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SCIENCE 10
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Date: __________________ Quarter: _________
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
I. Introduction
This module offers interesting discussion about gases. You will have a chance to get to know important
concepts that will make you appreciate the properties and the behavior of gases.
Most gases are invisible. We can name as many solids and liquids that we see around us but not gases. It is
only the very few colored ones like the black smoke produced by smoke belchers that can be seen. Unseen
gases are present, to name a few, in a bottle that seems to be empty, in the production of food by the plant,
and even in playing our favorite sports. Can you play your favorite sports like volleyball and basketball without
the ball sufficiently filled with air or gas? Even our very own existence requires the presence of unseen gases.
We take in oxygen and we exhale carbon dioxide. Can we survive here on earth without the desirable gases
which support life?
You learned in Grade 8 that like other solids and liquids, gases are also made up of molecules that behave
differently. Most of the properties of gases can be attributed to the random and scattered arrangement of its
molecules, which are located as far away as possible from each other because they have very weak
intermolecular force of attraction.
The relationship between the volume and pressure of gases at
constant temperature was first stated by Robert Boyle during the
16th century. He performed an experiment wherein he trapped a
fixed amount of air in the J-tube, he changed the pressure and
controlled the temperature and then, he observed its effect to the
volume of the air inside the J-tube. He found out that as the
pressure is increased, the volume decreases. He finally concluded
that the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure at constant temperature.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Gas particles have a very weak intermolecular force of attraction, hence they move as far
as possible from each other. They have the tendency to occupy all the spaces they are
contained in. If the pressure is increased, the volume will be decreased forcing the gas particles
to move closer to one another.
The observations in Activity 2 can be expressed in the Boyle’s Law equation:
1
V α at constant T and n
P
Where:
V = volume, P = pressure, T = temperature and n = amount of the gas.
How will you read the above sited equation? It is read as: The volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure, if temperature and amount of a gas are held constant.
It can also be read as: At constant temperature, the volume occupied by
a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the reciprocal of pressure (1/P).
Let’s take a look at the equation again and try to change the proportionality sign (α )
with the equal sign (=).
1
V α at constant (k)
P
k
V= Thus, k = VP
P
The latter equation is simply read as:
The product of Pressure and Volume is constant. What is
the value of Vx P in Table 6?
Table 6. Data on Volume-Pressure Relationship
Were you able to verify the meaning of proportionality constant?
Let us apply the equation you learned about Boyle’s Law. Since volume and pressure
of the gas can be varied, let P1 and V1 be the initial pressure and volume respectively and P2
and V2 be the final pressure and volume respectively.
According to Boyle’s Law, PV= k therefore:
V1 P1 = k
V2 P2 = k
then V1P1 = V2P2
You are now equipped with the fundamental knowledge to cope with the problem
solving activities related to Boyle’s Law.
Let’s try to solve this problem:
The inflated balloon that slipped from the hand of Renn has a volume of 0.50 L at sea
level (1.0 atm) and it reached a height of approximately 8 km where the atmospheric pressure is
approximately 0.33 atm. Assuming that the temperature is constant, compute for the final
volume of the balloon.
Source: http://regentsprep.org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATP8b/exponentialResource.htm
In analyzing the problem, it is important that you categorize the initial
and final conditions of the variables:
By applying Boyle’s Law, can you predict what will happen to the final
volume?
Yes, you’re right! The final volume will increase. Let’s compute for the numerical value
of the final volume by substituting the given values to this equation.
V1P1 = V2P2 V2 = V1P1 /
P2
2
(0.33 atm)
V = ( 0.50 L) ( 1.0 atm) = 1.5 L
The volume - temperature relationship in gases (k = V/T) was
determined by and named after Jacques Charles. In his experiment,
Jacques Charles trapped a sample of gas in a cylinder with a
movable piston in water bath at different temperatures. Jacques
Charles found out that different gases decreased their volume by
factors 1/273 per °C of cooling. With this rate of reduction, if gas will
be cooled up to -273°C, it will have zero volume! Interesting, isn’t it?
Charles’ Law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed
amount of gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin (K) temperature.
Jacques Charles
(1746- 1823)
Mathematically, Charles’ Law can be expressed as:
V α T at constant P
Where: V = volume and
T = temperature expressed in Kelvin
Why is there a need to convert °C to K? Kelvin is the basic unit for measuring
temperature in the International System (SI). “It denotes the absolute temperature scale
whereby 0K or absolute zero is defined as the temperature when molecules will have the
lowest energy.”
Removing the proportionality symbol (α) and using the equality sign (=)
the equation will be as follows:
V=kT or k= V
T
Thus, in a direct proportion, the quotient of the variable is constant.
If you are going to consider the initial and final conditions, you will arrive
at the following equations:
V1 V2
=k and =k
T1 T2
Whereas, V1 is the initial volume and V2 is the final volume
T1 is the initial temperature and T2 is the final temperature
If the volume-temperature ratios are the same in the initial and final
conditions, then we will arrive at this equation:
V1 V2
=
T1equations
To further illustrate the mathematical T2 above, let us have the following:
A gas cylinder was measured to have different volumes at different temperature as
shown in Table 8. Complete the table with the necessary information.
Table 8. Data on Volume-Temperature Relationship
The person who is credited with the determination of the temperature-
pressure relationship in gases at constant volume is Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac. He deduced that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to
its temperature.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1746- 1823)
This means that when the temperature of gases increases its pressure also increases or
vice versa. Hence, we can state the Gay-Lussac’s Law as: At constant volume, the pressure of a
fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
Gay-Lussac’s Law can be expressed mathematically as
P α T at constant Volume
It is can be written as:
P = k T or k= P
T
Since there is a direct proportionality between the pressure and temperature of gases at
constant volume, it can be shown in this equation:
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
Consider this table:
Table 10. Data on Temperature-Pressure Relationship of Gases
During the first half of the nineteenth century, Lorenzo Romano
Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto, made
important contributions in shedding light on reaction stoichiometry.
He provided explanations as to why compounds reacted in
definite ratios and on how the amount of gas affects its volume.
Experimentally, the most convenient way of quantifying the
amount of gas is through its mass. Avogadro played an important
role in providing evidence of the existence of atoms. Eventually
the number of molecules in a mole is named after him.
Amedeo Avogadro
(1776-1856)
In 1811, Avogadro wrote in a paper that, “Equal volumes of all gases, kept at the same
pressure and temperature, contain the same number of molecules.” Avogadro was the first to
suggest that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present
at a given temperature and pressure.
If the volume of gases is directly proportional to the number of mole whose symbol is n,
what will be the mathematical equation for the volume-mole relationship? Can you still recall
the way we represent the relationship in a mathematical equation?
Using the proportionality symbol, we can express the proportionality
between the volume and the number of mole of a gas as:
V α n at constant T and P
Mathematically, the Avogadro’s Hypothesis can be expressed as:
V
=k
n
where V is the volume of gas
n is the amount of gas in moles and
k is a proportionality constant
This can also be expressed as:
V1 V2
n1 = or V1n2 =
n2 V2 n 1
Let’s have this table:
Table 12. Data on Avogadro’s Hypothesis
REFERENCES:
EXPERIENCING SCIENCE 10 book pages 224 – 229
Jason S. Madamba (Author)
