landrounes
isaland)
 March 16, 1521 – they landed on Cebu

o Magellan talked Raja Humabon

o He agreed to Catholic
o Magellan chose to be part of spain.
o Magellan threatened Lapu-lapu
o Magellan bought 49 man vs lapu-lapu
Module 4 - Customs of the Tagalogs of numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan.
His continuous interaction with the people he converted to
1. Introduction/Overview Christianity enabled him to write a work titled Relacion de las
Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589)
where he vividly described the political, social, economic, and
This section shows the different practices and
cultural practices of the Filipinos before they were introduced
customs, transcribed by Fray Juan De Plancencia in his
Catholisism.
account, Customs of the Tagalogs. The Tagalogs had long
been practicing these even prior to the coming of the
Spaniards practices only prove that Filipinos already lived Plasencia did not limit himself to the task of
with political, economic, and cultural systems before the administering the sacraments and baptizing new converts. He
Spanish colonization in the Philippines. believed that catechism or explaining the basic tenets of
Catholic faith is another very important function of a
missionary. His biggest challenge at that time was how to
HISTORICAL CONTENT
make the articles of faith comprehensible to people who have
never heard of Christ or the Catholic Church. He wrote
During the first century of Spanish rule, the colonial the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala which
government had difficulty in running local politics because of later became the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593.
the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside of He used it as reading material for those Filipinos who wished
Intramuros. This situation forced Spanish officials to allow to deepen their faith in the newly-accepted religion. Plasencia
Filipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillo. To ensure died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.
that the gobernadorcillos would remain loyal to the Crown,
the friars assigned in the parishes were instructed to supervise
and monitor the activities of the former. Hence, the friars
ended up performing the administrative duties that colonial ABOUT THE TEXT
officials should have been doing at the local level. They
supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the The original document of Customs of the Tagalogs is
collection of taxes, were directly involved in educating the currently kept in the Archivo General de lndias (A.G.I.) in
youth, and performed other civic duties. Consequently, the Seville, Spain. A duplicate copy of it is kept in the Archivo
friars became the most knowledgeable and influential figure in Franciscano lbero-Oriental (A.F.I.O.), in Madrid, Spain. An
the pueblo. English translation appeared in Volume VII of the Blair and
Robertson's The Philippine Islands. Another English
translation was published as part of the volume for precolonial
The friars who were assigned in mission territories
Philippines in the second series of the Filipiniana Book Guild.
were required periodically to inform their superiors of what
The excerpts presented below is from the latter version.
wasr happening in their respective areas. They prepared
reports on the number of natives they converted, the people's
way of life, their socio-economic situation, and the problems Excerpts from Customs of the Tagalogs
they encountered Some of them submitted short letters while
others who wrote long dispatches. On top of the regular This people always had chiefs, called by thorn datos, who
reports they submitted, they also shared their personal governed them and were captains in their wars, and whom
observations and experiences. Plasencia's Relacion de las they obeyed and reverenced. The subject who committed any
Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) offense against them, or spoke but a word to their wives and
is an example of this kind of work. It contains numerous children, was severely punished.
information that historians could use in reconstructing the
political and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region. His These chiefs ruled over a few people; sometimes as many as a
work is a primary source because he personally witnessed the hundred houses, sometimes even less than thirty. This tribal
events and his account contained his observations. gathering is called in Tagalog a barangay. It was inferred that
the reason for giving themselves this name rose from the fact
There were other friars and colonial officials who (as they are classed, by their language, among the Malay
also wrote about the Filipinos which could further enrich our nations) that when they came to this land, the head of
knowledge of Philippine history during the early part of the the barangay, which is a boat, thus called—as is discussed at
Spanish period. For example, Miguel de Loarca, length in the first chapter of the first ten chapters—became
an encomendero of Panay wrote his Relacion de las Islas the dato. And so, even at present day, it is ascertained that the
Filipinas (1582) and described the Filipinos' way of life in the barangay in its origin was a family of parents, children,
Western Visayas area. Lieutenant Governor Antonio de Morga relations and slaves. There were many of these barangays in
wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which provides each town, or at least, on account of wars, they did not settle
information about the state of the Philippines in the latter part far from one another. They were not, however, subject to one
of the 16th century. The other Spanish missionaries who another, except in friendship and relationship. The chiefs, in
continued the historiographical tradition were jeuan Fr Pedro their various wars, helped one another with their respective
Chirino S.J. (Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604), Fr. Juan barangays.
Delgado S.J. (Historia General, 1751), Fr. Francisco Colin S.J.
(Labor Evangelica, 1663), and Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina In addition to these chiefs, who corresponded to our knights,
S.J. (Historia natural de sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas there were three castes: nobles, commoners, and slaves. The
e Indios de Bisayas, 1668). Most of what we know about nobles were the freeborn whom they call maharlica. They did
Philippine history during the first century of the Spanish not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in
period were derived from the accounts of the Spanish friars. war, at their own expense. The chief offered them beforehand
a feast, and afterward they divided the spoils. Moreover, when
ABOUT THE AUTHOR the dato went upon the water those whom he summoned rowed
for him. If he built a house, they helped him, and had to be fed
Fray Juan de Plasencia (Joan de Portocarrero, real up for it. The same was true when the whole barangay went to
name) was a member of the Franciscan Order who came clear up his lands for tillage. The lands which they inhabited
together with the first batch of missionaries to the Philippines were divided among the whole barangay, especially the
in 1578. He and a fellow, Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa, irrigated portion, and thus each one knew his own. No one
were assigned to do mission works in the Southern Tagalog belonging to another barangay would cultivate them unless
area. Plasencia also helped in the foundation and organization after purchase or inheritance. The lands on the tingues, or
mountain ridges, are not divided, but owned in common by the If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the
barangay. Consequently, at the time of the rice harvest, any other a slave, whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the
individual of any particular barangay, although he may have children were divided; the first, whether male or female,
come from some other village, if he commences to clear any belonged to the father, as did the third and fifth; the second,
land may sow it, and no one can compel him to abandon it. the fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother, and so on. In this
There are some villages (as, for example, Pila de Laguna) in manner, if the father were free, all those who belonged to him
which these nobles, or maharlicas, paid annually to the dato a were free; if he were a a slave, all those who belonged to him
hundred gantas of rice. The reason of this was that, at the time were slaves; and the same applied to the mother. If there
of their settlement there, another chief, upon his arrival, should not be more than one child he was half free and half
bought with his own gold; and therefore the members of his slave. The question here concerned the division, whether the
barangay paid him for arable land, and he divided it, among child were male or female. Those who became slaves fell
those whom he saw fit to reward. But now since the advent of under the category of servitude which was their parent's,
the Spaniards, it is not so divided. either namamahay or sa guiguilir. If there were an odd
number of children, the odd one was half free and half slave. I
***** have not been able to ascertain with certainty when or what
age the division of children was made, for each one suited
himself in this respect. Of these two kinds of slaves the sa
The commoners are called aliping namamahay. They are
guiguilir could be sold, but not the namamahay and their
married, and serve their master, whether he be a dato or not,
children, nor could they be transferred. However, they could
with half of their cultivated lands, as was agreed upon in the
beginning. They accompanied him wherever he went beyond be transferred from the barangay by inheritance, provided
the island, and rowed for him. They live in their own houses, they remained in the same village.
and are lords of their property and gold. Their children inherit
it, and enjoy their property and lands. The children, then, The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one
enjoy the rank of their fathers, and they cannot be made village to another, or from one barangay to another, without
slaves (sa guiguilir) , nor can either parents or children be paying a certain fine in gold, as arranged among them. This
sold. If they should fall by inheritance into the hands of a son fine was larger or smaller according to the inclination of the
of their master who was going to dwell in another village, they different villages. running from one to three each and a
could not be taken from their own village and carried with banquet to the entire barangay. Failure to pay the fine might
him; but they would remain their native village, doing service result in a war between the barangay where the person left
there and cultivating the sowed lands. and the one which he entered. This applied equally to men and
women except that when one married a woman of another
village, the children were afterwards divided equally between
The slaves are called aliping sa guiguilir. They serve their
the two barangays. This arrangement kept them obedient to
master in his house and on his cultivated lands, and may be
the dato, or chief, which is no longer the case—because if
sold. The master grants them, should they see fit, and
the dato is energetic and commands what the religious fathers
providing that he has profited through their industry, a portion
of their harvests, so that they may work faithfully. For these enjoin him, they soon leave him and go to other villages and
reasons, servants who are born in the house of their master other datos, who endure and protect them and do not order
them about. This is the kind of dato that they now prefer, not
are rarely, if ever, sold. That is the lot of captives in war, and
him who has the spirit to command. There is a great need of
of those brought up in the harvest fields....
reform in this, for the chiefs are spiritless and faint-hearted.
The difference between the aliping namamahay and the aliping
sa guiguilir, should be noted; for, by a confusion of the two Investigations made and sentences passed by the dato must
take place in the presence if those in his barangay. If any of
terms, many have been classed as slaves who really are not.
the litigants felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter was
The Indians seeing that the alcaldes-mayor do not understand
unanimously selected from another village or barangay,
this, have adopted the custom of taking away the children of
the aliping namamahay, making use of them as they would whether he were a dato or not; since they had for this purpose
of aliping sa guiguilir, as servants in their households, which some reasons, known as fair and just men, who were said to
give true judgment according to their customs. If the
is illegal, and if the aliping namamahay should appeal to
controversy lay between two chiefs, when they wished to avoid
justice, it is proved that he is an alipin as well as his father
war, they also convoked judges to act as arbiters; they did the
and mother before him and no reservation is made as to
same if the disputants belonged to two different barangays. In
whether he is aliping namamahay or aliping sa guiguilir. He is
at once considered an alipin, without further declaration. In this ceremony they always had to drink, the plaintiff inviting
this way he becomes a sa guiguilir, and is even sold. the others.
Consequently, the alcaldes-mayor should be instructed to
ascertain, when anyone asks for his alipin, to which class he They had laws by which they condemned to death a man of
belongs, and to have the answer put in document that they give low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of chief; likewise
him. witches of the same class.

In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both They condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the
father's and mother's side continue to be so forever; and if it death penalty. As for the witches, they killed them, and their
happens that they should become slaves, it is through children and accomplices became slaves of the chief, after he
marriage, as I shall soon explain. If these maharlicas had had made some recompense to the injured person. All other
children among their slaves, the children and their mothers offenses were punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with
became free; if one of them had children by a slave-woman of promptness, exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment
another, she was compelled, when pregnant, to give her should be made, the person was aggrieved, to whom the
master half of the gold tael, because of her risk of death, and money was paid. This was done in the following way: Half the
for her inability to labor during the pregnancy. In such case cultivated lands and all their produce belonged to their
half of the child was free—namely, the half belonging to his master. The master provided the culprit with food and
father, who supplied the child with food. If he did not do this, clothing, thus enslaving the culprit and his children until such
he showed that he did not recognize him as his child, in which time as he might amass enough money to pay the fine. If the
case the latter was wholly a slave. If a free woman had father should by chance pay his debt, the master then claimed
children by a slave, they were all free, Provided he were not that he has fed and clothed his children, and should be paid
her husband. therefor. In this way he kept possession of the children if the
payment could not be met. This last was usually the case, and
they remained slaves. if the culprit had some relative or friend Among their many idols there was one called Bathala, whom
who paid for him, he was obliged to render the latter half his they especially worshipped. The title, seems to signify "all
service until he was paid—not, however, service within the powerful," or "maker of all things." They also worshipped the
house as aliping sa guiguilir, but living independently, sun, which, on account of its beauty, is almost universally
as alipin namamahay. If the creditor were not served in this respected and honored by the heathens. They worshipped too,
wise, the culprit had to pay double of what was lent him. In the moon, especially when it was new, at which time they had
this way slaves were made by debt; either sa guiguilir, if they great rejoicings, adoring it and bidding it welcome. Some of
served the master to whom the judgment applied; or aliping them also adored the stars, although they did not know them
namamahay, if they served the person who lent them by then names, as the Spaniards and other nations know the
wherewith to pay. planets—with the exception of the morning star they
called Tala. They knew, too, the "seven little goats" [The
****. Pleiades]—as wee call them—and, consequently, the change
of seasons, which they call Mapolon; and Balatic, which is our
Dowries are given by the men to the women's parents. If the Greater Bear. They Possessed many idols called lic-ha, which
latter are living, they enjoy use of it. At their death, provided were images with different shapes; and at times they
worshipped any little trifle, in which they adored, as did the
the dowry has not been consumed, it is divided like the rest of
Romans, some particular dead an who was brave in war and
the estate, equally among the children, except in the case the
endowed with special faculties, to whom they commended
father should care to bestow something additional upon their
themselves for protection in their tribulations. They had
daughter. If the wife, at the time of her marriage, has neither
father, mother; nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry— another idol called Dian Masalanta, who was the patron of
which in such a case, belongs to no other relative or child. It lovers and of generation. The idols
called Lacapati and Idianale were patrons of the cultivated
should be noticed that unmarried women can own no property,
lands and of husbandry. They paid reverence to water-lizards
in land or dowry, for the result of all their labors accrues to
called by them buaya or crocodiles, for fear of being harmed
their parents.
by them. They were even in the bait of offering these animals a
portion of what they carried in their boats, by throwing it into
In the case of a divorce before the birth of the children, if the the water, or placing it upon the bank.
wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying another, all
her dowry and an equal additional amount fell to the husband;
They were, moreover, very liable to find auguries in things
but if she left him, and did not marry another, the dowry was
returned. When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the they witnessed. For example, if they left their house and met
dowry, and the other half was returned to him. If he possessed on the way a serpent or rat, or a bird
called tigmamanuguin which was singing in the tree, or if they
children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the
chanced upon anyone who sneezed, they returned at once to
fine went to the children, and was held for them by their
their house, considering the incident as an augury that some
grandparents or other responsible relatives.
evil might befall them if they should continue their journey—
especially when the abovementioned bird sang. This song has
In the matter of marriage dowries which fathers bestow upon two different forms: in the one case it was considered an evil
their sons when they are about to be married, and half of omen; in the other, as a good omen, and then they continued
which is given immediately, even when they are only children, their journey. They also practiced divination, to see whether
there is a great deal more complexity. There is a fine weapons, such as dagger or knife, were useful and lucky for
stipulated in the contract, that he who violates it shall pay a their possessor whenever occasion should offer.
certain sum which varies according to the practice of the
village and the affluence of the individual. The fine was
These natives had no established division of years, months,
heaviest if, upon the death of the parents, the son or daughter
and days; these are determined by the cultivation of soil,
should be unwilling to marry because it had been arranged by
counted by moons, and the different effect produced upon the
his or her parents. In this case the dowry which the parents
had received was returned and nothing more. But if the trees when Yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps
parents were living, they paid the fine, because it was assumed them in making up a year. The winter and summer are
distinguished as sun-time and water-time--the latter term
that it had been their design to separate the children.
designating winter in those regions, where there is no cold,
snow, or ice.
II. Worship of the Tagalogs
*****
In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands,
there are no temples consecrated to the performing of
Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and
sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general practice
offer to the devil what they had to eat. This was done in front
of idolatry. It is true that they have the simbahan, which means
a temple or place of adoration; but it is because, formerly, of an idol, which they anoint with fragrant perfumes, such as
when they wished to celebrate a festival, which they musk and civet, or gum of the storax-tree and odoriferous
woods, and praise it in poetic songs sung by the officiating
called pandot or "worship," they celebrated it in a large house
priest, male or female, who is called catolonan. The
of a chief. There they constructed, for the purpose of
participants made responses to the song, beseeching the idol
sheltering the assembled people, a temporary shed on each
to favor them with those things of which they were in need,
side of the house, with a roof called sibi, to protect people
from the wet when it rained. They so constructed the house and generally, by offering repeated healths, they all become
that it may contain people—dividing it after the fashion of intoxicated. In some of the idolatries they were accustomed to
place a good piece of cloth, doubled, over the idol, and over
ships, into three compartments. On the posts of the house they
the cloth a chain or large gold ring, thus worshipping the devil
set small lamps, called sorihile, in the center of the house they
without having sight of him. The devil was sometimes liable to
placed one large lamp, adorned with leaves of the white palm,
enter into the body of the catolonan, and, assuming her shape
wrought into many designs. They also brought together many
drums, large and small, which they beat successively while the and appearance, filled her with so great arrogance—he being
the cause of it—that she seemed to shoot flames from her eyes;
feast lasted, which was usually four days. During this time the
her hair stood on end, a fearful sight to those beholding, and
whole barangay, or family, united and joined in the worship
she uttered words of arrogance and superiority. In some
which they called nagaanitos. The house, for the above-
districts, especially the mountains, when in those idolatries the
mentioned period of time, was called a temple.
devil incarnated himself and took on the form of his minister,
the lane, had to be tied to a tree by his companions, to prevent
the devil s his infernal fury from destroying him. This, In such wise the devil walked about, carried, or pretended to
however, happened but rarely. The objects of sacrifice were carry, his head to different places; and, in the morning,
goats, fowls, and swine, which were flayed, decapitated, and returned it to his body—remaining as before, alive. This seems
laid bare before the idol. They performed another ceremony to be a fable, although the natives affirm that they have seen it,
by cooking a jar of rice until the water was evaporated. After because the devil probably caused them to believe. This
which they broke the jar, as the rice was left as an intact mass occurred in Catanduanes.
which was set before the idol and all about it, at intervals,
were placed a few buyos—which a small fruit scrapped in a The eighth they called osuang, which is equivalent to
leaf with some lime, a food generally eaten in these regions— "sorcerer," they say that they have seen him fly, and that he
as well as fried food and fruits. All tin above-mentioned murdered men and ate their flesh. This was among the Visayas
articles were eaten by guests at the feast; the heads [of Islands; among the Tagalogs these did not exist.
animals], after being "offered," as they expressed it, were
cooked and eaten also.
The ninth was another class of witches
called mangagayoma. They made charms for lovers out of
The reasons for offering this sacrifice and adoration in herbs, stones, and wood which would infuse the heart with
addition to whatever personal matters there might be, the love. Thus did they deceive the people, although sometimes,
recovery of a sick person, the prosperous voyage of those through the intervention of the devil, they gained their ends.
embarking on the sea, a good harvest in the sowed lands, a
propitious result in wars, a successful delivery in childbirth, The tenth was known as sonat, which is equivalent to
and a happy outcome in married life. If this took place among "preacher." It was his office to help one die, at which time he
people of rank, the festivities lasted thirty days.
predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul. It was not
lawful for the function of this office to be fulfilled by others
The distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as than people of high standing, on account of the esteem in
follows: The first, called catolonan, as above stated, was either which it was held. This office was general throughout the
a man or woman. This office was an honorable one among the islands.
natives, and was held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule
being general in all the islands.
The eleventh, pangatahojan, was a soothsayer, and predicted
the future. This office was general in the islands.
The second was called mangagauay, or witches who deceived
by pretending to heal the sick. These priests even induced
The twelfth, bayoguin, signified a "cotquean," a man whose
maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength
nature inclined toward that of a woman.
and efficacy of witchcraft, are capable of causing death. In
this way, if they wished to kill at once they did so; or they
could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live Their manner of burying the dead was as follows: the
serpent, which was believed to be the devil, or at least his deceased was buried beside his house; and, if he were a chief,
substance. This office was general throughout the land. The he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they
third was called manyisalat, which is the same constructed for this purpose. Before interring him, they
as mangagauay. These priests had the power of applying such mourned him for four days; and afterward laid him on boat
remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the
own wives, and in fact could prevent them from having porch, where guard kept over him by a slave. In place of
intercourse with the latter, lithe woman, constrained by these rowers, various animals were placed within the boat, each one
means, were abandoned, it would bring sickness upon her; being assigned a place at the oar by twos—male and female of
and on account of the desertion she would discharge blood each species being together—as for example two goats, two
and matter. This office was also general throughout the land. deer, or two fowls. It was the slave's care to see that they were
fed. If the deceased hod been a warrior, a living slave was tied
beneath his body until in this way he died. In course of time,
The fourth was called mancocolam, whose duty it was to emit
all suffered decay; and for many days the relatives of the dead
fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month. This
man bewailed him, singing dirges, and praises of his good
fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus emitted
qualities, until they weaned of it. This grief was accompanied
except as the priest wallowed in the ordure and filth which
by eating and drinking. This was a custom of the Tagalogs....
falls from the houses; and he who lived in the house where the
priest was wallowing in order to emit this fire from himself fell
ill and died. This office was general. These infidels said that they knew that there was another life
of rest which they called maca, just as if we should say
―paradise," or, in other words, ―village of rest.‖ They say that
The fifth was called hocloban, which is another kind of Witch,
those go to this place are the lust, and the valiant. and those
of greater efficacy than the mangagauay. Without use of who lived without doing harm, or who possessed moral
medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they virtues. They said also, that in the other life and mortality,
killed whom they chose. But if they desired to heal those whom
there was a place of punishment, grief, and affliction
they, made ill by their charms, they did so by using other
called casanaan, which was a ―place of anguish," they also
charms. Moreover, if they wished to destroy the house of the
maintained that tie would go to heaven, where there only
same Indian hostile to them, they were able to do so without
dwelt Bathala, "the maker of all things," who governed from
instruments. This was in Catanduanes, an island off the upper above. There were also other pagans who confessed more
part of Luzon. clearly to a hell, which they called, as I have said, casanaan;
they said that all the wicked went to that place, and there
The sixth was called silagan, whose office it was, if they saw dwelt the demons, whom they called sitan.
anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus
causing his death. His, like the preceding, was in the island of *****
Catanduanes. Let no one, moreover, consider this a fable;
because in Calavan, they tore out in this way through the anus
all the intestines of a Spanish notary, who was buried in There were also ghosts, which they called vibit; and
Calilaya by father Fray Juan de Merida. phantoms, which they called tigbalaang. They had another
deception—namely, if any woman died in childbirth, she and
the child suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could be
The seventh was called magtatangal, his purpose was to show
heard lamenting. This is called patianac. May honor and glory
himself at night to many persons, without his head or entrails.
be to God our Lord, that among the Tagalogs not a trace of
this is left; and that those who are now marrying do not even Module 5: The Kartilya of the Katipunan
know what it is, thanks to the preaching of the holy gospel,
which has banished it. 3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Summary: The first move towards independence began on July

7.1892 when the Katipunan was established by Andres
Juan De Placensia Bonifacio. This was a result of the failure of the Reform
Movement in Spain in which Filipinos attempted to demand
o Author of Customs of Tagalog reforms for the Philippines from the Spanish government.
o She wrote 1589 Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the Filipino
propagandists and organized an underground movement
against Spain.
Customs of Tagalog

The Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan

o Tradition and culture before we sakop kastila.
ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK was a revolutionary society
a. Datu – highest
that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines
a. Matalino
b. Matanda through force of arms. Its main objective was separation of the
c. Blood Philippines from Spain and, at the same time, the development
of the Filipinos as citizens of their own nation once
d. Capacity
independence was achieved. The latter was done through the
b. Maharlika/Free people – fighters
written works by Bonifacio and fellow Katipunero, Emilio
c. Aliping Namumuhay – commoners
Jacinto, who wrote a number of poems and essays for the
a. Common people
b. Not slaves society members.
c. Average people as helpers of maharlika
or datu The recruitment process of the Katipunan followed
d. They can still married, they can still the Masonic initiation rites while its structure was said to be
own property based on Rizal's aborted reformist organization, the La Liga
d. Alipin sa Gigilid/Guiguila/Slaves The new members of the society were indoctrinated wait the
a. Gumagawa ng mababang klase na Katipunan rules and its teachings that emphasized the value of
trabaho the love of one's country and fellow Filipinos.
b. Pwedeng ibenta ang sarili
c. Lowest of the low ABOUT THE AUTHOR
d. Kapag may halo ang mag-asawa
Maharlika (father) sa kaniya mapupunta Emilio Jacinto was born on December 15, 1875 in the
ang anak na pang- 1st,5th at 3rd. district of Trozo in Tondo, Manila. He was the son of Mariano
e. Kapag naman Alipin (mother) sakaniya Jacinto, a bookkeeper, and Josefa Dizon. Living a life of
mapupunta ang anak na pang- 2nd, 4th, at poverty, Jacinto still managed to get a good education. He
6th. (vice versa) finished his elementary education in a private school then took
up his secondary education at the Colegio de San Juan de
Economy Letran. He later studied law at the University of Santo Tomas
where he developed a love of reading and improved his skills
o Gold tiles ang ibinebenta. in Spanish. Unfortunately, he had to stop his studies when the
Philippine Revolution began in 1896.
What if maharlika go to other barangay?
Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 18
and took the symbolic name Pingkian. It was during this time
o Maharlika ang nagsisilbi sa datu
that he developed his nationalistic ideals. Through his
o Manghihina ang power ng datu
o Magbabayad ng gold tiles at magpapadespidida. enthusiasm and ideas, Jacinto became a guiding light to the
members of the society. He wrote the Kartilya as well as the
oath of the Katipuneros. He also edited the Katipunan
Dowry – Ibinabayad ng lalaki bago ikasal sa babae. newspaper, Kalayaan, and was the author of several literary
writings using the pen-name "Dimas Ilaw." He served the
Divorced Katipunan in different capacities such as secretary, fiscal,
editor, and later was appointed General by Bonifacio in 1897.
o Mapupunta sa magulang ng babae ang lahat ng dowry He also served as an adviser appointed the Supremo.
o Kapag nagasawa ng iba nag babae ay ibabalik sa
lalaki ang mga dowry (vice versa) After the death of Bonifacio in Cavite in 1897,
o Kung may anak naman sila, sa anak mapupunta ang Jacinto continued the fight against the Spaniards even after the
.dowry. following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. He was wounded in in a
battle against Spaniards in Magdalena, Laguna and was
Purpose as a Filipino captured. Upon investigation, Jacinto was released after he
managed to convince the Spanish soldiers he was a spy in their
1. Bago pa man dumating meron na tayong kultura, service when he showcd them a military pass issued to a man
batas, sariling sibilisasyon. he killed several months ago. Jacinto quickly went into hiding
2. To ensure in our minds and influencer. in Manila. There he sent a letter to Apolinario Mabini in
a. Filipinos are highly civilized, has a working Malolos, Bulacan stating his plan to continue his law studies at
government system and enjoy rich culture the newly-established Literary University of the Philippines.
before the Spaniards come. But this plan was discontinued when Jacinto had to go back to
3. We should proud Laguna to lead his fellow patriots in the war against the new
4. We are civilized as a nation. enemy, the Americans. He established his headquarters in the
town of Majayjay where he, unfortunately, contracted malaria.
He died on April 6, 1899.
 ABOUT THE TEXT mabibigat, lalong lalo na kung gugunitain na di
mangyayaring maiiwasan at walang kusang pagkukulang na
In his study of the Katipunan history and its di aabutin ng kakila-kilabot na kaparusahan.
documents, Jim Richardson said that ―the Kartilya is the best Kung ang hangad ng papasok dito ay ang siya’y
known of all Katipunan texts‖ and that it is ―the only abuluyan o ang ginhawa’t malayaw na katahimikan ng
document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to katawan, huwag magpatuloy sapagkat mabigat na mga
August 1896 that is known to be still extant.‖ The Kartilya katungkulan ang matatagpuan, gaya ng pagtangkilik sa mga
was printed as a small pamphlet that was derived from the naaapi at madaluhong na pag-usig sa lahat ng kasamaan. Sa
Spanish cartilla which the primer used for grade schools bagay na ito ay aabutin ang maligalig na pamumuhay.
during the Spanish period. And like the cartillas, this Di kaila sa kangino pa man ang mga nagbalang
document served as the primary lessons for the members of kapahamakan sa mga Tagalog na nakaisip nitong mga banal
the Katipunan. na kabagayan (at hindi man) at ang mga pahirap na
ibinibigay ng naghaharing kalupitan, kalikuan, at kasamaan.
The Kartilya presents not only the teachings for the Talastas din naman ng lahat ang pangangailangan sa
neophyte Katipunero but also the guiding principles of the salapi na sa ngayo’y isa sa mga unang lakas na maaasahang
magbibigay-buhay sa lahat. Sa bagay na ito, kinakailangan
society. These teachings are expected from the members even
ang lubos na pagtupad sa mga pagbabayaran – piso sa
after the attainment of freedom from the colonizers. The
pagpasok at sa buwan-buwan ay sikapat. Ang salaping ito’y
Kartilya ends with a document of affirmation by the member
ipinagbibigay-alam ng nag-iingat sa tuwing kapanahunan,
to the society’s teachings.
bukod pa sa mapagsisiyasat ng sinuman kailanma’t ibigin. Di
makikilos ang salaping ito kundi pagkayarian ng karamihan.
The Kartilya was not just a document for the Ang lahat ng ipinagsaysay ay dapat gunitain at
Katipunan. Its importance today is predicated on the teachings mahinahong pagbulay-bulayin sapagkat di magagnap at di
that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a matitiis ng isang walang tunay na pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa
nation that fought for independence. These principles are at tunay na adhikaing tangkilikin ang Kagalingan.
relevant as the sense of nationhood still holds true when the At nang lalong mapagtimbang ang sariling isip at
cultural and historical values of every Filipino are threatened kabaitan, basahin ang sumusunod na
by the onslaught of foreign influences brought about by
today’s globalization.
MGA ARAL NG KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B
Kartilya ng Katipunan
o Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim kundi
KATIPUNAN NANG MANGA man damong makamandag.
A.N.B. o Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa
SA MAY NASANG MAKISANIB SA KATIPUNANG ITO sarili at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan
ay di kabaitan.
Sa pangangailangan na ang lahat na nag-iibig pumasok sa o Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa, ang
katipunang ito ay magkaroon ng lubos na pananalig at pag-ibig sa kapwa, at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, pangungusap sa talagang Katwiran.
minarapat na ipakilala sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito at o Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
nang bukas makalawa’y huwag silang magsisi at tuparing magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa
maluwag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin. dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda, ngunit di mahihigtan sa
Ang kalagayang pinag-uusig ng katipunang ito ay pagkatao.
lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papag-isahin ang loob at o Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang puri kaysa
kaisipan ng lahat ng Tagalog1 sa pamamagitan ng isang pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban, inuuna
mahigpit na panunumpa upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y ang pagpipita sa sarili kaysa puri.
magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag o Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katwiran at o Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon: ang yamang
Kaliwanagan. mawala’y mangyayaring magbalik, ngunit ang panahong
Dito’y isa sa mga kauna-unahang utos ang tunay na nagdaan na’y di na muling magdadaan.
pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubos na pagdadamayan ng o Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi at kabakahin ang umaapi.
isa’t isa. o Ang taong matalino’y ang may pag-iingat sa bawat
sasabihin; at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
Maralita, mayaman, mangmang, marunong, lahat o Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
dito’y magkakapantay at tunay na magkakapatid. patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay
Kapag karakang mapasok dito ang sinuman, tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay ay
tatalikdang pilit ang buhalhal na kaugalian at paiilalim sa kasamaan din.
kapangyarihan ng mga banal na utos ng katipunan. o Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang bagay na
Ang gawang lahat na laban sa kabanalan at kalinisan, libangan lamang kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa
dito’y kinasusuklaman; kaya’t sa bagay na ito’y ipinaiilalim mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitin mo nang
sa masigasig na pakikibalita ang kabuhayan ng sinumang buong pagpipitagan ang kanyang kahinaan at alalahanin
nag-iibig makisanib sa katipunang ito. ang inang pinagbuhata’t nag-iwi sa iyong kasanggulan.
Kung ang hangad ng papasok dito’y ang tumalastas o Ang di mo ibig gawin sa asawa mo, anak, at kapatid ay
lamang ng mga kalihiman nito, o ang ikagiginhawa ng huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
sariling katawan, o ang kilalanin ang mga naririto’t nang o Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa
maipagbili sa isang dakot na salapi, huwag magpatuloy tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
sapagkat dito’y bantain lamang ay talastas na ng makapal na kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat
nakikiramdam sa kanya at karaka-rakang nilalapatan ng ng lupa. Wagas at tunay na mahal na tao kahit laking-
mabisang gamut na laan sa mga sukaban. gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika;
Dito’y gawa ang hinahanap at gawa ang tinitingnan; yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap,
kaya’t hindi dapat pumasok ang di makagagawa, kahit may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi;
magaling magsalita. yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa
Ipinauunawa din na ang mga katungkulang ginaganap bayang tinubuan.
ng lahat ng napaaanak sa katipunang ito ay lubhang
o Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito ay maningning na sumikat Module 6: The Act of Proclamation of Independence
ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabang-abang of the Filipino People (Acta de la Proclamation de la
Sangkatauhan at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag Independencia Del Pueblo Filipino)
ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng
ligayang walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, The first phase of the Philippine Revolution a stalemate
pagod, at mga tinis na kahirapa’y labis nang between the Spaniards and the Filipino rebels. In December
natumbasan. 1897, a truce was declared between the two forces with the
o Kung ang lahat ng ito’y matarok na ng nag-iibig pumasok Filipino leaders, led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, agreeing to be
at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, exiled to Hong Kong while the Spaniards paid an indemnity
maitatala ang kanyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito. for the damages caused as a result of the conflict Aguinaldo.
The truce, however, lasted for only a few months before it
Note: The teachings are followed by a form to be filled out collapsed. The renewed conflict would have been disastrous
with name, hometown, age, occupation, status, and address. for the Filipinos if not for the deteriorating diplomatic
The Kartilya concludes with a brief undertaking to be signed relations between Spain and the United States over the another
by the person who intends to join the association.
revolution in Cuba. This eventually led to the Spanish-
American War in 1898 and the arrival of a new colonizer to
Teachings of the Katipunan of the Sons of the People the Philippines—the Americans.

 The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and Even before the Battle of Manila in 1898, Aguinaldo had
reasonable purpose is a tree without shade, if not a already been meeting with the Americans in Singapore. He
poisonous weed. – talked with consul E. Spencer Pratt regarding US-Filipino
 To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake collaboration against the Spaniards before he went back to
is not virtue. Hong Kong to meet up with Commodore George Dewey,
 It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow- commander of the Asiatic Fleet. Unfortunately, Dewey had
creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts, and words already left for the Philippines to attack the Spanish fleet
to what is in itself reasonable. following America's declaration of war against Spain in April.
 Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born
Aguinaldo remained in Hong Kong and met with the
equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth, and beauty
American consul general Rounseville Wildman. He paid
are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
Wildman a total of N17,000 to purchase rifles and
 The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain, ammunition. A first shipment worth £50,000 was made but the
the scoundrel, gain to honor. other half was never delivered. Wildman never returned the
 To the honorable man his word is sacred. money given to him.
 Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered, but
not the time lost. On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo finally returned to the
 Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before Philippines on board the U.S. cruiser McCulloch. Aguinaldo
the law or in the field. conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions and was
 The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards. From his
keeping secrets. headquarters in Cavite, Aguinaldo announced the resumption
 On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman of the revolution against the Spaniards, thus beginning the
and of the children, and if the guide leads to second phase of the revolution. The Filipinos immediately
precipices, those whom he guides will also go there. flocked to the province to loin the army. By the end of May,
 Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, Aguinaldo was in command of an army of 12,000 troops.
but as a faithful companion who will share with thee On May 28, the Filipino forces won their first victory in
the penalties of life; her weakness will increase thy AlaPan, Imus. The newly-made Filipino flag was hoisted in
interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother AlaPan then later unfurled at the Teatro Caviteño in Cavite
who bore thee and reared thee. Nuevo (now Cavite City) in front of the Filipinos and captured
 What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, Spanish soldiers. A group of American officers and soldiers
children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the also witnessed the ceremony.
wife, children, brothers, and sisters of thy neighbor.
 Man is not worth more because he is a king, because Earlier, on May 24, Aguinaldo announced the creation of
his nose is aquiline and his color white, nor because the dictatorial government. The formation of this type of rule
he is a priest, a servant of God, nor because of the was a necessity because the growing nation needed a strong
high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is leader. He emphasized that the dictatorship was only
worth most who is a man of proven and real value, temporary as it would be a prelude to the establishment of a
who does good, keeps his word, is worthy and republican form of government.
honest; he who does not oppress, nor consent to being
On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared Philippine
oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland,
independence from Spanish rule at a ceremony in his house in
though he be born in the wilderness and know no
Kawit, Cavite. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the
tongue but his own.
declaration that was later signed by 177 persons, including an
 When these rules of conduct shall be known to all
Armerican military officer. The Philippine National Anthem,
and the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant
then known as ―Marcha Nacional Filipina,‖ composed by
over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its
Julian Felipe, was played by the Banda de San Francisco de
rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
Malabon and the Philippine flag was again unfurled.
confederated brethren of the same race, the lives of
those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well
paid suffering will remain. If he who desires to enter
has informed himself of all this and believes he will
be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill
out the following application for admission.
AUTHORS BACKGROUND Three weeks later, the continuing friction with the
Americans erupted into a conflict in February 1899. The
(Although the actual author of the proclamation was Ambrosio Philippine-American War eventually ended in 1901 with the
Rianzares Bautista, the initiator of Philippine independence capture of Aguinaldo. Soon after, he pledged allegiance to the
that led to the making of the proclamation was Gen. Emilio United States and for a time was back in the limelight when he
Aguinaldo.) ran for the presidency of the Philippine Commonwealth but
lost to Manuel L. Quezon.
Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22,1869 in
Kawit, Cavite (Cavite el Viejo), the second to the youngest of During World War II, Aguinaldo was charged by the
eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy. The Japanese with collaborating with the Americans but was later
Aguinaldos were a wealthy and influential family with Carlos freed in a general amnesty. As a private citizen, he devoted his
being gobernadorcillo for several terms. Following his time to the cause of veteran revolucionarios until his death at
father’s death in 1883, Emilio assisted his mother in the family the age of 94 on February 6, 1964.
business and worked to help earn the family income.
Aguinaldo followed to his father's footsteps and was chosen CONTENT ANALYSIS
capitan municipal of Kawit in 1894. Months later, he joined
the Katipunan choosing the name Magdalo, a name that was On June 10, 1896 Gen Emilio Aguinaldo issued a one-
also given to another branch of the Katipunan (the other was sentence decree appointing his Auditor General of War,
the Magdiwang) which he set up in his province, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, as a "special commissioner' to
write the Act of the Declaration of the Independence. The
When the revolution began in 1896, the Katipunan in result was a sixteen-page document that contained the
Cavite succeeded in driving away the Spaniards from the aspirations of freedom from Spanish rule, the sacrifices made,
province. But territorial and logistical problems between the and the revolution that resulted from it. It was the text of this
two groups soon forced Aguinaldo to ask for help from declaration that was read in Kawit in the afternoon of the
Supremo Andres Bonifacio in settling the conflict. Bonifacio's celebration of the declaration of independence. Copies of the
intervention, however, only worsened the situation and the document were made and distributed. However, there was a
only solution the two factions saw was to create a problem in determining how many witnesses really signed the
revolutionary government. declaration. The copies classified under Philippine
Revolutionary Papers (PRP) in the National Library had
Elections for a pamahalaang panghihimagsik were varying numbers. Later research by historian-writer Jim
Richardson placed the total number of signees at 177.
held in Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon (now
General Trias) on March 22, 1897. Aguinaldo was elected
President with Mariano Trias (Vice-President), Artemio The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino
Ricarte (Captain-General), Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director
People
of War), and Andres Bonifacio (Director of the Interior). But
the elections were disrupted following a protest over In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day
Bonifacio's educational qualification for such a position. of lune 1898:
Bonifacio angrily declared the result of the elections null and
void and walked out. The Magdalos, however, considered the Before me, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counselor and
election binding and the new government was founded. When Special Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this
Bonifacio tried to put up his own government with an armed proclamation of Independence by the Dictatorial Government
group, he was arrested and tried for sedition. Found guilty, the of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of a Decree
Supremo and his brother Procopio were executed on May 10, issued by Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, The
1897. undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of could
not attend, as well as the representatives of the various towns,
The internal dissent caused by Bonifacio's death
weakened the Katipunan further. The Spanish troops regained Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are
momentum and Aguinaldo was forced to retreat to the already tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish
mountains of Biak-na-Bato. But the Spaniards soon realized domination,
that going after the rebels in their mountain hideout was futile.
A stalemate ensued that was broken only by a truce proposal Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards
to which the rebels agreed. In exchange for an indemnity, who cause deaths in connivance with and even under the
amnesty, and colonial reform, Aguinaldo and his officers went express f orders of their superior officers who at times would
into exile in Hong Kong in December 1897. order the shooting of those placed under arrest under the
pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known
The Spanish-American War in 1898 eventually Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished,
changed Philippine history. After the Americans won the and because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos,
Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the especially those the instigation decreed by General Blanco at
Philippines with their help and announced the resumption of the instigation of the Archbishop and the friars interested in
the revolution against Spain. After winning several victories keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which
against the Spaniards, he declared Philippine independence on deportations were carried out through processes more
June 12, 1898. execrable than those of the Inquisition which every civilized
nation repudiates as a trial without hearing,
But the Filipinos soon realized that the Americans
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to
were to become their new colonizers. After the Spanish defeat
regain the independence and sovereignty of which the people
in 1898, the United States began to send fresh troops to the
had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez
Philippines. In 1899, Aguinaldo convened a Congress in
de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his
Malolos, Bulacan in which the delegates wrote a Constitution
predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of
and established the Philippine Republic with Aguinaldo as
Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of
President in January 1899.
Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in battle
that took place in said shores to which battle he was provoked
by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan who suspected his evil designs,
landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood
Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish
taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his successor domination,
Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the
capital, winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman And in punishment for the impunity with which the
and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by its
whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who
of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents and were sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their
because in international law the prescription established by hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of
law to legalize the vicious act of private property is not all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling
recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in upon the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected
doubt which was calmed but not completely stifled by the persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the
pacification proposed by Don Paterno. Don Emilio Aguinaldo instigation or the friars, without any form nor semblance of
as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and trial and without any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and
accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo de likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priests,
Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don
a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed
by reason of the non-fulfillment of some Squadron of the due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious corporations
terms, after the destruction of the Spanish Squad by the North which made the authorities to believe that the military
American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite, Don uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of
Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs,
revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the thereby impeding the execution of the decree-sentence issued
31st of last month when several towns anticipating the by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case
revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th, such that a Spanish interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that
contingent of 178 men, between Imus and Cavite Viejo, under directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of
the command of a major of the Marine Infantry capitulated, this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for
the revolutionary movement spreading like wild fire to other those controlled by them in Mindanao which were to be
towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and
Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with ordering the return of those parishes, all of which proceedings
seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms, are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they
truly marvelous and without equal in the history .of colonial are sent last month of last year for the issuance of the proper
revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the Royal Decree which, in turn, caused the growth of the tree of
Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in liberty in this our dear land that grew more and more through
the second, all Detachments had been wiped out; in the third, the iniquitous measures of oppression, until the last drop from
the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town our chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of
of San Fernando where the greater part of them are revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa
concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the
Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the province where the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants
capital and in Calumpit; and in the last two remaining fought a one-sided battle against superior forces of General
provinces, only in their respective capitals, and the city of Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of three months,
Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed
provinces of Nueva Eaja, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, bamboos, and arrows.
Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the
revolution at the time of the pacification and others even Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio to
before, so that the independence of our country and enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including
revindication of our sovereignty is assured. the prerogatives of granting Pardon and amnesty,

And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions And, lastly, it was resolved unanimously that this Nation,
Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of already free and independent as of this day, must design and
the Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, the United states of colors the white triangle are found described in the attached
America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the drawing, flag which up to now is being used, whose triangle
name and by authority of the people of these Philippine signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the
Islands, "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the
masses to rise in revolution; the three stars, signifying the
That they are and have the right to be free and independent. three principal Islands of this Archipelago—Luzon, Mindanao,
that they have ceased to have any allegiance to the Crown of and Panay where this revolutionary movement started; the sun
Spain; that all political ties them are and should be completely representing the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
severed and annulled; and that, like other free and along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays,
independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and signifying the eight provinces—Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas—
regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which an which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as the first
Independent State has a right to do, revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States of North
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards
hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this Declaration this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent
with our lives, our fortunes, and with our most sacred us and continues lending us.
possession, our Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders

emanating from the same, the Dictatorship established by Don
Emilio Aguinaldo whom we revere as the Supreme Head of
this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the
conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, in
spite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this
unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his
magnificent verses which he composed in his prison cell prior
Module 7: Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino Before Module 8: Artworks
the Joint Session of the United States Congress, September
18, 1986 Illustrations, drawings, and photographs play a large
part in the study of history. These sources have stories to tell
Maria Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino and enable us to distinguish details that give us insights into
something beyond the texts. They are also a record of the past
o Maria Corazon ―Cory‖ Aquino Sumulong useful for historians. Photographs and illustrations reflect
Cojuangco-Aquino (January 25, 1933- August 1, social conditions of historical realities and everyday life and
2009) became president of the Philippines because of indicate the situations of past societies. Editorial cartoons, on
the 1986 EDSA Revolution – the nonviolent the other hand, are sources of political expression or
revolution that ousted President Ferdinand Marcos. propaganda in the historical era in which they came out.
o She served as the 11th President of the Philippines
and named by Time magazine as ―Woman of the The satirical cartoon from the July 27, 1907 issue of
Year‖ in 1986 the Lipang-Kalabaw (Lipak-Kalabaw), a weekly satirical
o She was the wife of the assassination opposition magazine published in Manila, shows Philippine Assembly
figurehead during the martial law era, Benigno candidate Dominador Gomez as the Roman centurion
―Ninoy‖ Aquino. Jr Longinus delivering the final spear blow to the crucified
o In 1999. She was chosen by the Time magazine as freedom fighters (from left) Macario Sakay, Francisco
one of the 20 Most Influenced Asians of the 20th Carreon, Julian Montalan, and Lucio de Vega, who were all
century. Prior to becoming the President, she had not sentenced to death for banditry by the American government.
held any elective office. She died on August 1, 2009 Gomez was instrumental in the surrender of Sakay and his
due to colorectal cancer. men but the latter were subsequently arrest' in spite of
o Graduated from the College of Mount St. Vincent in assurances of safe conduct by the government. Gomez was
New York in1953,with a bachelor's degree in both later blamed for the death of Sakay and many believed that he
French and mathematics betrayed the Filipino rebels to the Americans.
o Presidential term: February 25, 1986-June 30, 1992.
A cartoon from the magazine Lipang-Kalabaw
INTENT OF THE SPEECH depicts the festivity or parade of Filipinos celebrating the
election of their popular candidate, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
o To declare the freedom of the Filipinos from the who ran for the Philippine Assembly held that month. The
Marcos regime momentous occasion, however, had dire results. Americans
o To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos and to its who witnessed the event were bothered by the massive show
government of support by Filipino patriots and the singular display of the
o To appeal for financial assistance by informing the American flag amidst banners and Philippine flags.
Americans about the Philippines’ state
Irked by the patriotic display, the Philippine
What is the speech about? Commission passed on August 23, 1907, Act No. 1696
Introduction otherwise known as the Flag Law, which banned the public
display of the Philippine flag and other patriotic banners.
o She aggrandized the role of America in the world as the When the Philippine Assembly opened at the Manila Grand
promoter of a righteous system of governance and further Opera House in September, only the American flag could be
strengthened the reputation of the said country as a model seen—an ironic display for an otherwise Philippine legislative
for greatness. body.
Body Other Illustrations/Cartoons
o President Cory’s speech was been adorned by countless The following illustrations or cartoons appear in the
references to her husband-Former Senator Ninoy Aquino. booklet Watch for the Saboteurs sponsored by the League of
Whom the Filipino nation had assigned as the poster boy Women Voters of the Philippines published in 1951. Then
for anti-Marcos movements. Her speech even went so far President Elpidio Quirino wrote to the League saying that the
as to connect Ninoy’s struggle with that of the whole booklet graphically shows the defects of both the individual
nation. and the society. His letter which appears in the booklet is
o To mark a new beginning for the Filipino from the reproduced below:
Marcos regime.
o To appeal for financial assistance by informing the
Americans about the Philippines’ state

What is the governing idea running through the speech?

o The speech canters on the miserable experiences of

the Aquino family, how the family mourns about
their loss and how the government threated their
family. She did not state the positive contributions of
the Marcos’ administration and only focused on the
negativity of his term.