A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SHEME

(SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

OMO AKIN POWER SYSTEM

AKURE, OBADESIDA ROAD

BY

ARIWODOLA KEHINDE YETUNDE

PHY/15/4353

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS

SCHOOL OF SCIENCES, THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) IN PHYSICS

(ELECTRONICS)

MARCH 2020

Omo Akin Power Systems

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this report is a detailed account of Students’ Industrial Work Experience
Schemes (SIWES) undertaken at Omo Akin Power System for six months and has been prepared
in accordance to regulations guiding the preparation of reports in the Department of Physics
Electronics of Federal University of Technology, Akure Ondo state.

Student’s Signature Date

ARIWODOLA KEHINDE YETUNDE

Supervisor’s Signature Date

PROF. OGOLO

ii
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to Almighty God, for his protection and guidance that sees me through
the training and to my lovely parent Mr. and Mrs. ARIWODOLA

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is always a pleasure to remember the good people in OMO AKIN POWER SYSTEM for their
sincere guidance I received to uphold my practical as well as theoretical skills in Physics. I
express my profound gratitude to my industrial based supervisor Mr. Akin for his priceless
training and fatherly counseling. I would like to acknowledge Mr. Femi for his support and
sincere guidance, and my colleagues for extending their kindness and friendship towards me and
providing a pleasure-training environment.

Finally, I owe gratitude to Mr. Wale for his brotherly love and the priceless knowledge he
influenced to me.

Knowledge is power and unity is strength. Thank you all and God bless.

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 ABSTRACT

This report focuses on my Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S.). The
S.I.W.E.S. program aims at improving the technical knowledge of students and to expose them
to industrial works. My S.I.W.E.S. program was undertaken at OMO AKIN POWER SYSTEM.
The company majors in designing electronic projects and alternative power supplies. This
program boosted my practical knowledge. Students should be allowed in the field for better
understanding of the work they do in the office.

v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SIWES 1
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWE 2
CHAPTER TWO: OMO AKIN POWER SYSTEM 3
2.1 COMPANY PROFILE 3
2.2 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3
2.3 ORGANOGRAM 5
CHAPTER THREE: WORKDONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED 6
3.1 BASIC COMPONENTS 6
3.1.0 CAPACITORS 6
3.1.1 RESISTORS 6
3.1.2 DIODES 7
3.2 SOLDERING TECHNIQUES 7
3.3 MULTIVIBRATORS 8
3.4 INVERTER 10
3.4.1 BASIC THEORY OF INVERTERS 10
3.4.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OUTPUT WAVEFORM 10
3.4.3 DESIGN OF INVERTERS 12
3.5 SOLAR POWER 14
3.5.1 COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR POWER 14
3.5.2 THE STEP BY STEP INSTALLATION OF SOLAR ENERGY 19
3.5.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED 20
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21
4.1 CONCLUSION 21
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 21
REFERENCES 22

vi
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0: An organogram of omo an power system 5

Figure 2: 555 timer 9

Figure 3: inverter block 13

Figure 4: parallel onneton of solar module 16

Figure 5 series of connection of solar module 16

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUTION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) programme involves the student, the
university and the industries. This training is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and
jointly coordinated by the industrial training Fund (ITF). It’s skill training program designed to
expose and prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Technology, Colleges of
Education and Colleges of Agriculture for the industrial work situation they are likely to face
after graduation. The scheme also afford students the opportunity to familiarize themselves with
the needed experience in order to be able to handle some sophisticated devices and machineries
that require technical knowledge which may not be available in their various institutions.

The rapid development and commendable achievements in the world of science and technology,
since the past century till date has made the world in which we live in much more fulfilling and
easier to live. The world script of advancement would have been incomplete without the impact
of the field of surveying & geo-informatics.

The basis of surveying & geo-informatics is laid in the university, the knowledge which is both
theoretical and practical; it gives a good foundation on which a student can build a successful
career. The SIWES is of immense benefit in this regard because it provides the connection
between our worlds of learning in the Nigeria universities to the amazing professional realities
out there.

The importance of students from all institution of learning in every part of the world partaking in
the industrial training scheme cannot be overemphasized i.e. Student industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) otherwise known as industrial training (I.T) is a program designed for
acquisition of practical knowledge of science based courses. The program forms part of the
criteria for the award of Bachelor in Technology (B. Tech), among other degrees.

1.1 SIWES
Students industrial working experience scheme (SIWES) was established in the year 1971, under
no 47 decree and it is aimed at exposing students to the industry of their chosen field so as to get
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them trained, prepared and developed for technical and future operative skills, serving as an
opportunity to increase the man power in the nation through practicing what has seen through
theoretically in their various institution of learning, and Students’ Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) was designed and jointly put in place by the Federal Government, Industrial
Training Fund (ITF), tertiary institutions, and other agencies like National Universities
Commission (NUC), National Polytechnics Commission, and National Board for Technical
Education and National Council for Colleges of Education.
This purpose is laudable, it gives students the immense opportunity to experience the practical
aspects of all that he has been taught for the past (3 1/2) three and half years. Through this
exposure, students are expected to have better understanding of their profession and develop
practical skill in addition to their acquired theoretical skills which they got from there institution.
Students are exposed to some of the challenges in the industries and are supervised during their
period of attachment to various organizations.
The six (6) month training is also an opportunity to have a taste of the business world in the
students chosen field.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

SIWES started in 1974 with the aim of making education more relevant and to bridge the
young gap between the theory and practice of engineering, technology and science related
discipline in tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

The objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme are-

a. To provide students with industrial skills and needed experience while the course
of study
b. To create conditions and circumstances, which can be as close as possible to the
actual workflow.
c. To prepare specialists who will be ready for any working situations immediately
after graduation.
d. To assist students to apply the clear vision and understanding gained during the
program to the theoretical aspect of study.

2
 CHAPTER TWO

OMO AKIN POWER SYSTEM

2.1 COMPANY PROFILE
Omo Akin power system is a company majorly base on building project which include building
of houses, Electrical installation, Solar installation and Mechanical Repair. Located in Akure
Oba-Adesida road was established in the year 2008 by Engineer M. K. AKIN, the managing
director, with the motive of building an alternative power supply through the production of
inverters and also the designing electronic projects.

2.2 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Omo akin power system is a local based manufacturing industry which produces the following
products:

 POWER INVERTERS: Inverter is a device that converts DC from a battery to AC power

for use at homes, offices, industries etc. It serves as an alternative for the electricity from
the grid. Faulty inverters are being repaired in the company.
 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: Automatic Voltage Regulator also known
AVR or stabilizer are devices constructed to ensure voltage generated from power
generator running smooth to maintain the stable voltage in specified limit. It can stabilize
voltage value when suddenly change of load for power supply demand.
 CHARGE CONTROLLER: A charge controller also known as charge controller or
battery regulator is a device which limits the rate at which electric current is added to a or
drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and protect against overvoltage,
which can reduce battery performance or life span. A series charge controller or series
regulator disables further current flow into batteries when they are fully charged. Simple
charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage level and
re – enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level. Charge controller
can be further classified into PWM type and Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT),
solar charge controller or electric charge controller
 AUTOMATIC CHANGE-OVER SWITCH: The Company also manufactures or
produces Automatic change – over switch or Automatic Transfer switch (ATS) which is
either an electric or electronic switches that switches load between two sources. Some

3
 transfer switches are manual while others are automatic. The automatic type switch load
between two sources. Some transfer switches are manual while others are automatic
 SALES OF ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS: We sell electronics components for
electronics project, Solar panels, Circuit breakers, Solenoid, Integrated ICs (40 series and
70 series) and other assorted components and gadget
 TRAINING: The Company offers training for students, hobbyist and individuals who
want to venture into Home automation system and control engineering. The following
trainings are offered:
i. Basic Electronics Training
ii. Power inverter and Power Solution Training
iii. Electrical Installation

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 2.3 ORGANOGRAM

DIRECTOR

MANUFACTURING TRAINING PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

PERSONNEL PERSONNEL

STUDENT TRAINEE

Figure 1.0: An organogram of omo an power system

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 CHAPTER THREE

WORKDONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

3.1 BASIC COMPONENTS
I was taught how to identify basic electronic components: resistors, capacitors, transistors,
diodes, etc.

3.1.0 CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electrical component that can store charges

Types of capacitors:

i. Electrolytic capacitors (Polarized)

ii. Ceramic capacitors (non-polarized)
iii. Paper capacitors
iv. Variable capacitors
v. DC capacitors
vi. AC capacitors

3.1.1 RESISTORS:
It is a current limiting device. It can be connected either in series or parallel. Types:

i. Fixed resistor: they have two legs and they have fixed values unlike variable resistors.

ii. Variable resistor: they have three legs e.g. potentiometer, trimmer, and multi turns.

iii. Special resistors: examples are- light dependent resistors, thermistors, etc.

The IT student also learnt the various uses of resistors in electronic circuits:

i. To limit current passing through a component

ii. As a voltage divider

iii. To pull up or pull-down signals i.e. to overcome floating

iv. As bleeders i.e. to discharge electronics components e.g. capacitors

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 v. In timing circuits

3.1.2 DIODES:
It is an electrical component that allows current to flow in one direction

Uses:

i. Rectification: conversion of ac to dc signal

ii. Types: full wave rectification, half-wave rectification, full wave rectification

iii. For voltage regulation

iv. Anti-polarity protection

v. Clamping and clipping

SWITCHES

Classes- latching and momentary

Types:

i. Mechanical switches

ii. Electromechanical switches (Relay)

iii. Electronic switches (Thyristors, transistors)

3.2 SOLDERING TECHNIQUES

The IT student was taught soldering techniques and the steps to take when soldering which

include:

i. Scraping the Vero-board to be used

ii. Draw the soldering pattern from the circuit

iii. Getting good jumper wires

iv. Scraping the legs of the components to be used

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 v. Getting a good soldering iron and soldering led

3.3 MULTIVIBRATORS
They are used for generating waves. The main component used in multivibrators is the NE555
timer IC.
I. NE555 TIMER IC
IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but what is not known to most
of the people is the internal circuitry of the IC and the function of various pins present there in
the IC.
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is used in various electronic
circuits for its robust and stable properties. It works as square-wave form generator with duty
cycle varying from 50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide time delay in circuits. The 555
timer got its name from the three 5k ohm resistor connected in a voltage-divider pattern which is
shown in the figure below. A simplified diagram of the internal circuit is given below for better
understanding as the full internal circuit consists of over more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2
diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit components.
The 555 timer comes as 8 pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) device.

8
Figure 2: 555 timer [4]

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3.4 INVERTER
3.4.1 BASIC THEORY OF INVERTERS
The inverter technology started with the high demand for power supply due to the improving
society given the dwindling financial support from the government and other parastatals in the
power sector along with the inadequacy and the un-sustainability of grants and subventions to
find infrastructural improvement, mismanagement, vandalization of power installation, high cost
of maintenance, inadequate gas supply, and so on. These problems have brought about the need
for alternative forms of generating power supply such as wind mill, solar energy, inverters and
UPS etc.
Inverters are used to create single or polyphase AC voltages from a DC supply. In the class of
poly phase inverter, three phase inverters are the largest group.

3.4.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OUTPUT WAVEFORM

There are three main different types of Inverter in use today based on the types of output
waveform they supply. They are:
1. Square Wave Inverters
2. Modified Sine Wave Inverters
3. Pure Sine Wave Inverters

1. Square Wave Inverters

DC to AC conversion is most commonly done through use of MOSFET inverter circuits,
which can switch the voltage across the load, providing a digital approximation of the desired
AC signal. The simplest variant of this inversion is the production of a square wave
approximation of a sine wave. For a square wave, the load voltage must be switched merely
from high to low, 10
without the need for an intermediate step (i.e. 0V). In order to deliver the same power as the
sine wave to be approximated, the amplitude of the square wave must be the sine wave's
RMS value. This way, the average voltages, and therefore the power delivered, will be the
same for the two waveforms. Square wave inverters are very rarely used in practice, as many
devices which utilize timing circuits that rely on something close to the sine wave from the
power company cannot operate with such a rough approximation. In addition, a square wave

10
has relatively large 3rd and 5th harmonic components, which burn power and severely cut
down on the efficiency of devices using such inverters as a power source. [5]

ii. Modified Sine Wave Inverters

This type of inverter is very high in efficiency and produces a waveform which is an
approximation of the pure sine wave waveform that is produced by the utility company.
While they don’t produce the same type of power as a pure sine-wave inverter, they work
fine in most cases and are also much less expensive. Individuals can use a quality DC -AC
inverter to take unreliable power and change it into an AC current that electronic devices can
use. This kind of modified sine wave power inverter creates a "blocky" waveform,
resembling a set of steps rather than the smooth curves in the waveform produced by the
utility company. Nevertheless, this type of DC to AC converter can produce the kind of
power that is suitable for most applications.
Modified sine wave is a sales term used for a modified square wave type of AC power which
is not quite the same as power company electricity. Modified wave inverters are lower cost,
slightly more efficient, and almost all appliances work fine with them, though some may hum
louder. But a few sewing machine speed controls and some Apple computers have difficulty
on modified Sine Wave. It can also damage photocopy machines, laser printers, and some
cordless tool rechargers.

iii. Pure Sine Wave Inverters

They produce power that is exactly like the power which is produced by the utility company
without the spikes and brownouts. This type of inverter produces pure sine waves much the
same way as the modified sine wave technology mentioned above, but at the cost of some
efficiency loss and at a much higher price. In fact, most pure sine wave inverters are typically
priced at least 75% higher than their modified sine wave counterparts and in some cases do
not have as high of a surge capability as do modified sine wave units.

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3.4.3 DESIGN OF INVERTERS

This entails a technical description of design of inverter ranging from transformer design,
MOSFETS configuration and circuit board for inverter.

12
Figure 3: inverter block [2]

13
 The oscillator converts the DC current from the battery to AC current with a low current and
low voltage, the current booster increases the current of the AC current signal, the power
driver (MOSFET) accepts a low power input and produces a high current drive input, the step
up transformer increases the voltage of AC current, the filter (capacitor) removes all the
ripples from the AC current signal.

3.5 SOLAR POWER

3.5.1 COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR POWER
Some of the components needed for installation of solar energy are listed below:

i. Solar system
ii. Solar panels (photovoltaic PV modules)
iii. Charge controller
iv. Battery
v. Inverter
vi. Connecting wires
vii. Appliances (like Bulb, TV, Fan etc)

1) The Solar System

Solar System can be defined as the Sun and everything that orbits the Sun which also include
the planets and their satellites. It can also be called a group of celestial bodies orbiting
another star. In this report, solar system refers to the system that includes Earth and the Sun.
Solar energy is the energy from the sun. It comes to us in form of light and heat. Nigeria
receives about 4.851 X 10P P KWh of energy from sun daily, 1.804 X 10P 15 PKWh
annually and the
country has average solar-P P-insolation of about 5.535KWh/mP 2 P/day which will
effectively be used for solar power installation, and will bring about total change in power
system
failure in the country.

2) Solar Panels (PV Modules)

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell can be defined as a device that converts light directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Solar Photovoltaic systems generate electricity directly

14
using sunlight. Solar thermal systems actively or passively collect, transport, and utilize solar
energy to generate heat. The generation of voltage across the p-n junction in a semiconductor
due to the absorption of light radiation is called photovoltaic effect. The Devices based on
this effect is called photovoltaic device.
The solar panel converts the solar energy (energy from the sun) to electricity which charges
the battery. For more effective use, more than one solar panel are electrically connected to
form array for the purpose of collecting a good amount of sun to charge the battery which
will be capable of supplying a home the amount of electricity needed. Solar panel
connections are done in two different ways for efficient useful work.
The two ways of connecting solar PV are as follows:
 Series connections.
 Parallel connections.

a. Series connection
Series connection simply is connecting solar panel positive terminals to negative terminals of
another. It gives output voltage equals the sum total of the voltage of the entire module in the
string and the output current equals the equivalent of the current for a single solar. In series
connection all the currents are equal while the voltages are the sum of individual voltages.
b. Parallel connection
Parallel connection simply is connecting the solar panel positive terminals to positive
terminals of next and negative terminals to negative terminals of next. When using this type
of connection, your voltage remains the same but your amperage is the total sum of the
panels being used. That is to say, it gives output voltage equals the equivalent voltage of a
single solar panel in the string and the output current equals the sum total of all the current of
the solar panel in the string.

15
Figure 1.4: Series and Parallel connection of solar module [1]

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3) Charge Controller

Charge controller ensures is used to charge your batteries, it ensures that the battery is not over-
charged or over-discharged; it stops receiving from the solar panel when the battery is fully
charged and switches off every DC load connected to it when the battery is discharged to the
minimum level. These charge controllers regulate the charging of your batteries because they are
programmed. The quality of these programs determines the lifespan of your batteries.

4) Battery

Battery stores the electrical charge produced by the solar panel during the day. It helps the output
of the solar panel when it cannot supply enough electricity to the system. Batteries are a major
cost of any solar system and are the most friable component in the solar system. Battery should
have sufficient Amp hour storage to supply the needed power during the cloudy weather.
Batteries can be either shallow cycle discharge (for automobiles) or deep cycle discharge (for PV
system) A shallow-cycle batteries discharge only between 10% and 20% of their Ah
capacity/day discharging beyond this point without recharging shortens the battery life. Deep-
cycle batteries are designed to allow a discharge of 60% to 80% of its Ah capacity. A battery
discharged at a rate of 1 amp will have a higher Ah capacity than a battery discharged at a rate of
4 amps. A battery which can deliver 1 amp for 100 hours has a capacity of 100Ah @ C100.
The same battery may only deliver 4 amps for 20 hours. Then its capacity is 80Ah @ C20. C100
means discharged over 100 hours, C20 means discharged over 20 hours. Batteries are connected
in series and parallel.

5) Inverter

This is what will turn the 12 volt DC current into 110-120 volts AC current for use in powering
your household electrical devices. An inverter is device that changes direct current (DC) from
the battery to alternating current (AC) to be used for AC appliances. The battery provides DC
voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC voltage to normal AC voltage. The

17
output of a solar PV system can be either DC or AC depending on the type of electrical load it is
meant to power. If it is used to power a DC load, then there is no need for an inverter. However
inverter is required when the electrical load is AC. One can choose to go for solar inverter; solar
inverters have some special functions with the photovoltaic arrays like maximum power point
tracking and anti-islanding protection. There are two types of inverters which include modified

1. sine wave
2. pure sine wave inverters.

Note: the size of the inverter should be around three times what you plan to use it for, this is
because the consumer products do not always use the best components and this is a way to
ensure your unit will last longer than when you purchase an undervalued unit and push it to burn
out.

6) Connecting Wires

They are used to connect one component to the other. The generated electricity (electric
current) flows through them to the load. The recommended size of cables is 2.5mm.

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3.5.2 THE STEP BY STEP INSTALLATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

Solar power plant installation is very easy. But before the actual work begins, the most important
issues that you must have done are to know the total electricity consumption for the household,
this can be done by taking a physical view of all the appliances to check their power ratings to
know the capacity of all the system components and the total number of panels, batteries and the
capacity of charge controller and the appropriate inverter needed. Now the components are
conveyed to the site a day before the actual installation. The stages in the installation include

1. Arrange the Photovoltaic PV Modules:

After bringing out the PV with the ratings behind the panel, the information you will see is the
maximum wattage, voltage, and amperes. After that, wire the panel according to the required
need but I prefer the parallel connection (the voltages remain the same while the currents is
added). Then mount the PV on the rooftop of the building with a few inch gap and parallel to the
surface of the roof. Solar PV can also be mounted on the ground. The solar array is usually best
placed in perpendicular to the sun’s rays, which change continuously over the course of the day
and season. The most suitably location and inclination for a PV mounting is east front and slope
of 30-40P

2. Charge Controller: The next thing to do after the setting up the solar PV array is
to connect the charge controller (which you know is to ensure that the battery is not over-charged
or over-discharged) directly from the output terminals of the solar PV using lighter gage wires.
Note: DC loads can be directly connected to the charge controller. After the connection,
we move to next step which is connecting the battery.

3. Battery: The batteries are properly connected either in series or parallel connection
depending on your need, and then connect the battery to the charge controller at the port
selected/indicated for it in solar charge controller. The next thing to connect is the inverter.

4. Inverter: The next setup is the inverter, as we discussed above the inverter converts the DC
supply from the solar PV into the battery to AC supply in order to power our AC loads. Connect

19
the battery terminal to the inverter with 2.5mm cable. Finally, from the inverter you connect to
the external load in the house. The rating of the inverter should be the same with rating of the PV
array. into the battery to AC supply in order to power our AC loads. Connect the battery terminal
to the inverter with 2.5mm cable. Finally, from the inverter you connect to the external load in
the house. The rating of the inverter should be the same with rating of the PV array. [5]

3.5.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED

The observed six months of Industrial Training was a remarkable experience, which gives me
ample opportunity to understand my field, merge my theoretical background with practical skills,
learning software relevant to my course of study and so on. However, during the course of the
Industrial Training programme at Omo-akin power system, I was able to acquire various forms
of experience, among the skilled acquired are:
 Basic Electronics design and Construction
 Inverter installation
 Solar panels with charge controller installation

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 CONCLUSION
Student industrial experience is the major industrial experimental skill that bridges the gap
between the theoretical and technical knowledge acquired in school and the real life practical that
exists in the industrial world.
The skills and experience acquired have developed me in a number of ways as I can now apply
science and mathematics skills to relevant problems in the field, solve engineering problems,
understand ethical and professional ability, interpret scientific data, communicate effectively and
recognize the need for lifelong training.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Students are faced with a lot of problems seeking places of industrial attachment. It is
recommended that the institutions make arrangement for the absorption of their students into
their various field of endeavor in the organization.
The institution should also educate the student on the various specializations in the field of
electronics before they go on industrial training.
To the company, more time should be provided for students for field visits in order for them to
physically see how what they have designed in the office are being constructed, so that the
design could be better appreciated and understood.

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 REFERENCES
1. Engr. Eze D.I (May 2015) “Solar and Renewable Energy” NAPSAS/NAPTIN Training
Manuel Module One

2. “How to Build an Off Grid Solar Power Plant” By [email protected]

30TU U30T

3. Nwanya A.C. (May 2015) “Solar PV Installation and Maintenance” Lecture Material
NAPSAS Training Programme
4. The principles of operation of the lm393 comparator:
https://howtomechatronics.com/how-it-works/electronics/lm393-ic-working-principle-
block-diagram-circuit-schematics/

5. Wikipedia Inc. “Solar Power” Available [Online]:30T

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solarpower

6. J.Godson,M.Karthick,T.Muthukrishnan, M.S.Sivagamasundari “Solar PV-Wind Hybrid

Power Generation System” Department of EEE,V V College of
Engineering,Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli, India

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