ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

EDUATIONAL
IN
PLANNING

REPORTER: Daisy Mae C. Buenaventura

What is
Educational
Planning? ▫ intellectual anticipation of possible
future situations
▫ selection of desirable situations to be
achieved (objectives)
▫ the determination of relevant actions
that need to be taken in order to reach
those objectives at a reasonable cost.
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 10 ISSUES & PROBLEMS IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. 1. Riding demand for Education.
2. 2. Financial Constraints facing Education
3. 3. The Manpower Imbalance
4. 4. Rural and Agricultural Development
5. 5.Training for Business and Government
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 10 ISSUES & PROBLEMS IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. 6. Out-of-School Training
2. 7. Teacher Supply and Demand
3. 8. Educational Productivity and Innovation
4. 9. How can Educational System become better equipped
for change and Innovation
5. 10. Social Consequences of Education
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RISING
DEMAND FOR
EDUCATION
❑ The first problem which will have to be faced,
whether in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East
or Asia, is the continued rapid growth of
population, combined with the rising demand by
parents and their children for educational
opportunity.

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FINANCIAL
CONSTRAINTS
FACING ❑ The constraints in many countries are likely
to become more severe, simply because the
EDUCATION proportion of national economic effort that
is now going into education is so much
larger than in the past that it is beginning
to compete severely with other important
demands, such as health, housing and
industry.

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THE
MANPOWER
IMBALANCE ❑ There are two sides to this coin the shortage of
specialized manpower, for economic development and
government administration. Serious shortages of
certain types of manpower still exist in most countries
and one task of educational planners is to try to shape
the educational system and the flow of students to
overcome these shortages. Otherwise economic
growth and public services will be handicapped. But
the other side of the coin is that the over-all number
of new jobs are not growing rapidly enough in many
countries to absorb the young people emerging from
schools and universities.
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RURAL AND ❑ Economists have now come to realize that
AGRICULTURAL unless a developing country puts heavy
emphasis on developing its agriculture and its
DEVELOPMENT rural areas it is not likely to be able to make a
take-off into sustained industrial
development. The reason is that industrial
development needs a base of savings that can
be ploughed into industry, and the major
economic base in most developing countries
is the rural areas. That is where the people
and natural resources are. Agricultural
development, in short, Is a prerequisite to
industrial development.

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TRAINING FOR
BUSINESS AND
GOVERNMENT
❑ This involves people outside the rural areas.
Here is another key area in any educational
system (including those of developed countries)
where much rethinking and research is needed
to provide guides to future development that will
make the best use of available educational
resources.

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OUT-OF-SCHOOL
TRAINING
❑ Considerable progress has been made in
developing methodologies for planning the
formal school system but little thought has
yet been devoted to planning and
coordinating these vital educations and
training activities that go on outside the
formal system. This is an important frontier
for educational planners everywhere.

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TEACHER
SUPPLY AND
DEMAND ❑ This is going to remain a crucial topic for
educational planners but is likely to change its
character somewhat. As secondary and university
level educational output expands, schools should
find it easier to recruit staff. For example, some
liberal arts graduate, over the next three or four
years, find that there is no longer a job in
administration automatically waiting for them, they
will have to look at their other choices - and up until
now teaching has not been even their second or
third choice. 11
TEACHER
SUPPLY AND
DEMAND ❑ This means that schools can become more selective
in employing teachers than during the earlier period
of rushed expansion. On the other hand, there is an
increased problem of upgrading the teachers already
on the job who did not have an opportunity to go
through secondary school or university. They will
now need further education and training if the
quality of the whole system is to be raised. Thus, In-
service training will become more important. We
still have much to learn about the most efficient and
effective forms of in-service training. 12
EDUCATIONAL
PRODUCTIVITY ❑ It is useful to distinguish between the
AND INNOVATION internal efficiency and productivity of an
educational system, and its productivity
seen from an external point of view.
Internal productivity is measured by the
relationship between the learning results
achieved and the costs of achieving them -
that is, the relation between 'inputs' and
outputs.

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EDUCATIONAL ❑ A school system may be making relatively
PRODUCTIVITY efficient and productive internal use of its
resources in doing what it is now doing, but
AND INNOVATION what it is now doing may not be especially
relevant to the present and future needs of its
society and of the individual students. In this
event, its external productivity is low,
however high its internal efficiency may be.
To state it differently, the 'fitness' of the
system to its environment may be poor,
because the environment has changed
drastically and the educational system has
not.

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HOW CAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS BECOME BETTER
EQUIPPED FOR CHANGE AND INNOVATION?

❑ Educational systems are notoriously sluggish

and backward. At a time in history when
everything else is changing rapidly, educational
systems must learn how to change themselves
rapidly too, or they will lag behind and fail to
make the contribution they must to national and
individual development.

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SOCIAL
CONSEQUENCES
If you take a traditional and relatively static
OF EDUCATION
❑
society which is starting at a low level of
economic development and inject modern
education into it, this suddenly exposes a
new generation to the 20th Century, while
their parents may still be living a century or
earlier. This is bound to have all kinds of
repercussions. We all have faith that on
balance, it is a good thing to do, but we are
far from clear about its full implications for
the society concerned.

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