HKDSE Mathematics Module 2

Revision Notes
Part (1)

A. Binomial
B. Trigonometry
C. Mathematical Induction
D. Differentiation

Name:_____________________________ Class:___________ No.:________________

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 A. Binomial
Things to be memorized:

n n!
1. C =
r
r !( n  r )!
2.  x  yn  x n  C1n x n 1y  C2n x n  2 y2 ... Cnr x n  r y r ... y n
x r y nr x r y nr
n n
3. General term of (x+y)n = C r
General term of (x-y)n =(-1)n-r C r

Type 1: Finding the constant term and coefficient

Amaths 2009-11

Amaths 2008-02

2|Page
Amaths 2004-02

Type 2: Finding the index n of the binomial

HKDSE-2012

3|Page
HKDSE-2013

HKDSE-2014

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 B. Trigonometry
Things to be memorized:

Radian:

s A 
1.  2 2. Length of arc(s) = r 3.Area of sector (A) = r 2
2 r  r 2

Identities

sin  cos sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

1. tan  = cot  =
cos sin  sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB

1 1 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB

sec  cosec 
cos sin cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tan A  tan B
tan(A + B) =
2. 1  tan A tan B
sin2 + cos2  =1 tan A  tan B
tan(A – B) =
1 + cot2  = cosec2  1  tan A tan B
tan2  + 1 = sec2  2sinAcosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
2cosAcosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
3*.
2sinAsinB = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
xy xy
4*. sinx + siny = 2 sin cos
2 2
cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2sin2A
xy xy
5* sinx – siny = 2 cos sin
2 2
1 xy xy
sin2A = (1 – cos2A) cosx + cosy = 2 cos cos
2 2 2
1 xy xy
cos2A = (1 + cos2A) cosx – cosy = –2 sin sin
2 2 2
2 tan A
6. tan 2A =
1  tan 2 A
* Students could try to apply identities on the left column first, then the right colume.

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Type 1: Proving the Identities and then use it.

HKDSE-2012

6|Page
HKDSE-2013

HKDSE 2015

7|Page
AMATHS 2003-10

Type 2: Solving trigonometry equations.

AMATHS 2011-07

8|Page
AMATHS-1998-2-07

HKDSE-2012

9|Page
 C. Mathematical Induction
Things to be memorized:
Step I:
When n=1,
…
The statement is true for n=1.
Step II:
Assume the statement is true for some positive integer k,
i.e. …
…
The statement is true for n=k+1.

Conclusion:
By the principal of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integer n.

Type 1: Basic Questions

HKDSE-2012

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HKDSE-2013

Type 2: Trigonometry

HKDSE 2015

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Type 3: Matrices

HKDSE-2014

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 D. Differentiation
(a) Limit and the first principals
Things to be memorized

1 h sinh eh 1
1. lim 0 2. lim  1 3. lim 1
n n h0 sinh h h0 h
1 x
h
4. lim(1  h)  e
h
e.g. lim(1  ) h  e x
h 0 h 0 x
2 3
x x x x 4 x5 1 1 1 1
5. e  1       ... e.g. e  1  1       ...
x

1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 2! 3! 4! 5!
Techniques and strategy to attack a question.
dy
Finding Derivatives by the first principals(where a is a constant)
dx
1
1. y  x^ n [Limit to be applied lim  0 ]
n n

h sinh
2. y  sin(ax) [Limit to be applied lim
h0 sinh
 1 ]
h
h sinh
3. y  cos(ax) [Limit to be applied lim
h0 sinh
 1 ]
h
eh 1
4. y  e ax [Limit to be applied lim 1 ]
h0 h
1

5. y  ln ax [Limit to be applied lim(1  h)  e ]

h 0
h

HKDSE-2013

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HKDSE-2014

HKDSE-2015

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HKDSE-2012

AMATH 2000-1-03

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AMATH 1991-1-02

Other question

dy
Finding Derivatives if y=log x
dx

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(b). Differentiation
Things to be memorized:

d n
1. ( x )  nx n1 d dv du
dx 1. (uv)  u  v
d dx dx dx
2. (sinx) = cosx
dx
d du dv
3. (tanx) = sec2x v u
d u dx dx
dx 2. ( )
dx v v2
d
4. (secx) = secxtanx
dx
d dy dy du
5. (cosx) = –sinx 3.  
dx Differentiate C => dx du dx
d Negative
6. (cotx) = –cosec2x
dx 4. Implicit Differentiation
d
7. (cosecx) = –cosecx cotx
dx
d 1
8. (ln x) 
dx x
d 1 d 1 1
log a x = ln x =
dx ln a dx ln a x

d x d u du
9. (e )  e x and (e )  e u
dx dx dx
d x
10. a  a x ln a
dx

Extra
d 1
( x) 
dx 2 x
*Usually, in HKDSE, Differentiation a function mainly focus on Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation.
Students have to be aware when differentiating cos x , cot x and cosec x.

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HKDSE-2014

HKDSE-2015

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AMATHS 2005-09

OTHERS
2
dy d y
if y  e .
sin x
1. Find and 2
dx dx

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Applications
(1) Finding Tangent + Normal at a point

dy dy
S1. find => S2. find => S3. Tangent : y – y1 = f  ( x1 ) (x – x1)
dx dx ( x1 , y1 )
1
Normal : y – y1 = ( x  x1 )
f  ( x1 )

*Most questions DO NOT provide a points but it will provide information to find the point. (e.g. cut y-
axis)

HKDSE-2012

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HKDSE-2014

AMATHS 2011-06

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AMATHS 2009-06

(2) Finding Maximum/Minimum and Curve Sketching

Things to be memorized:
(a) B and D are the maximum points

(b) C is the minimum point.

(c) B, C and D are the extremem points

(d) D is the global maximum.

(e) E is the global minimum.

(f) The relative maxima are p and q.

(g) The relative minimum is r.

(h) The absolute maximum is p.

(i) The absolute minimum is t.

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First Derivative Test(To find Max.pt. and Min. pt.)

dy dy
S1. Find => S2. Solve =0 => S3. Construct a table
dx dx

x x<0 0 0<x<5 x=5 5<x<10 X=10 10<x

dy +ve 0 -ve 0 +ve 0 +ve

dx

Maximum point =( 0 , y1) Minimum point=(5,y2) Stationary point=(10,y3)

Second Derivative Test (To find Max/ Min. pt. + Point of Inflexion)

dy dy d2y
S1. Find => S2. Solve =0 => S3. Find ( x1 , y1 )
dx dx dx 2

x 0 x=5 X=10

dy 0 0 0
dx

d2y -ve +ve 0

dx 2

Maximum point =( 0 , y1) Minimum point=(5,y2)

( To find Point of inflexion)

x x<0 0 0<x<5 x=5 5<x<10 X=10 10<x

d2y +ve 0 -ve 0 +ve 0 +ve

dx 2

Point of inflexion =( 0 , y1) (5,y2)

* Students should familiar with themselves some typical questions and graphs.

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Type 1: Finding Max/Min.
AMATHS 2011-08

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HKDSE 2013

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Type 2: Curve Sketching
AMATHS1995-1-03

AMATHS 2010-02

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HKDSE-2013

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HKDSE 2015

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AMATHS 2002-P2-08

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AMATHS 1996-P2-08

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(3) Rate of Change
Things to be memorized:
S1.Find the equation
1 2 1
e.g. V  r h and h=kr then V  ar 3 =>
3 3
dV dV dr
S2.Use Chain Rule 
dt dr dt
dV dV dr dr
e.g.   ar 2 =>
dt dr dt dt
S3. Sub suitable value to solve the equation (*BE AWARE of the +/- sign)
*Usually Rate of change questions is combined with Integration in Section B.

AMATHS 2007-09

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HKDSE2014

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AMATHS 1999-1-08

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AMATHS

92-1-07

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