Pre-Lab Report
Name: Acosta, Deanne Rosselini A. Subject: Organic Chemistry (Lab)
Group No. 1 Course Code/Section: CHE 0211.1/2
Group Members: Date Submitted:
1. Acosta, Deanne Rosselini
2. Ariola, Aizel
3. Artoza, Jelo
4. Ayran, Jhonee
Title of the Experiment:
Hydrocarbons and Alkyl Halides
Experiment No. 8
Introduction:
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds which are composed of a carbon and hydrogen. There are two types
of hydrocarbons which are aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms; it is further classified as alkanes (C-C bond), alkenes (C-C double bond) and alkynes (C-
C triple bond). While, aliphatic hydrocarbons in which the carbon chain is formed into a ring are called
cyclic hydrocarbons. On the other hand, aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have
one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings. The majority of the hydrocarbons are found in
crude oils such as petroleum and natural gas. It is also found in different plants and trees. Hence, it can be
seen almost everywhere, let it be in our home or in the surroundings.
An alkyl halide is an organic compound in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for
one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. Alkyl halides, which has a general formula of R-X, can
contain halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. It is often used as synthetic
intermediates in the laboratory. It is known to be toxic and can also be found in refrigerants, propellants,
fire extinguishers, hair sprays, and deodorants.
Hydrocarbons can undergo into different chemical reactions. Its chemical reactivity can be
determined by its type of bond in the compound. Alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons, are generally
unreactive to most reagents but it tends to burn in a combustion reaction. While, alkenes and alkynes, which
are unsaturated hydrocarbons, are generally more reactive due to the electron density available in its pi
bonds. Hence, it can undergo addition reaction across its double or triple bonds. On the other hand, aromatic
compounds can undergo substitution reaction in the presence of a catalyst. It has a higher ratio of C-H
bonds, hence in a combustion reaction, it burns with a sooty flame due to the unburned carbon particles
present. Specifically, hydrocarbons can undergo the following chemical reactions:
1. Combustion – refers to the chemical reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to create
carbon dioxide, water, and heat.
Figure 1. Combustion reaction of hydrocarbons
2. Reaction with bromine – Alkenes and alkynes react rapidly with bromine in a solution of carbon
tetrachloride or cyclohexane. Hence, in the reaction, the reddish brown color of the bromine will
disappear and the product will be colorless. On the other hand, alkanes do not react with bromine
because the reaction is the addition of the elements of bromine to the carbons of the multiple bonds.
Figure 2. Reaction of bromine with alkanes, alkenes and alkynes respectively.
3. Reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) – Alkenes react with H2SO4 by addition
reaction. Alkyl sulfonic acids form as products and are soluble in H2SO4. On the other hand, sulfuric
acid is unreactive with alkanes, while, alkynes require a catalyst because it reacts slowly with
H2SO4.
Figure 3. Reaction of an alkene with concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Baeyer’s Test: Reaction with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) – Potassium permanganate is
an oxidizing agent that reacts with unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, but does not react with
alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons. A reaction takes place when the purple color of the KMnO4
disappears and a brown precipitate forms. Hence, manganese dioxide (MnO2) is produced.
Figure 4. Reaction of an alkene with potassium permanganate.
Objectives
At the end of the experiment, the students should be able to:
• Describe the reactivity of hydrocarbons towards Bromine, KMnO4, and H2SO4.
• Describe the flames produced by saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
• Determine whether a hydrocarbon is aromatic by nitration.
• Apparatus
Reagents:
Procedure:
Tests for Hydrocarbons
Prepare 3 test tubes
for reagents bromine, Choose one reagent at a
KMnO4, and time and then put the
Ammoniacal cuprous reagent in the test tubes
chloride and observe the changes
Light the match stick and
Repeat the process for the put it up to the mouth of
remaining reagents the test tubes then
observe the ignition test
Identifying Alkenes with Bromine Water
Prepare 3 test tubes
containing alkane, Use pipette to add bromine
alkene, and bromine water in to the alkane and
water alkene molecules
Put a stopper on the test
Let it settle for a bit and tube with alkene
observe. molecules and start
shaking it.
Addition of Bromine and KMnO4 to cyclohexene
Prepare 3 test tubes Secure the
and then put 2 ml of test tube
hexane in the test tube using tripod
Add few drops of
potassium permanganate Add few drop of
using micropipette on to bromine using
the second test tube and micropipette on to
gently shake it the first test tube
Observed the
reaction
Reactivities of Alkyl Halides
Put 2 mL of Sodium Then add 4 drops of each: 1 –
Prepare 5 test iodide in the five test Bromobutane,1-Chlorobutane 2-
tubes tubes Bromobutane,2-Chlorobutane,2-
methylpropane
Repeat procedure for Silver Put the test tubes in hot
Observe the reaction water bath
Nitrate
Halides and concentrated sulphuric acid
Add Use full range
Put potassium indicator paper
chloride in a test concentrated
Make a note of to test the
tube sulfuric acid to
any changes acidity of the
potassium
chloride gas
Soak filter paper
Repeat steps for in acidified
Potassium Potassium
dichromate Using lead
bromide, acetate paper, Use ammonia gas
Potassium solution and use to test for
it to test the test the presence
iodide the of hydrogen hydrogen halide
presence of gases
sulphide gas
sulfur dioxide
gas
Reaction of halides with sulfuric acid
Prepare 3 test tube
containing chloride, Add concentrated sulfuric
bromide, and iodide acid in to each test tube
respectively
Observe the reaction
Post-Lab Report
Name: Acosta, Deanne Rosselini A. Subject: Organic Chemistry (Lab)
Group No. 1 Course Code/Section: CHE 0211.1/2
Group Members: Date Submitted:
1. Acosta, Deanne Rosselini
2. Ariola, Aizel
3. Artoza, Jelo
4. Ayran, Jhonee
Title of the Experiment:
Extraction of caffeine from tea
Experiment No. 4
Table 1. Tests for Hydrocarbons
TEST Hydrocarbon Observation
Orange color of
A bromine was produced
Hydrocarbon in
bromine solution and
B No change is observed.
carbon tetrachloride
Orange color of
C
bromine was produced.
Purple color was
Hydrocarbon in A
produced.
potassium
B Purple color remained.
permanganate
Purple color was
solution C
produced.
Hydrocarbon in A No precipitate formed.
ammoniacal cuprous B No precipitate formed.
chloride solution C Precipitate was formed.
A Some soot was formed.
Ignition Test B No soot was formed.
C More soot was formed c
Table 2. Identifying Alkenes with Bromine Water
Hydrocarbon Observations
After the concentrated bromine water solution was added in the
Alkane
test tube, the solution became yellowish solution.
After the bromine water solution was dropped in to the second test
tube, orange color settled ate the bottom of the test tube. After
Alkene
shaking the solution, orange color started to disappear and the
remaining parts stayed as cloudy.
Table 3. Addition of Bromine and KMnO4 to Cyclohexene
Reagents Added to Cyclohexene Observations
The addition of bromine to hexane produced a
Bromine
colorless solution.
The violet color of potassium permanganate
settled at the bottom. After shaking it gently it
Potassium permanganate
became brown in color. Reduction happened
in the reaction.
Table 4. Determining the Reactivities of Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halides Observations Reactivity
After less than a minute, white solid very reactive
1-bromobutane started to precipitate which means fastest reaction among other
that reaction has taken place. alkyl halides
After the hot bath, we can clearly the
cloudy like appearance of the Less reactive compared to 1-
1-chlorobutane
solution this tells us that reaction has bromobutane.
already taken place.
White solid precipitate settled at the
2-bromobutane Very reactive
bottom of the test tube.
2-chlorobutane No change observed. Not reactive
2-chloro-2-
No change was observed Not reactive
methylpropane
Table 5. Halides and Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide
a white color and yellow color and The solution
Observations foam-like bubbles bubbles were became brown in
were formed when produce when color after the
sulfuric acid was sulfuric acid was sulfuric acid was
added added added.
More hydrogen
hydrogen halide gas Greatest amount of
Test for Hydrogen halide gas than KCl
escaping from the hydrogen halide gas
Halide Gases was seen escaping
test tube. were produced
from the test tube.
-Lead acetate paper
No changes were No changes
turned in to brown
observed observed
Lead Acetate Paper color
- no presence of - no presence of
Test . -Presence of
hydrogen sulfide hydrogen sulfide
hydrogen sulfide
gas. gas.
gas.
Presence of sulfur Presence of sulfur
dioxide was seen as dioxide was seen as
the acidified the acidified
Presence of sulfur No presence of dichromate paper in dichromate paper in
dioxide gas Test sulfur dioxide gas. the filter paper the filter paper
disappeared and disappeared and
filter paper turned in filter paper turned
to white color in to white color
Table 6. Reaction of Halides with Sulfuric acid
Halides Observations
Sodium chloride Sulfuric acid is very reactive with sodium
chloride. Producing white misty fumes of
hydrogen chloride gas with a not so visible
gas escaping the tube.
Sodium bromide Orange color was produced which means that
bromine was being produce in the reaction.
Also, bromine fumes might be produce as the
solution gets hot.
Sodium iodide The solution produced a dark brown color.
Produced misty white fumes and purple
iodine vapor.
Answers to Questions
1st Video – Test for Hydrocarbons
• Bromination
• Alkaline KMnO4 Test
• Reaction of Hydrocarbons with ammoniacal cuprous chloride
2nd Video – Identifying Alkenes with Bromine Water
• Alkane
• Alkene
3rd Video – Addition of Bromine and KMnO4 to Cyclohexene
• Addition of Bromine to Cyclohexene
• Addition of KMnO4 to Cyclohexene
4th Video – Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
A. With NaI
• 1-Bromobutane
• 1-Chlorobutane
• 2-Bromobutane
• 2-Chlorobutane
• 2-methylpropane
B. With AgNO3
• 1 – Bromobutane
• 1-Chlorobutane
• 2-Bromobutane
• 2-Chlorobutane
• 2-methylpropane
5th Video – Halides and Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Solid Potassium Chloride
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Solid Potassium Bromide
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Solid Potassium Iodide
6th Video – Reaction of Halides with Sulfuric Acid
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Sodium Chloride
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Sodium Bromide
• Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Sodium Iodide
Summary and Conclusion:
Through the conducted experiment, it was observed that hydrocarbons can undergo different
chemical reactions. The chemical reactivity of a hydrocarbon is determined by its type of bond or saturation.
Saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes are generally unreactive due to its strong carbon-carbon and carbon-
hydrogen bonds. While, alkenes and alkynes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons, are generally more
reactive than alkanes due to the electron density available in their pi bonds. It can undergo addition reactions
such as hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydrohalogenation. Thus, as observed in the experiment with the
addition of reagents such as bromine, KMnO4, and H2SO4; the alkane compound displays unchanged
reaction, compared to alkene and alkyne which shows a cloud like mixture or reaction, thus it also shows
precipitation. In addition, with the reactivity of alkyl halide, it can be deduced that tertiary haloalkanes
shows faster reaction compared to secondary and primary. On the other hand, aromatic hydrocarbons can
undergo substitution reactions. It is electron-rich; thus, it can highly attract electrophiles and undergo
substitution. Moreover, the flames produced by a saturated hydrocarbon had a fine blue flame, while
unsaturated hydrocarbon produces a yellow flame with soots.
References:
• Ball et al. Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition. Retrieved from
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• Clark C. (2018, July 3). What are hydrocarbons. Retrieved from http://www.gcesystems.com/what-
are-hydrocarbons/
• Ck12 Science. (2019, December 19). Alkyl Halides. Retrieved from
https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/alkyl-halides/lesson/Alkyl-Halides-CHEM/
• Boll M, Fuchs G, Heider J (2002) Anaerobic oxidation of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons.
Curr Opin Chem Biol 6: 604–611.
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