Scribd
Upload
58 views4 pages

1-Introduction To Design

This document provides an overview of tunnel design and construction. It discusses the scope of design in mining extraction systems, which includes planning the location and dimensions of structures, excavation procedures, support selection, and analyzing rock properties and stresses. It also outlines three approaches to design: analytical methods using equations and modeling programs; observational methods relying on ground monitoring; and empirical methods using statistical analysis of past observations. Analytical methods are useful for modeling soft ground as a continuum, while discrete element modeling is needed for jointed rock masses.

Uploaded by

Agha Shafi Jawaid Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
58 views4 pages

1-Introduction To Design

This document provides an overview of tunnel design and construction. It discusses the scope of design in mining extraction systems, which includes planning the location and dimensions of structures, excavation procedures, support selection, and analyzing rock properties and stresses. It also outlines three approaches to design: analytical methods using equations and modeling programs; observational methods relying on ground monitoring; and empirical methods using statistical analysis of past observations. Analytical methods are useful for modeling soft ground as a continuum, while discrete element modeling is needed for jointed rock masses.

Uploaded by

Agha Shafi Jawaid Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Chapter#01 Introduction To Tunneling Design and Construction

1.1 Introduction to Design


1.1.1 Overview

Engineers are designers and the design is the goal of engineering activity. It
is design which makes engineers out of applied scientists and it is design that
represents the culmination of all engineering training.

The Engineers’ Council for Professional Development (ECPD) made this


definition in 1975:

“Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or


process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process, in which the
basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert
resources optimally to meet a stated objective”.

1.1.2 Scope of Design in Mining Extraction Systems

In mining and tunneling rock mechanics design incorporates following


aspect;

 Planning the location of structures


 Determination of dimensions and shapes
 Orientation and layout
 Excavation procedure (blasting or machine boring)
 Support selection and instrumentation
 Insitu stresses
 Monitoring of changes in stress due to mining or tunneling
 Determination of rock properties
Chapter#01 Introduction To Tunneling Design and Construction

 Stress analyzes
 Water content (pressure and flow)
 Interpretation of data

1.2 Design Approaches


There are three distinct approaches to arriving at solutions to rock mechanics
problems and these have been utilized in the design of tunnel design, namely:
a) Analytical Methods
b) Observational Methods
c) Empirical Methods.

1.2.1 Analytical Methods


In engineering mechanics, analyses of stresses and deformations around
openings by resolving a problem into its simplest elements, representing the
problem by tractable equations and then solving them.
These include;

 Closed form solutions


 Numerical methods
 Finite elements
 Finite difference
 Boundary elements
Chapter#01 Introduction To Tunneling Design and Construction
A variety of two- and three-dimensional modelling programs are available. The
choice of program depends on whether the ground can be modelled as a
continuum, for example faults, bedding surfaces, joints, shear zones, etc.,
requires an assessment of independent block movements.
Soft ground
Soft ground is normally considered as a continuum (or whether the influence of
discontinuities) and hence finite element (FE), hybrid finite element/boundary
element (FE/BE) or finite element/finite difference (FE/FD) and finite difference
(FD) methods can be applied.
Rock
Jointed rock masses are discontinuous and often can be modeled realistically
using discrete element (DE) and boundary element (BE) methods. In addition by
means of interface elements, a small number of discontinuities can be modelled
in FE and FD models, but DE is required when modelling intersecting joints and
larger numbers of discontinuities.

1.2.2 Observational Methods

These methods rely on actual monitoring of ground movement during


excavation to detect measurable instability, and on the analysis of ground-
support interaction.

 New Austrian Tunneling Method


 Convergence-Confinement method.

Empirical Methods
Empirical methods assess the stability of mines and tunnels by the use of
statistical analysis of underground observations.

 RSR (Rock Structure Rating)


Chapter#01 Introduction To Tunneling Design and Construction

 Geomechanics Classification (RMR System)


 Q-system

You might also like