Experiment No.

3
Heat of Reaction

I. Introduction
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals  The concentrations of the reactants and the
with the relationships between heat and other forms of products
energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is  The temperature of the system
converted to and from other forms of energy and how it  The partial pressures of the gases involved (if any)
affects matter.
The effects of changes in these factors can be shown
The Heat of Reaction (Enthalpy of Reaction) is the relative to the standard-state enthalpy of reaction (H)
change in the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that which is the change in the enthalpy during a chemical
occurs at a constant pressure. It is a thermodynamic reaction that begins and ends under standard-state
unit of measurement useful for calculating the amount conditions.
of energy per mole either released or produced in a
reaction. Since enthalpy is derived from pressure, Heat of reaction, the amount of heat that must be
volume, and internal energy, all of which are state added or removed during a chemical reaction in order
functions, enthalpy is also a state function. to keep all of the substances present at the same
temperature. If the pressure in the vessel containing the
In addition, Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation (or reacting system is kept at a constant value, the
just Hess's Law) states that regardless of the multiple measured heat of reaction also represents the change in
stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change the thermodynamic quantity called enthalpy, or heat
for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a content, accompanying the process—i.e., the difference
manifestation that enthalpy is a state function. between the enthalpy of the substances present at the
end of the reaction and the enthalpy of the substances
Hess's Law is named after present at the start of the reaction. Thus, the heat of
Russian Chemist and Doctor reaction determined at constant pressure is also
Germain Henri Hess. Hess designated the enthalpy of reaction, represented by the
helped formulate the early symbol ΔH. If the heat of reaction is positive, the
principles of thermochemistry. reaction is said to be endothermic; if negative,
His most famous paper, which exothermic.
was published in 1840,
included his law on The prediction and measurement of the heat effects
thermochemistry. Hess's law is that accompany chemical changes are important to the
due to enthalpy being a state understanding and use of chemical reactions. If the
function, which allows us to vessel containing the reacting system is so insulated
Figure no. 1 calculate the overall change in that no heat flows into or out of the system (adiabatic
Germain Henri Hess enthalpy by simply summing up condition), the heat effect that accompanies the
the changes for each step of the way, until product is transformation may be manifested by an increase or a
formed. All steps have to proceed at the same decrease in temperature, as the case may be, of the
temperature and the equations for the individual steps substances present. Accurate values of heats of
must balance out. The principle underlying Hess's law reactions are necessary for the proper design of
does not just apply to Enthalpy and can be used to equipment for use in chemical processes.
calculate other state functions like changes in Gibbs'
Energy and Entropy. In this experiment, the students will observe and
demonstrate the chemical reaction between the Zinc
For, Standard-State Enthalpy of Reaction (∆H), there are (Zn) Dust and the Copper (II) Sulfate (CuSO 4) solution.
three factors can affect the enthalpy of reaction: There will be 2 trials, and both of the trials have the
same amount of chemicals that will be going to use.
During experimentation, record every data that are
needed to compute for the heat of reaction between The first trial of the experiment will weigh a clean and
the chemicals. dry Styrofoam cup using a triple beam balance. But
before that, calibrate the triple beam balance to get the
II. Objectives
accurate and precise measurement. After weighing of
A. The purpose of this experiment is to understand
the Styrofoam cup, place 4 grams of zinc (Zn) dust using
the heat of reaction in these chemical, and also
a spatula to the Styrofoam cup, and weigh it again. Next
it aims to understand on how to compute the
step is to transfer 100 mL of 1 M copper (II) sulfate
heat of reaction happened to the experiment.
solution to the graduated cylinder using a beaker and a
B. The hypothesis for this experiment are:
stirring rod. After transferring, measure its initial
Ho= The first trial final temperature of the
temperature using a thermometer. After that, transfer 1
experiment is the same to the second trial final
M copper (II) sulfate solution to the Styrofoam cup that
temperature of the experiment
has the zinc dust. Next is cover it with another
H1= The first trial final temperature of the
experiment is not the same to the second trial Mass of mixture x Cp x ∆T
∆H=
final temperature of the experiment Mole of Zn
Ho= The first trial heat of reaction of the Styrofoam cup, where the thermometer and the stirring
experiment is the same to the second trial Heat rod was stick at the bottom of it, so that it will still able
of reaction of the experiment to stir the mixture inside of the covered Styrofoam cup
H1= The first trial heat of reaction of the that has the chemical. After stirring the chemical for
experiment is not the same to the second trial some time, measures the final temperature and record
Heat of reaction of the experiment it. After that, observe the product of the chemical
C. To understand and identify if the product of the reaction and evaluate it using the formula below:
experiment will be an endothermic or
exothermic reaction
D. To understand the factors that may affect the
change in heat of reaction After performing the first trial, the second trial will
repeat the procedures of the first trial. And after that,
III. Materials observe and analyze the gathered data.
For this experiment, the materials that will be going to
use are Triple Beam Balance, four pieces of Styrofoam After these experiments, keep and dispose of the
Cup, 100 mL graduated cylinder, beaker, thermometer, material that are used respectively. And after that, clean
stirring rod, spatula, and the chemicals that will be the working area.
going to use are 1 M Copper (II) Sulfate solution and
Zinc dust.
In this experiment, wearing a laboratory gown, gloves,
and goggles are necessary inside the laboratory.

IV. Procedure
The experiment started in wearing the Personal
Protective Equipment in entering the laboratory. Next is
the preparation of the materials that will be going to
use in the experiment.
 V. Data
Table No. 1: Trial 1 and Trial 2 Data of Heat of Reaction of the experiment
Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Styrofoam cup 1.9 grams 2 grams
Mass of cup + Zn dust 5.9 grams 6 grams
Mass of Zn used 4 grams 4 grams
Volume of CuSO4 100 mL 100 mL
Mole of Zn used* 0.061 moles 0.061 moles
Mass of cup + mixture 111.7 grams 112.1 grams
Mass of mixture 109.8 grams 110.1 grams
Initial temperature T1 32O Celsius 32O Celsius
Final temperature T2 51O Celsius 48 O Celsius
O
Change in Temperature ∆T 19 Celsius 16 O Celsius
Specific heat of mixture Cp 4.186 Joule /grams O Celsius 4.186 Joule /Grams O Celsius
O
Heat of reaction ∆H -143.16 Kilojoule /moles Celsius -120.89 Kilojoule /moles O Celsius
The above table presents the gathered data of the experiments of heat of reaction. From these data, for trial 1, the heat
of reaction is -143.16 Kilojoule /moles O Celsius. And for trial 2, the heat of reaction is -120.89 Kilojoule /moles O Celsius.
The difference between the heat of reaction of trial 1 and trial 2 is -226.70 Kilojoule /moles O Celsius, wherein most of
the data in the table are almost the same, except for the mass of the Styrofoam cup used, the mass of the mixture, final
temperature and for the heat of reaction. And after the experiment, both product is colorless.

Calculations: Total Mass of the mixture and the Styrofoam cup

─
Trial 1 Mass of the Styrofoam Cup
To calculate the mole of the Zinc (Zn) Dust. The formula Mass of the mixture
below was used:
Note: The total mass of the mixture and the cup can be
Grams of the Zinc (Zn) Dust obtain using a weighing scale, as well as the mass of the
Mole of the Zinc (Zn) =
Molar mass of Zinc (Zn) Styrofoam cup.

Note: The molar mass of the zinc can be found using the Substitute the data to the formula.
periodic table of elements, and the grams can be obtain
by using a weighing scale. 111.7 Grams
─
1.9 Grams
Substitute the given data. 109.8 Grams

4 Grams To solve the delta/change in temperature, subtract the

Mole of the Zinc (Zn) = final temperature to the initial temperature.
65 Grams/ Mole

Solve and calculate. Final Temperature

─
Initial Temperature
Change in Temperature
Mole of the Zinc (Zn) = 0.061 moles of Zinc (Zn)
Note: To get the initial and final temperature,
Note: Round off to the nearest thousandths place. thermometer was used to get the following data.
51O Celsius
─
To get the mass of the mixture, subtract the total mass 32O Celsius
of the mixture and the cup, to the given mass of the 19 O Celsius
cup.
To calculate the heat of reaction, substitute the data to
the formula below was used.
 Note: The total mass of the mixture and the cup can be
(Mass of mixture)(Specific obtain using a weighing scale, as well as the mass of the
Heat)(Change in Temperature) Styrofoam cup.
Heat of Reaction=
Mole of Zinc (Zn)
Substitute the data to the formula.
Note: These data, Mass of the mixture, change in
temperature, and mole of Zinc (Zn), can be obtain by 112.1 Grams
─
solving the previous calculations. And the specific heat 2 Grams
will be the specific heat of water. 110.1 Grams
(109.8 grams) (4.186 J/g oC) (19 oC)
∆H= To solve the delta/change in temperature, subtract the
0.061 moles of Zinc (Zn)
final temperature to the initial temperature.

∆H= -143161.2 J/ mol

Final Temperature
─
Initial Temperature
Note: It is negative since, it is an exothermic reaction.
Change in Temperature
Then, convert it into a Kilojoule.
Note: To get the initial and final temperature,
∆H= -143.16 kJ/ mol
thermometer was used to get the following data.

Note: Round off it to the nearest hundredths place.

48O Celsius
─
32O Celsius
Trial 2
16 O Celsius
To calculate the mole of the Zinc (Zn) Dust. The formula
below was used:
To calculate the heat of reaction, substitute the data to
the formula below was used.
Grams of the Zinc (Zn) Dust
Mole of the Zinc (Zn) =
Molar mass of Zinc (Zn) (Mass of mixture)(Specific
Heat)(Change in Temperature)
Heat of Reaction=
Note: The molar mass of the zinc can be found using the Mole of Zinc (Zn)
periodic table of elements, and the grams can be obtain
by using a weighing scale. Note: These data, Mass of the mixture, change in
temperature, and mole of Zinc (Zn), can be obtain by
Substitute the given data. solving the previous calculations. And the specific heat
will be the specific heat of water.
4 Grams
Mole of the Zinc (Zn) =
65 Grams/ Mole (110.1 grams) (4.186 J/g oC) (16 oC)
∆H=
0.061 moles of Zinc (Zn)
Solve and calculate.
Mole of the Zinc (Zn) = 0.061 moles of Zinc (Zn) ∆H= -120886.19 J/ mol

Note: Round off to the nearest thousandths place.

Note: It is negative since, it is an exothermic reaction.
To get the mass of the mixture, subtract the total mass
Then, convert it into a Kilojoule.
of the mixture and the cup, to the given mass of the
cup.
∆H= -120.89 kJ/ mol
Total Mass of the mixture and the Styrofoam cup
─
Mass of the Styrofoam Cup
Note: Round off it to the nearest hundredths place.
Mass of the mixture
 VI. Discussion of Result because of the increase of kinetic energy of the
In this experiment, there are two trials, and they both particles. While stirring the chemical, it increases the
have the same grams of Zinc (Zn) dust used, which is 4 Kinetic energy of the molecules, as a result it increases
grams, and they also have the same volume of the the temperature. And because of this, the alternative
Copper (II) Sulfate solution, which is 100 mL. Both trials hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is
used different masses of the Styrofoam cup, but this rejected stating that the first trial heat of reaction of the
difference does not affect the main focus of the experiment is not the same to the second trial Heat of
experiment, which is the heat of reaction between the reaction of the experiment. Because, one of the factors
Zinc (Zn) Dust and the Copper (II) Sulfate solution. They that affect the change in heat of reaction is the
also started with the same initial temperature 32O temperature of the system.
Celsius, but ended with different final temperature.
Both of the trials, differ to the amount of temperature Also it can be concluded that the reaction between the
increase to their final temperature, it is an evidence that Zinc (Zn) dust and Copper (II) Sulfate solution is an
the reaction releases heat. From this, the differences in exothermic reaction, since the final temperature was
change of temperature indicates that there are factors increased, and it can be concluded that these reaction
that affects to this changes. And one of the possible releases heat.
cause of these changes is the amount of time spend in
stirring. This stirring increases the kinetic energy of the VIII. Reference
molecules or the particles that causes to increase the Bodner Research Web (n.d.). Energy, Enthalpy, and the
temperature in the substance First Law of Thermodynamics. Retrieved
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-of-reaction.
VII. Conclusion Lucas, J. (2015, May 8). What is Thermodynamics?.
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From this experiment, the alternative hypothesis is /Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theore
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the first trial final temperature of the experiment is not d_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Reaction
the same to the second trial final temperature of the
experiment. These sudden changes of temperature is