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CP Data Transmission

Data transmission can occur over short or long distances. There are three key factors that must be agreed upon between the sender and receiver: direction of transmission, method of transmission (number of bits sent at once), and synchronization method. Direction can be simplex (one way), half-duplex (two way but not simultaneous), or full-duplex (two way simultaneously). Serial transmission sends one bit at a time while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over separate channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits with control bits while synchronous uses internal clocks for timing. Common uses include USB cables for serial transmission and computer components using parallel transmission.

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Neelam Makkar
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87 views

CP Data Transmission

Data transmission can occur over short or long distances. There are three key factors that must be agreed upon between the sender and receiver: direction of transmission, method of transmission (number of bits sent at once), and synchronization method. Direction can be simplex (one way), half-duplex (two way but not simultaneous), or full-duplex (two way simultaneously). Serial transmission sends one bit at a time while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over separate channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits with control bits while synchronous uses internal clocks for timing. Common uses include USB cables for serial transmission and computer components using parallel transmission.

Uploaded by

Neelam Makkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Transmission

Data transmission can be either over a short distance (for example, from computer to printer)
or over longer distances (for example, over a telephone network or the internet)

Three factors need to be considered when transmitting data (each factor has to be agreed
by both sender and receiver for this to work without error):
-the direction of the data transmission (i.e. in one direction only or in both directions)
-the method of transmission (how many bits are sent at the same time)
-the method of synchronisation between the two devices

Direction
SIMPLEX DATA TRANSMISSION is in one direction only (i.e. from sender to receiver).
Example: data being sent from a computer to a printer.
HALF-DUPLEX DATA TRANSMISSION is in both directions but not at the same time (i.e.
data can be sent from ‘A’ to ‘B’ or from ‘B’ to ‘A’ along the same line, but not at the same
time).
FULL-DUPLEX DATA TRANSMISSION is in both directions simultaneously(i.e. data can be
sent from ‘A’ to ‘B’ and from ‘B’ to ‘A’ along the same line, both at the same time). Example:
broadband connection on a phone line

Serial Data Transmission


when data is sent, one bit at a time, over a single wire or channel (bits are sent one after
the other in a single stream).
This method of data transmission works well over long distances. However, data is
transmitted at a slower rate than parallel data transmission. Since only one wire or channel
is used, there is no problem of data arriving at its destination out of synchronisation.
Note: bits can be transmitted as simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.

Parallel Data Transmission


several bits of data (usually 1 byte) are sent down several wires or channels at the same
time; one wire or channel is used to transmit each bit.
This method of data transmission works very well over short distances (over longer
distances, the bits can become ‘skewed’ – this means they will no longer be synchronised).
It is, however, a faster method of data transmission than serial.
Note: bits can be transmitted as simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.

Synchronisation

Asynchronous data transmission


data being transmitted in an agreed bit pattern. Data bits (1s and 0s) are grouped together
and sent with CONTROL BITS:

This means that the receiver of the data knows when the data starts and when it ends. This
prevents data becoming mixed up; without these control bits, it would be impossible to
separate groups of data as they arrived.

Synchronous data transmission


a continuous stream of data (unlike asynchronous data which is sent in discrete groups).
The data is accompanied by timing signals generated by an internal clock. This ensures
that the sender and receiver are synchronised with each other.
The receiver counts how many bits (1s and 0s) were sent and then reassembles them into
bytes of data. The timing must be very accurate here since there are no control bits sent in
this type of data transmission. However, it is a faster data transfer method than
asynchronous and is therefore used where this is an important issue

Uses
A common use for serial data transmission is Universal Serial Bus (USB).

Parallel data transmission is used in the internal electronics of the computer system on the
IC (integrated circuit) board. The pathways between the CPU and the memory all use this
method of data transmission. The use of 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit buses, for example,
allow much faster data transmission rates than could be achieved with single channel serial
data transfer.
An internal clock is used to ensure the correct timing of data transfer; it is essentially
synchronous in nature and the short distances between components mean that none of the
issues described earlier have any real impact on the accuracy of the data.

Universal Serial Bus


Asynchronous serial data transmission method. It has quickly become the standard method
for transferring data between a computer and a number of devices. Essentially, the USB
cable consists of:
-a four-wire shielded cable
-two of the wires are used for power and the earth
-two of the wires are used in the data transmission

Why does USB have two data lines?


Data is sent over a differential line, which means that D- is a mirror image of D+, so both
Data lines carry the signal. The receiver subtracts D- from D+. If there was some noise it
would be picked up by both wires, the subtraction will cancel it.

USB operation
When a device is plugged into a computer using one of the USB ports:
-the computer automatically detects that a device is present (this is due to a small change
in the voltage level on the data signal wires in the cable)
-the device is automatically recognised, and the appropriate DEVICE DRIVER is loaded up
so that computer and device can communicate effectively
-if a new device is detected, the computer will look for the device driver which matches the
device; if this is not available, the user is prompted to download the appropriate software.
USB Benefits and Drawbacks

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