Drilling Strings

Dr. Gaurav Pandey

Assistant Professor
UPES Dehradun

Dr. Gaurav Pandey 1

DRILL STRING COMPONENTS

Dr. Gaurav Pandey 2

 DRILL STRING
• The drill string is connection between
the rig and the drill bit. Although the
drill string is often a source of
problems such as wash outs, twist offs
and collapse failures, it is seldom
designed to prevent these problems.

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DRILL STRING

Dr. Gaurav Pandey 4

 Drill String Functions
Compatible enough to withstand all sought of forces

Forces include that due to operation, environment, and own load

Stiff enough to transmit rotation to bit

Strong enough to withstand pressure due to circulating liquid

Compatible Kelly to transmit the rotation efficiently

Stabilizers are connectors between pipes, used to centralize drill string

in the bore hole

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 OBJECTIVES
It provides a fluid conduit from the rig surface to
the bit.
It imparts rotary motion to the bit.
It allows weight to be set on the bit.
It lowers and raises the bit in the well.
It provides stability to the bottom hole assembly
to minimize bottom hole vibration and jumping.
It allows formation fluid and pressure testing.
It permits through pipe formation

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 COMPONENTS

•DRILL STRING SUBS

•Kelly
•Drill pipes.
•Drill collar.
•Bit.

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 DRILL STRING SUBS

A short, threaded piece of pipe used to

adapt parts of the drilling string that
cannot otherwise be screwed together
because of difference in thread size or
design.

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DRILL STRING ADAPTERS OR SUBS

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SUBS

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 DRILL STRING SUBS
A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the drilling string
that cannot otherwise be screwed together because of difference in
thread size or design.

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 Drill String Components
Swivel: It also provide connection for the rotary hose and
provide passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the
drillstem.

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 kelly
• Square Shape Kelly:
• 2 ½, 3, 3 12/, 4 ½, 5 ¼ 7 6 inch sizes

• Hexagonal Kelly:
• 3, 3 ½, 4 ¼, 5 ¼ & 6 inch sizes.

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 Drill String Components
Kelly: It has a broad passageway that permits fluid to be
circulated into the drill stem and up the annulus or vise
versa.

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 Kelly accessories
• Kelly saver sub: a small sub connected to the bottom of the
Kelly to protect its threads form wear during excessive
tripping and drilling operations.

• Kelly Cock: a small sub installed on top of the Kelly, or

below the Kelly saver sub. When used above the Kelly it acts
as a back pressure valve protecting equipments above the
Kelly. It can be used to shut off the drill pipe under pressure.

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 Kelly Drive Components
Kelly Bushing: A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to the
kelly and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the Kelly to make hole.

Type HDP Type HDS Type MDS

Heavy Duty fits 23” through 49-1/2” Heavy Duty for Square Drive Rotary Medium Duty for Square Rotary
Rotary Table Tables Table

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 Kelly Drive Components
Master Bushing: A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate
the slips and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the
rotary table can be transmitted to the Kelly.

Type MSPC Type MPCH Type MSPC Type MBSS

Fits 20-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 37-1/2” to 49-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2”
Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables

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Drill Pipe and Drill Collar

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Drill String Components
Drillpipe

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Drill String Components
Drill pipe Tool Joints Basic Parts of a Drillpipe

NECK SHOULDER
SHOULDER

TONG SPACE TONG SPACE

NECK PIN BOX

BODY

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Drill String Components
Drillpipe

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 Drill String Components
Drill Collar: The heavy, thick-walled tube steel, used between
the drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem to provide pendulum
effect to the drill stem and to provide weight on bit.

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Drill Pipe

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 Drill Pipe Specifications

TENSILE REQUIREMENTS

RANGE LENGHTS

TOLERANCES

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Drill Pipe Grades

D-55
C & E-75
C & X-95
G-105
S-135

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 Drill Pipe Tool Joints

 IEU (Internal External Upset: Tool joint is larger than the pipe such that the
tool joint’s id is less than the drill pipe. The tool joint’s od is larger than drill
pipe. These are strongest available connections in drill pipe.

 EU ( External upset): Tool joint OD is larger than the drill pipe but ID is same as
that of drill pipe.

 IF (Internal Flush): Tool joint id is approximately same as that of drill pipe. The
OD is upset.

 IU (Internal Upset): Tool joint id is less than the drill pipe . Tool joint OD is
approximately same as that of drill pipe. This type pipes are called slim hole
pipes because of their smaller out side diameter for same strength pipes.

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 Drill String Components
Heavy Weight Drillpipe
 Similar in appearance to a drill pipe, HWDP has the
following different dimensional characteristics; the tube
wall is heavier about 1”thick in most sizes, the tool joints
are longer, and the tube section has a larger diameter at
mid length to protect the pipe from wear.
 HWDP were developed for the following reasons; As a
transition member to be run between drill collars and drill
pipe, as a flexible weight member to run on directional
drilling, as a weight member on small rigs, drilling small
diameter holes.

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 HWDP
The pipe is available in conventional drill pipe outer diameters.
However its increased wall thickness gives body weight 2 to 3
times greater than the regular pipe

• OD ID Linear weight ppf

• 3½ 2 1/16 26
• 4 2 9/16 28
• 4½ 2¾ 42
• 5 3 50

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 DRILL PIPE FAMILY
Size , inch Nominal Weight ppf Wall Thickness, inch
2 3/8 04.85 0.190
06.65 0.280
2 7/8 06.85 0.217
10.40 0.361
3½ 09.50 0.254
13.30 0.368
15.50 0.449
4 11.85 0.262
14.00 0.330
15.70 0.380
4½ 13.75 0.271
16.60 0.337
20.00 0.430
5 16.25 0.296
19.50 0.362
25.60 0.500
5½ 19.20 0.304
21.90 0.361
24.70 0.415
6 5/8 25.20 0.330
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Drill Pipe Identification Marks

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 Class Corrections of Drill Pipe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Class: Tensile strength Pressure Calculations
(t) (d) (t) (d)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 (new) tn dn tn dn

P (Premium) 0.8 tn dn – 0.4 tn 0.8 tn dn – 0.4 tn

2. 0.8 tn dn – 0.4 tn 0.65 tn dn – 0.7 tn

3. 0.625 tn dn – 0.75 tn 0.55 tn dn – 0.9 tn

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Drill Pipe Identification Marks

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Drill Collar design: Spiral drill collar

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Stabilisers
For Vertical hole

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Roller reamers

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Shock sub

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Drill pipe dimensions and weight

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Drill collar dimensions and weight

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 Drill string design:

 The burst, collapse and tensile strength of

the drillstring components must not be
exceeded.
 The bending stresses within the drill string
must be minimized.
 The drillcollars must be able to provide all of
the weight required for drilling.
 The BHA must be stabilised to control the
direction of the well.

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 Design of a Stabilised String

 Packed hole assembly: The purpose of this design

is to align the bit with the hole already drilled and
minimise the rate of change in deviation.

 Pendulum assembly: The first stabiliser of a

pendulum assembly is placed some distance
behind the bit. A pendulum assembly will therefore
tend to decrease the angle of deviation of the hole
and tend to produce a vertical hole. This will tend
to reduce deviation.

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 Drill Pipe Selection

 Collapse Load: The highest external pressure

tending to collapse the string will occur at the
bottom when the string is run empty into the hole.

 The highest anticipated external pressure on the

pipe is given by:

Pc = 0.052 x MW x TVD
where: Pc = collapse pressure (psi)
MW = mud weight (ppg)
TVD = true vertical depth (ft) at which Pc acts

This assumes that there is no fluid inside the pipe to

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resist the external pressure
 Tension Load: The tensile resistance of drill pipe,
is usually derated by a design factor (i.e. divide the
tension rating by 1.15).

 The tension loading can be calculated from the

known weights of the drill collars and drill pipe
below the point of interest.

 Margin of Overpull - a “margin of overpull” (MOP) is

generally added to the loading line calculated above. This
allows for the extra forces applied to the drill string when
pulling on stuck pipe. The MOP is the tension in excess of
the drill string weight which is exerted. The MOP may be
50,000 - 100,000 lbs
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 Safety Factor - a safety factor for slip crushing is
generally added to the loading line calculated above. This
allows for the interaction of hoopstress (Sh) caused by the
slips and the tensile stress (St) caused by the weight of the
string. This effect reduces the allowable tension load by a
factor (Sh/St) which can be calculated as follows:

where:

D = O.D. of pipe (in)

L = length of slips (in)

K = lateral load factor

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 Design Procedure
 A graphical approach to drillstring design is recommended. If one section of
the string does not meet requirements it must be upgraded. The procedure is
as follows:

1. Choose a weight and grade of pipe to satisfy the collapse conditions

2. Using the pipe chosen in 1. calculate the tension loading, including buoyancy
effects. Draw the tension loading line and also the maximum allowable load line
.
3. Modify the tension load as given in 2. by applying a design factor, MOP and
Sh/St factor. Three design lines are thus generated.

4. If any of these design lines exceed the maximum allowable load, a higher
rated drillpipe must be used for that section of pipe.

5. Calculate the new tension loading line for the new drill string and repeat
steps 3. and 4.
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 Drill Collar Design
For straight vertical well -
[WOB + L.wP (1 - B)]
LC = ------------------------------------
[ wC – ( 1 – B) (wP – wC)]

• For directional well -

• LC = [WOB / {Cos α . NP. B . wc } ]
• α = Angle of inclination NP = neutral point factor 0.85

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 Drill Pipe Tensile Strength

• Tensile Strength:

• Pt = Ym . A (1)
• A =  . t ( d – t) (2)
• Pa = 0.9 Pt

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 Drill Pipe Torsional Strength
Min. Torsional strength in lbs.
Q = 0.96167 J Ym / d

J = polar moment of inertia

• J = {( / 32) {d4 – (d – 2 t)4 }]
•
• Effect of axial load on torsional strength
• QT = (0.96167 J / d)  { Ym2 – (Wa2 / A2)

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 Drill Pipe Burst Pressure
• Burst Pressure: It is the limit of internal pressure against
which a pipe can withstand without any burst failure.
for class 1 pipe
• Pb = 1.75 Ym . t / dn

for class P, 2 & 3 pipes

• Pb = 2 Ym . t / dn

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 Calculation of Collapse Pressure
• Collapse Pressure: It is the max. external
pressure against which a pipe can
withstand without any collapse failure.

• Calculation is based on the d/t ratio and

grades of the tubular

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 Pc = 2 Ym[(D/t-1)/(D/t)2 ………… (I)
Applicable D/t ratios for application of formula (1) are as follows :

GRADE D/t Ratio

H40 16.44 and less
J55, K55, and D-55 14.80 and less
C75 and E - 75 13.67 and less
N80 13.38 and less
X – 95 and C95 12.83 and less
P105 and G-105 12.56 and less
P110 12.42 and less
S- 135 11.90 and less
V - 140 11.95 and less

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Pc = Ym [ (A’t / D) – B’] – C …… (ii)
Factors and applicable D/t ratios for application of formula 2 and as follows :

GRADE FORMULA FACTOR D/t Ratio

A’ B’ C
H40 2.950 .0463 755 16.44 to 26.62
J55, K55, and 2.990 .0541 1205 14.80 to 24.99
D-55
C75 and E - 75 3.060 .0642 1805 13.67 to 23.09
N80 3.070 .0667 1955 13.38 to 22.46
X – 95 and C95 3.125 .0745 2405 12.83 to 21.21
P105 and G-105 3.162 .0795 2700 12.56 to 20.66
P110 3.180 .0820 2855 12.42 to 20.29
S- 135 3.280 .0945 3600 11.90 to 19.14
V - 140 3.295 .0970 3750 11.95 to 18.95

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 Pc = Ym [ (At / D) – B’] …………(III)
GRADE FORMULA FACTOR D/t Ratio
A’ B’
H40 2.047 .03125 26.62 to 42.70

J55, K55, and D-55 1.990 .0360 24.99 to 37.20

C75 and E - 75 1.985 .0417 23.09 to 32.04

N80 1.998 .0424 22.46 to 31.05

X – 95 and C95 2.047 .0490 21.21 to 28.25

P105 and G-105 2.052 .0515 20.66 to 26.88

P110 2.075 .0535 20.29 to 26.20

S- 135 2.129 .0613 19.14 to 23.42

V - 140 2.142 .0630 18.95 to 23.00

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 Pc = 46.95 x 106 / ( D/t) [ (D/t)-1] 2 … (IV)

Applicable D/t ratios for application of formula 4 and as follows :-

GRADE D/t Ratio
H40 42.70 and greater
J55, K55, and D-55 37.20 and greater
C75 and E - 75 32.05 and greater
N80 31.05 and greater
X – 95 and C95 28.25 and greater
P105 and G-105 26.88 and greater
P110 26.20 and greater
S- 135 23.42 and greater
V - 140 23.00 and greater

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Properties Calculation of drill pipe 5 in. x
4.276 in.

Pipe w Pc Pb Pt
1. Grade E Class 3 21.5 3210 5970 240300

• 2. Grade E Class – 2 22.8 4760 7060 311540

• 3. Grade X Class – P 23.6 8230 11000 394220

• 4. Grade X Class – 1 23.6 12010 12040 501090

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 Drill Pipe MOP
(Margin of Overpull)
It is the limit of the joint tensile strength to be kept as reserve during
the design of the drill string for the over pull process during the pipe
stuck off condition.

MOP = Pa - Wa
Wa = effective axial load at the top most joint of the drill pipe section
Wa = (Wb + Lc. wc + Lp1.wp1).B

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 Drill Pipe SFT
(Safety Factor of Tension)
• It is the safety factor of tension used to be maintain in all section of
the drill pipe during design.

SFT = Pa / Wa

Wa = effective axial load at the top most joint of the drill pipe
section
Wa = (Wb + Lc. wc + Lp1.wp1).B

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Length of Drill Pipe based on MOP

(Pa – MOP) (wc . Lc)

LP1 = --------------------- - -----------------
(wP . B) wp

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Length of Drill Pipe based on MOP

Pa (wc . Lc)
LP1 = --------------------- - -----------------
(SFT . wP . B) wp

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 Problem 1

• Design a drill string using the following data-

• Well depth = 12,000 ft. Well size = 8 ½ “ Mud weight = 10.5ppg WOB = 60,000 lbs
MOP = 50,000 lbs. SFT = 1.30
• Drill collar = 6 ¼” x 2”, Drill pipe = 5 “ od & 0.362” thick. 19.5 ppf
• Formation Pressure Gradient = 0.48 psi/ft.
 No. Pipe grade & class pipe weight Collapse pressure psi
with tool joint
1. X–2 22.46 6262
• 2. X–P 22.46 8241
• 3. X–1 22.46 12,026
• 4. E–P 21.92 7662
• 5. E–2 21.92 5514
• 6. P–1 23.32 12,999
• 7. S–1 23.75 15,672
• ____________________________________________________
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 Solution

• Drill pipe 5in. x 4.276 in. tn = 0.362 in. dn = 5 in.

• Pipe 1: X – 2
• t = 0.2896 in. d = 4.8552 in. Pb = 8941 psi
• Pt = 95000 x π x 0.2896 x (4.8552 – 0.2896) = 394612 lbf.
• Pipe 2: X – P
• t = 0.2896 in. d = 4.8552 in. Pb = 11005 psi
• Pt = 95000 x π x 0.2896 x (4.8552 – 0.2896) = 394612 lbf.
• Pipe 3 X - 1
• Drill pipe X-1: t = 0.0.362 in. d = 5 in.
• Pt = 95000 x π x 0.362 x (5 – 0.362) = 501087 lbf
• Pipe 4 E - P
• Drill pipe E-1: t = 0.2896 in. d = 4.8552 in. Pb = 8688 psi
• Pt = 75000 x π x 0.2896 x (4.8552 – 0.2896) = 311536 lbf.

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 Solution
• Drill pipe 5in. x 4.276 in. tn = 0.362 in. dn = 5 in.
• Pipe 5 E – 2
• Drill pipe E-2: t = 0.2896 in. d = 4.8552 in.
• Pt = 75000 x π x 0.2896 x (4.8552 – 0.2896) = 311536 lbf.
• Pipe 6 G - 1
• Drill pipe X-1: t = 0.0.362 in. d = 5 in.
• Pt = 105000 x π x 0.362 x (5 – 0.362) = 553833 lbf
• Pipe 7 S - 1
• Drill pipe X-1: t = 0.0.362 in. d = 5 in.
• Pt = 135000 x π x 0.362 x (5 – 0.362) = 712070 lbf

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 Solution

Pipe w (ppf) Pc (psi) Pt (lbs) Pb (psi)

1. X – 2 22.46 6262 394612 8941
• 2. X–P 22.46 8241 394612 11005
• 3. X–1 22.46 12,026 501087 12037
• 4. E–P 21.92 7662 311536 8688
• 5. E–2 21.92 5514 311536 7059
• 6. P–1 23.32 12,999 553833 13304
• 7. S–1 23.75 15,672 712070 17105
• ____________________________________________________

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 Solution

Pf = 12000 x 0.48 = 5760 psi

Length of Drill Collar
•
• WOB + L . wp (1 – B)
• Ldc = ------------------------------------
• Wc – (1 – B) ( wp – wc)
• 60000 + 12000 . 19.5 (1 – 0.8394)
• Ldc = -------------------------------------------------
• 93.62 – (1 – 0.8394) ( 19.5 – 93.62)
•
• 60000 + 37580
• Ldc = --------------------------
• 93.62 + 11.90
• Ldc = 925 = 930 ft.

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 Solution

Ph at top of drill collar

Ph = 0.052 x 10.5 x (12000 – 930) = 6044 psi.
E-2 pipe can not be used.
Section 1: 21.92 ppf E-P
• Usning MOP
• (Pt1 x 0.9) – MOP Ldc x wc
• Lp1 = ---------------------------- - ------------------
• Wp1 x B wp1
•
• (311536 x 0.9) – 50000 930 x 93.62
• Lp1 = --------------------------------- - ------------------
• 21.92 x 0.8394 21.92
•
• Lp1 = 12521 – 3972 = 8549
•

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 Solution

Section 1: 21.92 ppf E-P

• Usning SFT
• (Pt1 x 0.9) Ldc x wc
• Lp1 = ---------------------------- - ------------------
• SFT X Wp1 x B wp1
•
• (311536 x 0.9) 930 x 93.62
• Lp1 = --------------------------------- - ------------------
• 1.30 X 21.92 x 0.8394 21.92
•
• Lp1 = 11722 – 3972 = 7749
• Lp1 = 7740 ft.
• Depth left = 12000 – 930 – 7740 = 3330 ft.

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 Solution

Section 2: 22.46 ppf X-2

• Usning MOP
• (Pt2 x 0.9) – MOP Ldc x wc + Lp1 . Wp1
• Lp1 = ---------------------------- - ----------------------------
• Wp2 x B wp2
•
• (394612 x 0.9) – 50000 930 x 93.62 + 7740 x 21.92
• Lp1 = --------------------------------- - ---------------------------------------
• 22.46 x 0.8394 22.46
•
• Lp1 = 16186 – 11430 = 4756 ft.
•

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 Solution

Section 2: 22.46 ppf X-2

• ` Using SFT
• (Pt1 x 0.9) Ldc x wc
• Lp1 = ---------------------------- - ------------------
• SFT X Wp1 x B wp1
•
• 394612 x 0.9 930 x 93.62 + 7740 x 21.92
• Lp1 = --------------------------------- - ---------------------------------------
• 1.30 X 22.46 x 0.8394 22.46
•
• Lp1 = 14490 – 11430 = 3060
• Lp1 = 3060ft.
• Depth left = 12000 – 930 – 7740 - 3060 = 270 ft.
 Section 3: 22.46 ppf X-1: for length 270 ft.
•

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 Solution

• Drill Collar = 930 ft.

• Section 1: E – P: 7740 ft.
• Section 2: X-2 : 3060 ft.
• Section 3: X-1 : 270 ft.

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