Structure & Functions of Cell Organelles

Cell Component Structure Function

Rough Endoplasmic Extensive network of Aids in synthesis of secretory
Reticulum membrane-bound tubules and and other proteins from
sacs; membrane separates lumen bound ribosomes; adds
from cytosol; continuous with carbohydrates to
the nuclear envelope; Rough ER glycoproteins; produces new
has ribosomes attached on the membrane proteins and
outer surface of the membrane phospholipids.
Smooth Endoplasmic while Smooth ER doesn’t. Synthesis of lipids,
Reticulum metabolism of carbohydrates,
Ca2+ storage, detoxification
of drugs and poisons.

Golgi Body Stacks of flattened membranous Engaged in transfer of

sacs; has polarity (cis and trans material with vesicles from
faces) ER; modification of proteins,
carbohydrates on proteins,
and phospholipids and
synthesis of certain
macromolecules, which are
then released in vesicles to
other parts of the cell.
Mitochondria Bounded by double membrane; Cellular respiration,
inner membrane has infoldings generates ATP by extracting
(cristae)for increased surface energy from sugars, fats etc.
area, increasing productivity of with the help of oxygen.
cellular respiration

Ribosomes Two subunits made of Protein synthesis; bound

ribosomal RNA and proteins; ribosomes generally make
can be free in cytosol or bound proteins for insertion into
to endoplasmic reticulum or membranes, packaging
nuclear envelope. within certain organelles or
for secretion; free ribosomes
make proteins which function
within the cell.
Lysosomes Membranous sac of hydrolytic Breakdown of ingested
enzymes (in animal cells); substances, cell
acidic internal environment for macromolecules, and
enzymes; proteins of inner damaged organelles for
surface of lysosomal membrane recycling.
have three-dimensional shapes
that protect digestion from
enzymes. (in animal cells)
Structure & Functions of Cell Organelles

Chloroplasts Typically two membranes Photosynthesis, production of

around fluid stroma, which sugar by the conversion of
contains membranous solar energy, with the help of
thylakoids stacked into grana water and carbon dioxide.
and also contains chloroplast
DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.
(in plants)

Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer with A selective barrier that

various proteins attached allows sufficient passage of
to/embedded in it; Bilayer has a oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
hydrophobic region in the center to service the entire cell;
and a hydrophilic region at both Separates the intracellular
ends. components from the
extracellular environment.

Nuclear Envelope A double membrane, each a Encloses the nucleus,

lipid bilayer; perforated by pore separating the essential
structures; inner membrane genetic material from the
lined by nuclear lamina, which cytoplasm.
maintains the shape of nucleus

Centrioles Composed of nine sets of triplet Helps organize microtubule

microtubules arranged in a ring. assembly in animal cells.

Nucleus Surrounded by nuclear envelope Houses chromosomes, made

(double membrane) perforated of chromatin (DNA, genetic
by nuclear pores. The nuclear material, and proteins);
envelope is continuous with the contains nucleolus, where
endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomal subunits are made.
Pores regulate entry and exit
of materials such as RNA.

Nucleolus Mass of densely stained Proteins imported from the

granules and fibers adjoining cytoplasm are assembled
Structure & Functions of Cell Organelles

part of the chromatin. with rRNA into large and

small ribosomal subunits;
regulation of cellular
processes such as cell
division.
Structure & Functions of Cell Organelles

References

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Cell.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26909/

http://www.texaseducator.com/family/jbouyer/lessons/Science/askew/mycourses/botphoto.htm

http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/241f05/Lec-note/Cells.htm