i n e s

f e n g
o n o e n t s
i c a t i p o n
a s s if c o m
C l g i n e
en
and
 Engine

Engine is a machine for converting heat, developed by burning fuel into useful

work

Or

It is equipment which generates thermal energy and transforms it into

mechanical energy.

Heat engine is of two types:

(i) External combustion engine, and

(ii) Internal combustion engine.

 Engine

Mechanical
Heat energy
energy

Combustion
of fuel such as
coal, petrol
and diesel

This heat is supplied to a working part at high temperature. By the

expansion of burnt substance, heat energy is converted into useful
work, which drives the working part
External combustion engine
It is the engine designed to derive its power from the fuel, burnt outside the engine
cylinder. Here combustion process uses heat in the form of steam, which is generated in a
boiler, placed entirely separate from the working cylinder.

Internal combustion engine (I. C. Engine)

It is the engine designed to derive its power from the fuel, burnt within the engine
cylinder. Here combustion of fuel and generation of heat takes place within the cylinder of
the engine.
Types of engines
Number of cylinders - Further they can be two, four six, eight cylinder etc

Arrangement of cylinders - in row, in two rows (V-type), in two rows

opposing each other

Air Intake Process - Naturally Aspirated, Super charged, Turbo charged

Arrangement of valves - I-head, L-head, F-head etc.

Types of cooling system- Air cooled and water cooled

Number of strokes per cycle - Two stroke and four stroke

Type of fuel used- Petrol, diesel, LPG etc.

Method of ignition - Spark ignition and Compression ignition

Reciprocating or rotary (Wankel and turbine)

Number of cylinders
Horizontally Opposed
In - Line
V - Configuration
Arrangement of cylinders

I. In-line II. V-type

III. Opposed piston IV. Radial type

Air cooling system
Circulates air over cooling fins on
the cylinders
Air removes heat from the cylinders

Four cylinder water cooled

engine
 Valve Location

Engines are classified by the location of the valves:

●L-head engine
Also called a flat head engine
●I-head engine
Both overhead valve (OHV) engines and overhead cam
(OHC) are I-head
●F-head engine
Compromise between I & L head engines
 According valve arrangement
I-Head L-Head

Both valves are in the cylinder head Both the intake and exhaust valves
are in the block
T-Head F-Head
Number of strokes

1. Four stroke engine

2. Two stroke Spark Ignition (Petrol) engine
Method of ignition
Spark ignition IC Engine
In this engine liquid fuel is atomised, vapor-ized and mixed with air in
correct proportion before being taken to the engine cylinder through the
intake manifolds. The ignition of the mixture is caused by an electric spark
and is known as spark ignition or SI Engine

Compression IC Engine
In this only the liquid fuel is injected in the combustion chamber under
high pressure, where already compressed air is present and due to the heat of
compression fuel ignites. That is why these type of engines are called
compression ignition or CI Engines.
Spark Ignition Compression Ignition
Engine parts & their function
Sr. Name of the Description Main Function
.No Part

1 Cylinder The cylinder of an IC engine To provide space in which the piston can
constitutes the basic and operate to draw in the fuel mixture or air
supporting portion of the engine (depending upon spark ignition or
power unit compression ignition), com-press it, allow
it to expand and thus generate power. Or
where the actual combustion takes place.

2 Cylinder Cylinder liner pressed into Same as cylinder

Liner engine block casting. Liner is
removable and when worn, can
be replaced with a new one.

3 Cylinder The upper ends of the cylinder To make a tight fit between engine block
head are closed by the cylinder head and cylinder head. A gasket made of copper
which is securely bolted to the or asbestos is used between them and is
engine block. called cylinder head gasket.
Also water circulates the cylinders and
passes through holes in the gasket into the
cylinder head to prevent the overheating of
parts.
S.No Part name Description purpose

4 Piston The piston is closed at one end and To begin movement and to transmit
open on the other end to permit direct power to the crank-shaft as a result
attachment of the connecting rod and of the pressure and energy generated
its free action. by the combustion of the fuel.
Piston clearance: The difference in
diameter of the piston and the
cylinder , which allows them to move
freely and to expand when heated.

5 Piston Pin A tubular steel pin attaches the piston Transmits the power from piston to
to the upper end of the connecting connecting rod.
rod.
6 Connecting Connection between the piston and Transmits the power from piston to
Rod crankshaft. The end connecting the crankshaft through piston pin.
piston is known as small end and the
other end is known as big end.
Cylinder Block
Body of engine containing the cylinders made of cast iron or aluminum.
The engine block is machined with multiple tools (manually or CNCs, the
computer numerically machines) to fix the other components. The block of
water cooled engines includes a water jacket cast around the cylinders. In air
cooled engines the exterior surface of the block has cooling fins.
Cylinder Head
The component that closes the end of cylinders, usually containing part of
the clearance volume of the combustion chamber is called head. The head is
usually made up of cast iron or aluminum, and bolts to the engine block. The
head contains spark plug in the SI engines, and the fuel injectors in CI engines.
Many engines have the camshafts also positioned there (overhead valves and
over head cam).
Head gasket
It is the gasket that serves as a sealant between the engine block and the head where
they bolt together to avoid any leakage and pressure loss. The gaskets are usually made
in sandwich construction of metal and composite materials.
Cylinder liner
The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the pistons reciprocate
back and forth. The walls of the cylinder have highly polished hard surfaces.
Cylinders may be machined directly in the engine block or hard metal (drawn
steel) sleeve may be pressed into the softer metal block also known as liners.
Sleeves may be dry sleeves, which do not contact the liquid in the water jacket or
wet sleeves which form part of the water jacket.
Piston
The cylindrically shaped mass that reciprocates back and forth in the
cylinder, transmitting the pressure forces being generated by the fuel burnt in
the combustion chamber for rotating the crankshaft is called piston.
Material of construction = Alloy steel
Piston pin
Pin fastening the connecting rod to the piston is called piston pin and also called
wrist pin.

Piston rings
These are the metal rings that fit into circumferential grooves around the
piston and form a sliding surface against the cylinder walls. Near the top of the
piston are usually two or more compression rings made with highly polished
surfaces. The purpose of the rings is to form a seal between the piston and
cylinder walls and to restrict the high pressure gases in the combustion
chamber from leaking pass the piston into the crankcase (known as blow-by).
Below the compression rings on the piston is at least one oil ring, which assists
in lubricating the cylinder walls and scrapes away excess oil to reduce oil
consumption.
Push rods
It is the mechanical linkage between the camshaft and valves on over head
valves engines used to operate the valve mechanism. Push rods have oil passages
through there length as part of a pressurized lubrication system.
Camshaft
Rotating shaft used to operate the valves (intake and exhaust) at the proper
time in the engine cycle either directly or through mechanical or hydraulic
linkage (push rods, rocker arms, and tappets) is know as camshaft. Mostly
engines have camshafts in the crank case but modern automobile engines have
one or more camshafts mounted in the engine head known as overhead cams.
These are generally made of forget steel or cast iron and driven by means of a belt
or chain (timing chain). To reduce weight, some cams are made from a hollow
shaft with the cam lobes press-fit on. In four stroke cycle engines the camshaft
rotates at half engine speed.
Crankshaft
The rotating shaft through which engine work output is supplied to external
systems is called crankshaft. The crankshaft is connected to the engine block
with the main bearings. It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through
connecting rods connected to the crankshaft, offset from the axis of rotation.
This offset is sometimes called Crank throw or crank radius. Most crankshafts
are made of forged steel, while some are made of cast iron.
Connecting rod
Linkage used for connecting the piston with rotating crankshaft is called
connecting rod. It is usually made of steel alloy forging or aluminum. Connecting
rod is fastened to crankshaft with the help of bearing.
 Material used for engine parts
S. No. Name of the Parts Materials of Construction

1. Cylinder head Cast iron, Cast Aluminium

2. Cylinder liner Cast steel, Cast iron
3. Engine block Cast iron, Cast aluminum, Welded steel
4. Piston Cast iron, Aluminium alloy
5. Piston pin Forged steel, Casehardened steel.
6. Connecting rod Forged steel. Aluminium alloy.
7. Piston rings Cast iron, Pressed steel alloy.
8. Connecting rod bearings Bronze, White metal.
9. Main bearings White metal, Steel backed Babbitt base.
10. Crankshaft Forged steel, Cast steel
11. Camshaft Forged steel, Cast iron, cast steel,
12. Timing gears Cast iron, Fiber, Steel forging.
13. Push rods Forged steel.
14. Engine valves Forged steel, Steel, alloy.
15. Valve springs Carbon spring steel.
16. Manifolds Cast iron, Cast aluminium.
17. Crankcase Cast iron, Welded steel
18. Flywheel Cast iron.
19. Studs and bolts Carbon steel.
20. Gaskets Cork, Copper, Asbestos.
THA
NKS