REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

7
Reinforced Concrete
By Peter W. Somers, S.E.
Originally developed by Finley A. Charney, PhD, P.E.

Disclaimer
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples
Reinforced Concrete - 1
 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

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 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

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Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior
20000
4500 psi
18000 8800 psi
16000 13,500 psi
14000 17,500 psi
Stress, psi

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain, in./in.

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 Confinement by Spirals or Hoops
Asp fyhAsp

ds

fyhAsp

Confinement Forces acting Confinement

from spiral or on 1/2 spiral or from square
circular hoop circular hoop hoop

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 Confinement

Rectangular hoops Confinement by Confinement by

with cross ties transverse bars longitudinal bars

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 Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
8000 no confinement
4.75 in.
7000 Pitch of
3.5 in.
¼ in. dia.
6000 2.375 in.
spiral
1.75 in.
Stress, psi

5000

4000
3000
Tests of
2000 6 in. x 12 in.
1000 cylinders

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

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 Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of
Confined Concrete
Kent and Park Model
No Hoops
4500 4 in.
4000 6 in.
9 in.
3500
12 in.
3000
Stress, psi

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016

Confined Area 12” x 16” Strain, in./in.

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Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior
100

Grade 75
80
Stress, ksi

Grade 60
60 rupture~10-12%

Grade 40
40
strain hardening~ 1-3%
E = 29,000 ksi rupture ~18-20%
20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Microstrain

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 Reinforced Concrete Behavior

steel
yields failure

Load
cracked-inelastic

cracked-elastic

uncracked

Mid-Point Displacement, 

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 10

 Behavior Up to First Yield of Steel

b
c fc
c

d 
As
sEs < fy
s
Strain Stress

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 11

 Behavior at Concrete Crushing

b  c,max f'c
c C

d  jd

As
fy Asfy
s >y
Strain Stress Forces

Mn = Asfyjd

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 Typical Moment Curvature Diagram

700
w/ strain hardening
600 f’c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
500
M, in-kip

w/o strain hardening

b = 8 in
400 d = 10 in
300 r = 0.0125

200

100

0
0 100 200 300

 x 10-5 in-1
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 13
 Influence of Reinforcement Ratio
5000
f’c = 4 ksi
4000
fy = 60 ksi
b = 10 in
M, in-kip

3000
d = 18 in
2000

r = 2.5%
1000
r = 1.5%
r = 0.5%
0
0 100 200 300 400

 x 10-5 in-1

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 Influence of Compression Reinforcement

1600 Beam r r'

1 0.0375 0.0250
2 0.0375 0.0125
2 1 3 0.0375 0
1200 4 0.0250 0.0125
3 5 0.0250 0
6 0.0125 0.0125
800 5 4 7 0.0125 0
M 2
lb / in
bd2 6
400 7

0
0 0.008 0.016 0.024

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 15
Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete

 c,max f'c
c


As
fy
s >y
Strain Stress

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 16

Moment-Curvature with Confined Concrete
35000

30000

25000
Moment, in-k

20000 Beam - 24 in. x 36 in.

Tension Steel - 12 ea. #10
15000 Compression Steel - 5 ea. #8
Confining Steel - #4 hoops at 4 in. c-c
10000

5000
without confining with confining
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
curvature, microstrain/in.

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 Plastic Hinging

l
idealized
M f actual

lp plastic
rotation
fu -fy
Mu fu

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 Strategies to Improve Ductility

• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

• Add compression reinforcement
• Add confining reinforcement

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 Other Functions of Confining Steel

• Acts as shear reinforcement

• Prevents buckling of longitudinal
reinforcement
• Prevents bond splitting failures

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 Structural Behavior
Frames

Story Mechanism Sway Mechanism

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 Story Mechanism

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 Structural Behavior - Walls
s

H V

N V
H V
V N
V C V
T

Flexural Horizontal Sliding on Sliding on

failure tension flexural cracks construction
joint

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 Structural Behavior - Columns

Ultimate 14 in square
1000 4-#11 bars
yield f' c = 4 ksi
fy = 45 ksi
800
Axial load, P, kip

600 1.75” bending axis

400

200

0
0 400 800 1200 1600 0.002 0.001 0
Moment, M, in-kip Curvature, , rad/in

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Influence of Hoops on Axial Strength
Gross column Confined concrete
Area = A g Area = A core

Before spalling- After spalling-

P = Agf’c P = Acore(f’c + 4 flat)

After spalling  Before spalling

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 Column with
Inadequate Ties

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 Well Confined Column

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Hysteretic Behavior of Well Confined Column

M 1.0
Mu
0.5

-4 4

-0.5 Drift, %

-1.0

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 Structural Behavior Columns

M1 M1 V
V

L
V

M2 M2
P
M 1  M 2 2M pr
V= =
L L Range
of P
M
Mo Mpr

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 29

Column Shear Failure

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 30

 Structural Behavior Joints

fc T
ft
h
Cc
Cs

Max. shear force

Vj = T- V

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 31

Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with Hoops

1.0
M
Mu
0.5

-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 32

Hysteretic Behavior of Joint without Hoops

1.0
M
Mu
0.5

-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

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Joint Failure – No Shear Reinforcing

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 Anchorage Failure in
Column/Footing Joint

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 Summary of Concrete Behavior
• Compressive Ductility
– Strong in compression but brittle
– Confinement improves ductility by
• Maintaining concrete core integrity
• Preventing longitudinal bar buckling
• Flexural Ductility
– Longitudinal steel provides monotonic ductility at low
reinforcement ratios
– Transverse steel needed to maintain ductility through
reverse cycles and at very high strains (hinge
development)

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 Summary of Concrete Behavior

• Damping
– Well cracked: moderately high damping
– Uncracked (e.g. prestressed): low damping
• Potential Problems
– Shear failures are brittle and abrupt and must be
avoided
– Degrading strength/stiffness with repeat cycles
• Limit degradation through adequate hinge
development

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 37

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 38

 Reference Standards
16

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 39

Modifications to Reference Standards

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 40

 Context in NEHRP Recommended
Provisions
Provisions  ASCE 7-16  ACI 318-14

ASCE 7-16 for Concrete

Structural design criteria: Chap. 12
Structural analysis procedures: Chap. 12
Design of concrete structures: Sec. 14.2
Provisions modifications to ASCE 7-10
ASCE 7-16 modifications to ACI 318-14

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 Reference Standards

ASCE 7-16:
Defines systems and classifications
Provides design coefficients

ACI 318-14:
Provides system design and detailing
requirements consistent with ASCE 7-16
system criteria
Modified by ASCE 7-16

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 Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Moment Frames
Cast-in-Place
Special
Intermediate
Ordinary
Precast
Special
Shear walls
Cast-in-Place
Special
Ordinary
Detailed plain
Ordinary plain
Precast
Intermediate
Ordinary
Dual Systems

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 43

 Use of Reference Standards
• ACI 318
– Chapter 18, Earthquake-Resistant Structures
• ASCE 7-16 and Provisions Section 14.2
– Modifications to ACI 318
– Detailing requirements for concrete piles
• Provisions supersede ASCE 7-10
modifications

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 44

 Detailed Modifications to ACI 318

• Wall piers and wall segments

• Members not designated as part of the LRFS
• Columns supporting discontinuous walls
• Intermediate precast walls
• Plain concrete structures
• Anchoring to concrete
• Foundations
• Acceptance criteria for validation testing of
special precast walls

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 45

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 46

Design Coefficients Moment Resisting Frames

Response Deflection
Seismic Force
Modification Amplification
Resisting System Coefficient, R Factor, Cd

Special R/C Moment

8 5.5
Frame

Intermediate R/C
5 4.5
Moment Frame

Ordinary R/C
3 2.5
Moment Frame

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 47

 Design Coefficients
Structural Walls (Bearing Systems)
Response Deflection
Seismic Force
Modification Amplification
Resisting System
Coefficient, R Factor, Cd

Special R/C Structural

5 5
Walls

Ordinary R/C
4 4
Structural Walls

Intermediate Precast 4 4
Structural Walls

Ordinary Precast Walls 3 3

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 Design Coefficients Structural Walls
(Frame Systems)
Response Deflection
Seismic Force
Modification Amplification
Resisting System
Coefficient, R Factor, Cd
Special R/C
6 5
Structural Walls

Ordinary R/C
5 4.5
Structural Walls
Intermediate Precast 5 4.5
Structural Walls

Ordinary Precast
4 4
Walls

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 49

 Design Coefficients
Dual Systems with Special Frames

Response Deflection
Seismic Force
Modification Amplification
Resisting System
Coefficient, R Factor, Cd

Dual System w/
7 5.5
Special Walls

Dual System w/
6 5
Ordinary Walls

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 50

 General Requirements
Seismic
ACI 318-14
Design Description
Requirements
Category

Sec. 18.2.1.3
B Analysis and proportioning
Sec. 18.2.2

Sec. 18.2.1.4
Analysis and proportioning
C Sec. 18.2.2
Anchoring to concrete
Sec. 18.2.3
Sec. 18.2.1.5 Analysis and proportioning
Sec. 18.2.2 through
Anchoring to concrete
D, E & F 18.2.8
Sec. 18.12 through Diaphragms, foundations, & non
18.14 LRFS members

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 Moment Frames

Seismic Design Minimum

ACI 318-14 Requirements
Category Frame Type

Chapters 1-17 and 19-26

B Ordinary
Sec. 18.3

C Intermediate Sec. 18.4

Secs. 18.2.3-18.2.8
D, E and F Special
and 18.6-18.8

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 Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls

Seismic Design Minimum ACI 318-14

Category Wall Type Requirements

Chapters 1-17 and 19-26

B and C Ordinary (unless required by
18.2.1.3 or 18.2.1.4)

Secs. 18.2.3-18.2.8 and

D, E and F Special
Sec. 18.10

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 53

 Precast Concrete Structural Walls

Seismic Design Minimum ACI 318-14

Category Wall Type Requirements

Chapters 1-17
B Ordinary
and 19-26

C Intermediate Sec. 18.5

Secs. 18.2.3-
D, E and F Special
18.2.8; Sec. 18.11

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 54

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 55

 Performance Objectives
• Special Moment Frames
– Strong column
• Avoid story mechanism
– Hinge development
• Confined concrete core
• Prevent rebar buckling
• Prevent shear failure
– Member shear strength
– Joint shear strength
– Rebar development and splices (confined)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 56

 Performance Objectives
• Intermediate Moment Frames
– Avoid shear failures in beams and columns
– Plastic hinge development in beams and columns
– Toughness requirements for two-way slabs without
beams
• Ordinary Moment Frames
– Minimum ductility and toughness
– Continuous top and bottom beam reinforcement
– Minimum column shear failure protection

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 57

 Special Moment Frames

• General detailing requirements

• Beams
• Joints
• Columns
• Example problem

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 58

 Frame Mechanisms
“strong column – weak beam”

Story mechanism Sway mechanism

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 59

 Required Column Strength

Mnc  1.2Mnb
M nc1

M nb1 M nb2

M nc2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 60

 Hinge Development

• Tightly Spaced Hoops

– Provide confinement to increase concrete strength
and usable compressive strain
– Provide lateral support to compression bars to
prevent buckling
– Act as shear reinforcement and preclude shear
failures
– Control splitting cracks from high bar bond stresses

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 61

 Hinge Development

Before
spalling

After
spalling

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 Hinge Development

Bidirectional cracking

Spalled cover

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 63

 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement

200  r  0.025
fy
At least 2 bars continuous
top & bottom

Joint face Mn+ not less than 50% Mn-

Min. Mn+ or Mn- not less than
25% max. Mn at joint face

Splice away from hinges and

enclose within hoops or spirals

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 64

 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Beam Transverse Reinforcement
Closed hoops at hinging regions
with “seismic” hook

135º hook, 6dh  3” extension

Maximum spacing of hoops:

d/4 6db 6”

Longitudinal bars on perimeter

tied as if column bars
2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s  d/2

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 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Beam Shear Strength
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S
Mpr1 Mpr2
Mpr = Mn with

n fs = 1.25fy ,  = 1.0
Ve1 Ve2

Mpr 1  Mpr 2 w u n
Ve =   Ve by analysis
n 2

If earthquake-induced > 1 V
shear force 2 e
then Vc = 0
'
A f
and Pu <
g c

20
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 66
 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Beam-Column Joint

Vcol
Vj = T  C  Vcol
T
C

T = 1.25fy A s, top
Vj

C = 1.25fy A s, bottom

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 67

ACI 318, Overview of SMF: Beam-column Joint

20
 
Vn = 15  f 'c A j
12
 
• Vn often controls size of columns
• Coefficient depends on joint confinement
• To reduce shear demand, increase beam depth
• Keep column stronger than beam

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 68

 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Column Longitudinal Reinforcement

M nc1

0.01  r  0.06
M nb1 M nb2
Mnc  1.2Mnb
(strong column-weak beam)
M nc2

Mnc based on factored axial force,

consistent with direction of lateral forces

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 69

ACI 318, Overview of SMF: Column Transverse
Reinforcement at Potential Hinging Region

nl: number of longitudinal

bars that are laterally
supported by the corner of
hoops or by seismic hooks

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 70

 ACI 318, Overview of SMF: Column Transverse
Reinforcement at Potential Hinging Region

hx hx

 14  hx 
so = 4   
 3 
Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of:
b/4 or 6 db or so (4” to 6”)
Distance between longitudinal bas supported by hoops or cross ties, hx  14”

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 ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Potential Hinge Region
• For columns supporting stiff members such as
walls, hoops are required over full height of column
if
f 'c A g
Pe >
10
• For shear strength- same rules as beams (concrete
shear strength is neglected if axial load is low and
earthquake shear is high)
• Lap splices are not allowed in potential plastic
hinge regions

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 72

 Splice in Hinge
Region

Terminating
bars

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 73

ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Potential Hinge Region

 d 
 
 
 clear height 
o   6 
 
 18" 
 
 

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 74

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 75

 Performance Objectives
• Special R/C structural walls
– Resist axial forces, flexure and shear
– Boundary members
• Where compression stress/strain is large, maintain
capacity
– Development of rebar in panel
– Ductile coupling beams
• Ordinary R/C structural walls
– No seismic requirements, Ch. 18 does not apply

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 Design Philosophy

• Flexural yielding will occur in predetermined

flexural hinging regions
• Brittle failure mechanisms will be precluded
– Diagonal tension
– Sliding hinges
– Local buckling
– Shear failures in coupling beams

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
w
rt = parallel to shear plane

r = perpendicular
hw to shear plane

Shear plane, Acv =

web thickness x
length of wall

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• r and rt not less than 0.0025 unless

Vu < Acv f 'c

then per Sec.11.6
• Spacing not to exceed 18 in.
• Reinforcement contributing to Vn shall be
continuous and distributed across the
shear plane

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• Two curtains of reinforcing required if:

Vu > 2 Acv f 'c

• Design shear force determined from lateral load
analysis

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• Shear strength:

Vn = Acv  c f 'c  rt f y 
c = 3.0 for hw/w1.5
c = 2.0 for hw/w2.0
Linear interpolation between

• Walls must have reinforcement in two

orthogonal directions

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• For axial load and flexure, design like a
column to determine axial load – moment
interaction P
M

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 82

ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
Boundary Elements
For walls with a high
compression demand
at the edges – special
boundary elements
are required

Widened end with confinement

Extra confinement and/or

longitudinal bars at end

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 83

 ACI 318: Overview of Special Walls
Boundary Elements
Two options for determining need for boundary
elements
• Strain-based: Determined using wall
deflection and associated wall curvature

• Stress-based: Determined using maximum

extreme fiber compressive

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 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
Boundary Elements—Strain
• Boundary elements are required if:
w
c
1.5 u 
600 
 hw

u = Design displacement
c = Depth to neutral axis from strain
compatibility analysis with loads
causing u

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 ACI 318, Overview of Walls:
Boundary Elements—Strain
• Where required, boundary elements must
extend up the wall from the critical section a
distance not less than the larger of:

w or Mu/4Vu

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 86

 ACI 318: Overview of Walls
Boundary Elements—Stress
• Boundary elements are required where the
maximum extreme fiber compressive stress
calculated based on factored load effects,
linear elastic concrete behavior and gross
section properties, exceeds 0.2f’c

• Boundary element can be discontinued

where the compressive stress is less than
0.15f’c

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 87

 ACI 318: Overview of Walls
Boundary Elements—Detailing
• Boundary elements must extend horizontally not
less than the larger of c/2 or c-0.1w
• Width of boundary elements, b > hu/16 or 12”
• In flanged walls, boundary element must include all
of the effective flange width and at least 12 in. of the
web
• Transverse reinforcement must extend into the
foundation
• Horizontal reinforcement shall extend into the core
of boundary and anchored to develop fy.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 88

ACI 318: Overview of Walls Coupling Beams

Requirements based on aspect ratio and shear demand

n / h  4 Design as Special
Moment Frame beam

 n / h < 2 and Vu > 4 f 'c Acw Reinforce with 2

intersecting groups of
diagonal bars

Other cases Standard or diagonal

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 89

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 90

 Members Not Part of LFRS
• In frame members not designated as part of
the lateral-force-resisting system in regions
of high seismic risk:
– Must be able to support gravity loads while subjected
to the design displacement
– Transverse reinforcement increases depending on:
Forces induced by drift
Axial force in member

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 91

 Diaphragms
Diaphragm

Shear walls
Collectors, if req’d to transfer force
from diaphragm to structural walls
Load from analysis in accordance
With design load combinations
Check:
• Shear strength and reinforcement (min. slab reinf.)
• Chords (boundary members)
- Force = M/d Reinforced for tension
(Usually don’t require boundary members)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 92

 Struts and Trusses:
Performance Objectives
• All members have axial load (not flexure), so
ductility is more difficult to achieve

• Full length confinement

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 93

 Precast Concrete:
Performance Objectives

Field connections Field connections

at points of low must yield
stress

Strong connections Ductile connections

• Configure system so that hinges • Inelastic action at field
occur in factory cast members splice
away from field splices

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 94

 Quality Assurance:
Rebar Inspection
• Special inspection
– Rebar placement
– Prestressing tendon placement, stressing, grouting
– Concrete placement
• Testing
– Rebar (ratio of yield to ultimate)
– Concrete

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 95

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples from FEMA P-751

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 96

 Special Moment Frame Example
A A’ B C C’ D N
1
• Located in Berkeley, California 2
• 12-story concrete building

7 @ 30’ = 210’
3
• N-S direction: SMF
4
• E-W direction: dual system
5
• Seismic Design Category D
6
• Modal Analysis Procedure
7

8
5 @ 20’ = 100’

Typical Floor Plan

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 97
 Frame Elevations
A A' B C C' D A A' B C C' D
Story Level 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0" 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0"
Story Level
R R
12 12
12 12
11 11
11 11
10 10
10 10
9 9
9 9
8 8

11 at 13'-0"

11 at 13'-0"
8 8
7 7
7 7
6 6
6 6
5 5
5 5
4 4
4 4
3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
18'-0" 15'-0"

18'-0" 15'-0"
1 1
G G

B B

A. Section at Wall B. Section at Frame

Grid Lines 3 to 6 Grid Lines 2 and 7

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 98

Story Shears: E-W Loading

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 99

 Seismic Analysis: Dual Systems

• For dual systems,

moment frame must be
designed to resist at least
25% of design seismic
forces (ASCE 7, Sec.
12.2.5.1)

100% forces with

structural wall
25% forces w/o
structural wall

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 100
Layout of Reinforcement
#4 stirrup

4 #8 bar,
assumed

28.5”
29.5”
32”
24”
30”

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 101
 Design Strengths

Design Aspect Strength Used

Beam flexure Design strength

Beam shear Maximum probable strength

Beam-column joint Maximum probable strength

1.2 times nominal
Column flexure
beam strength
Column shear Maximum probable strength

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 102
Bending Moment Envelopes:
Frame 1 Beams, 7th Floor

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 103
 Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal

Design for Negative Moment at the Face of the Interior Support

(Grid A’):

Mu = 1.46(-602) + 0.5(-278) + 1.0(-3,973) = -4,976 inch-kips

One #7 bars in addition to the four #8 bars required for minimum

steel:
As = 4(0.79) + 1(0.60) = 3.76 in^2
a = 3.76 (60)/[0.85 (5) 24] = 2.21 inches
FMn = 0.9(3.76)60(29.5 – 2.21/2) = 5,765 inch-kips
> 4,976 inch-kips
.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 104
 Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal
(continued)
Design for Positive Moment at Face of Interior Support (Grid A’):

Mu = [-0.64(602)] + [1.0(3,973)] = 3,593 inch-kips

Four #8 bars similar to the exterior support location are adequate by

inspection.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 105
 Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal
(continued)
Check additional requirements:

Minimum of two bars continuous top and OK (three #8 bars continuous top
bottom: OK (four #8 bars continuous top
and bottom)
Positive moment strength greater than OK (at all joints)
50 percent negative moment strength at
a joint:

Minimum strength along member greater OK (As provided = four #8 bars is

than 0.25 maximum strength: more than 25 percent of
reinforcement provided at joints)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 106
Beam Reinforcement: Layout

1
4

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 107
 Determine Beam Design Shear
Assumed
hinging
B C mechanism
6,841
Probable moment
strength, Mpr (k-in)

7,929 Vu,grav = 34.1 kips

20’ – 30”
= 17’-6”=210”

M pr1  M pr 2 7,929  6,841

Ve =  Vu , grav =  34.1 = 104.4 kips
n 210

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 108
 Loading

Beam Shear
Hinge locations
Force
A A' B C

7,042 7,042 7,042

7,042

(a)
Seismic moment
(tension side)
in.-kips
Beam moments
5,519 5,519 5,519 5,519
210"
15" 240" 15"

58.1 58.1 58.1

(b)
Seismic shear
positive Seismic shear
kips
58.1 58.1 58.1

33.8 33.3 33.3 (c)

Gravity shear
Factored
(1.42D + 0.5L)
32.9 33.3 33.3
kips
positive
gravity shear
91.9 91.4 91.4
25.2 24.8 24.8
(d)
Design shear
seismic + gravity
Design shear
positive
24.3 24.8 24.8
kips
91.0 91.4 91.4

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 109
Beam Reinforcement: Transverse

Vseismic > 50% Vu therefore take Vc = 0

Use 4 legged #4 stirrups

Av f y d 0.75(0.8)(60)(29.5)
smax = = = 10.2 in.
Ve 104.4

At ends of beam s = 6 in.

(near midspan, s = 6.0 in. w/ 2 legged stirrup)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 110
 Beam Reinforcement: Transverse

• Check maximum spacing of hoops within

plastic hinge length (2h)
– d/4 = 7.4 in.
– 6db = 6.0 in.
– 6 in.

Therefore, 6.0 in. spacing at ends is adequate

At beam rebar splices, s = 4.0 in.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 111
 Joint Shear Force

Vcol V j = T  C  Vcol
T
C

Vj
T = 1.25 f y As , top
C = 1.25 f y As , bottom
But how to compute Vcol?

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 112
 Joint Shear Force V col

 M pr,L  M pr,R   VR  VL  h2 


=  h
Vcol
lc
At 7th Floor, Column C:
V e,L M pr,R
 30 
 7 ,929  6,841  70 . 3  70 . 3 
2 

lc
Vcol = = 108.2 kips M pr,L V e,R
156

V col

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 113
 Joint Shear Force
108

282 237

411
T = 1.25 f y As ,top = 282 kips
C = 1.25 f y As ,bot = 237 kips
V j = T  C  Vcol = 411 kips
Vn = 15 f c' A j = 15 5,000 (30) 2 = 955
Vn = 0.85  955 = 811 kips > 411 kips

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 114
 Frame 1 Column Design
f 'c Ag
Column: Pu > A A' B

10 PL = 78 kips Includes
PD = 367 kips level 7

M nc > 1.2 M nb

32"
then: Level 7

13'-0"
30"

32"
Level 6

Design column using

standard P-M
interaction curve 20'-0" 20'-0"

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 115
 Column Design Moments

Design for strong column based on nominal beam moment strengths

A A' B
6,406

Beam moments (Level 7)

5,498
M nc = 1.2 M nb

1.25,498  6,406  = 14,285 k - ft

7,142
Column moments (Level 7),
7,142 assume uniform distribution
top and bottom

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 116
Column Transverse Reinforcement

nl: number of longitudinal

bars that are laterally
supported by the corner of
hoops or by seismic hooks

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 117
Column Transverse Reinforcement

Maximum spacing is smallest of:

h/4 = 30/4 = 7.5 in.
6db = 6*1.0 = 6.0 in. (#8 bars)
so calculated as follows:

14  hx
so = 4 
3

for 12 #8 vertical bars and #4 hoops,

hx = 8.33 in. and so = 5.72 in.

Next, check confinement requirements……

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 118
 Column Transverse Reinforcement
Assume 4 in. hoop spacing:
fc' < 10,000 psi and Pu< 0.3fc'Ag Equation (c) was not
required.
 f '   Ag    5  900 

Ash = 0.3 sbc     =     = 2
  A  
c
1 0 . 3 ( 4 )( 27 ) 1 0 . 63 in
  60  729 
 f yt   ch  
and
f 'c  5 
Ash = 0.09 sbc = 0.09(4)(27)  = 0.81 in 2
f yt  60 

Therefore, use #4 bar hoops with 4 legs

Ash = 0.80 in2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 119
 Determine Column Shear
Based on probable moment strength of columns
and can be limited by probable moment strength of beams

Mpr,top
Mpr,1 Mpr,2 Vseismic

n

Vseismic
Mpr,3 Mpr,4
Mpr,bottom

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 120
 Column Shear Design
Based on column moments:
Mpr,col = 14,940 k-in (12 #8 vert and Pmax)

2(14,940)
Ve = = 241 kips
(124)

f 'c Ag 5(30)(3)
For Pmin > = = 225 kips,
20 20
Vc can be included in shear calculation

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 121
 Column Shear Design

Assume 6 in. max hoop spacing at mid-height of column

Vc = 2 f 'c bd = 2 5,000 (30)(27.5) = 117 kips

Av f y d 0.8(60)(27.5)
Vs = = = 220 kips
s 6
Vn =  (Vc  Vs ) = 0.75(117  220) = 252 kips > 241 kips OK

Hoops: 4 legs #4
s = 6 in. max

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 122
 Column Reinforcement
A'

• Confinement length, Level 7

lo, greater of:

32"
• h = 30 in.

2"
7 at 4"
• Hc/6 = (156-32)/6 = (12) #8 bars

20.7 in. #4 hoops

30"
7 at 6"
+ +

• 18 in. 30"

2" 7 at 4"
– Therefore, use 30 in. Level 6

7 at 4"
32"

2"
30"

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 123
 Intermediate Moment Frames

• Beams
• Columns

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 124
 Structural Wall Example
A A’ B C C’ D N
• Same building as moment 1
frame example
2
• 12-story concrete building

7 @ 30’ = 210’
3
• N-S direction: SMF
4
• E-W direction: dual system
5
• Seismic Design Category D
• Modal Analysis Procedure 6

Shear wall @ grid 3-6 5 @ 20’ = 100’

8

Typical Floor Plan

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 125
 Structural Wall
A A' B C C' D A A' B C C' D
Story Level 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0" 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0"
Story Level
R R
12 12

17’-6”=210”
12 12
11 11
11 11
10 10
10 10
9 9
9 9
8 8
16”
11 at 13'-0"

11 at 13'-0"
8 8
7 7
7 7
6 6

30” x 30” column

6 6
5 5
5 5
4 4
4 4
3 3
3 3
2
2
2
2 Shear wall cross section
18'-0" 15'-0"

18'-0" 15'-0"
1 1
G G

B B

A. Section at Wall B. Section at Frame

Ag = (16)(210)+2(30)(30) = 5,160 sq in

Acv = 16[(210)+2(30)] = 4,320 sq in

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 126
Story Shears: E-W Loading

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 127
 Structural Wall Loading

At ground floor: shear and moment determined

from the lateral analysis and axial load from gravity
load run down.

All are factored forces.

• Vu = 769 kips
• Mu = 30,641 kip-ft
• Pu,max = 6,044 kips
• Pu,min = 2,460 kips

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 128
 Shear Panel Reinforcement

Vn = Acv   f c'  rt f y 

Vu = 769 kips (below level 2) rl Panel  to Acv

f’c = 5,000 psi, fy = 60 ksi

α = 2.0
Acv rt
 = 0.6 (per ACI 9.3.4(a))

Req’d rt = 0.0019
Min r (and rt) = 0.0025

Use #5 @ 12” o.c. each face:

rt= 0.0032 and Vn = 869 kips

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 129
 Axial-Flexural Design

At ground floor: shear and moment determined

from the lateral analysis and axial load from gravity
load run down.

All are factored forces.

• Mu = 30,641 kip-ft
• Pu,max = 6,044 kips
• Pu,min = 2,460 kips

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 130
Axial and Flexural Design

P-M interaction
Wall reinforcement: #5 @12” o.c.
Boundary reinforcement: 12 #9 each end

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 131
 Boundary Element Check
Use stress-based procedure (ACI 18.10.6.3).

Boundary Elements required if max stress > 0.2f’c

Ground level axial load and moment are determined

based on factored forces.

Pu M u 6,044 30,641(12)
 =  = 2.46ksi = 0.49 f c'
Ag S 5,160 284,444

Need confined boundary element

(extend up to below 9th floor where max stress < 0.15f’c)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 132
 Boundary Element Length

Length = larger of c/2 or c-0.1Lw

From P-M interaction, max c = 72.6 in.

So, c/2 = 38.8 and c-0.1Lw = 50.6 in

Since length > column dimension, either

• Extend boundary into wall panel
• Increase f’c = reduce boundary element length

For this example, assume f’c = 7,000 psi,

Then req’d boundary element length is 28.7 in.
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 133
 Boundary Element Confinement
Transverse reinforcement in boundary elements is to be
designed essentially like column transverse reinforcement.

Assume #5 ties and 4 in. spacing

f c'  7 
Ash = 0.09sbc = 0.09(4)(27)  =1.13 in
2

fy  60 

#5 with 4 legs, Ash = 1.24 in2

Width of the flexural compression zone, b > 12in. or hu/16

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 134
Structural Wall Reinforcement

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 135
 ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement

Flexural reinforcement per Ch.9

Joint face Mn+ not less than 33% Mn-

Min. Mn+ or Mn- not less than
20% max. Mn at joint face

No specific splice req’ts

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 136
 ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Beam Transverse Reinforcement
Closed hoops at beam ends

Maximum spacing of hoops:

d/4 8db 24dbh 12”

Longitudinal bars on perimeter

tied as if column bars
2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s  d/2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 137
 ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Beam Shear Strength
Two options:
• Similar to Special Moment Frames using
nominal moment strengths instead of probable
moment strengths.
• Design load combinations with 2x earthquake
shear

1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S + 2.0E

V1 V2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 138
 ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Column Transverse Reinforcement
Hoops at both ends of column: spacing so over length lo

   hmax 

8db
  
   
 24dbh   clear height 
so    o   6 
 hmin/2   
   
 "  18 "
12  
   

Outside length lo, transverse reinforcement per Ch. 10

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 139
 ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Column Shear Strength
Two options:
• Similar to Special Moment Frames using
nominal moment strengths instead of probable
moment strengths.
• Design load combinations with W0x earthquake
shear

1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S + W0E

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 140
Summary of Seismic Detailing for Frames

Issue Ordinary Intermediate Special

Hinge development and
minor full
confinement
Bar buckling lesser full

Member shear lesser full

Joint shear minor minor full

Strong column full

Rebar development lesser lesser full

Load reversal minor lesser full

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 141
 Questions

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 142
 DISCLAIMER
• NOTICE: Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Additionally, neither FEMA nor
any of its employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, nor
assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness,
or usefulness of any information, product or process included in this
publication.
• The opinions expressed herein regarding the requirements of the NEHRP
Recommended Seismic Provisions, the referenced standards, and the
building codes are not to be used for design purposes. Rather the user
should consult the jurisdiction’s building official who has the authority to
render interpretation of the code.
• Any modifications made to the file represent the presenters' opinion only.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 143