Paper No.
: 04
Paper Title : UNIT OPERATIONS IN FOOD PROCESSING
Module – 21 : Contact equilibrium separation processes- 3:
Extraction
Extraction
Extraction or solvent extraction is the process of separating
a component substance (the solute) from a solid or liquid
mixture by dissolving it in a liquid solvent.
This separation process involves two phases. The solvent
is the material added to form a phase different from that
where the material to be separated originally was present.
The two phases may be solid and liquid, immiscible liquid
phases, or solid and gas.
Depending on the phase of the mixture and the extraction
agent, extraction can be divided into the following types:
liquid - liquid extraction, where a solvent extracts a
solute from a liquid phase
solid - liquid extraction, or leaching, where a solvent
extracts a solute from a solid phase
supercritical extraction, where a fluid under supercritical
conditions is used as the solvent.
Extraction Examples
•cooking oils or speciality oils from nuts and seeds
f•lavours and essential oils (e.g. black pepper,
cardamom, clove, ginger, hops, parsley, vanilla, etc.)
•coffee
•sugar
•removal of caffeine from coffee and tea
General Principles of Extraction
Diffusion:
Diffusion is the transport of molecules of a compound through a
continuum in one phase, or through an interface between phases.
Solubility
The highest possible solute concentration in the final extract leaving an
extraction system is the saturation concentration. Thus, solvent to solids
ratio must be high enough such that, when fresh solvent contacts fresh
solids, the resulting solution on equilibrium, will be below the saturation
concentration of solute.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium is a condition where the solute concentration in both the solid
and the solvent phases are equal. In order for equilibrium to occur,
enough contact time must be allowed for the solid and solvent phases.
The extent to which the equilibrium concentration of solute in the solvent
phase is reached in an extraction stage is expressed as a stage efficiency.
If equilibrium is reached in an extraction stage, the stage is 100% efficient
and is designated an “ideal stage”.
Types of Extraction Processes
Single-Stage Batch Processing
Multistage Cross-Flow Extraction
Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
Continuous Countercurrent Extractors
Single-Stage Batch Processing:
In this process, the solid is contacted with solute-free solvent until
equilibrium is reached. The solvent may be pumped through the bed of
solids and recirculated, or the solids may be soaked in the solvent with
or without agitation. After equilibrium, the solvent phase is drained out of
the solids.
Examples are brewing coffee or tea, and water decaffeination of
raw coffee beans.
Multistage Cross-Flow Extraction:
In this process, the solid is contacted repeatedly, each time with solute
free solvent. A good example is soxhlet extraction of fat in food analysis.
This procedure requires a lot of solvent, or in the case of a soxhlet, a lot
of energy is used in vaporizing and condensing the solvent for recycling,
therefore, it is not used as in industrial separation process.
Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
The rotating basket extractor
Continuous Countercurrent Extractors
Continuous belt-type extractor. (A) An immersion-type multistage
countercurrent extractor. (B) A percolation-type extractor.
Leaching (Solid-Liquid Extraction)
Solid – liquid extraction (SLE) is the removal of a soluble component A
from a solid C by contact with a liquid solvent B. It is also called leaching.
Example: Leaching of coffee from ground coffee beans with hot water
Equipment
Due to the difficulty of circulating solids, leaching is often carried out in
batch fashion. Therefore, leaching equipment can be classified into:
Batch extractors
Continuous extractors
Countercurrent Extractors
Some commercial solid liquid extractors. (a) Hildebrandt screw extractor.
(b) Rotocel extractor.
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Fluids are classified as
supercritical when they are
maintained at conditions that
exceed the critical temperature
and pressure.
The density of a supercritical
fluid, however, is almost that of a
liquid, but it is not a liquid.
Phase diagram for a pure substance
Extraction Principles
Extraction with supercritical fluids (SCFs) is based on the
experimental observation that many gases become good
solvents for solids and liquids when compressed to
conditions above the critical point.
The solubility of solutes in a supercritical fluid approaches
the solubility in a liquid. Thus, the principle of solute
extraction from solids using a supercritical fluid is very
similar to that for solid-liquid extractions.
Schematic diagram of a supercritical fluid extraction system using
entrained ethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide.
Thank You
