DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Name: ENGINEERING METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS

Subject Code: 18ME415 Year/Semester: II/IV
Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to
CO1 Demonstrate the basic concept of measurements and standards.
CO2 Apply linear and angular measurements in engineering applications.
CO3 Analyze the various form measurement techniques.
CO4 Explore advances in metrology using LASER and CMM.
CO5 Apply various instruments for measuring physical properties.
Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
A. Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to :
PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of
the limitations.
PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO1 Research Culture: Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the
results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.
PSO2 Core Values: Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.
Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
 SUCCESSFUL CAREER: Identify, design and apply the technical skills to solve mechanical engineering
problems for enhancing the quality of life.
 LIFELONG LEARNING: Apply the modern tools and techniques to face the challenges in mechanical
and related engineering areas.
 SERVICE TO SOCIETY: Understand the responsibility, communicate and implement innovative ideas
in multidisciplinary teams ethically for uplifting the society.

DATE COURSE FACULTY H.O.D PRINCIPAL

 K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous) R 2018
SEMESTER - VII
L T P C
18ME415 ENGINEERING METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS
3 0 0 3
Prerequisites: Engineering physics, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery.
Objective :
 To learn about the basic principles of measurements and measuring equipments, principles of operation, applications
and various methods for measuring mechanical parameters.

UNIT - I CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENTS [ 09]

General concepts - generalized measurement system - units and standards – measuring instruments- sensitivity, stability,
range, accuracy and precision - static and dynamic response -repeatability - systematic and random errors - correction,
calibration - calibration of instruments- vernier, micrometer, vernier height gauge - quality standards - introduction to
dimensional and geometric tolerancing - interchangeability.
UNIT - II LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS [ 09]
Abbe’s principle, linear measuring instruments - vernier, micrometer, slip gauges and classification, tool maker’s
microscope - interferometry, optical flats - limit gauges, Taylor’s principle of gauge design. Comparators- mechanical,
pneumatic and electrical comparators -applications. Angular measurements- sine bar, sine center, bevels protractor and
angle decker.
UNIT - III FORM MEASUREMENTS [ 09]
Measurement of screw threads - thread gauges, floating carriage micrometer - measurement of gear tooth thickness -
constant chord and base tangent method - Gleason gear testing machine - radius measurements - surface roughness -
equipment and parameters - straightness -flatness and roundness measurements.
UNIT – IV ADVANCES IN METROLOGY [ 09]
Precision instruments based on laser - principles - laser interferometer - white light – photogrammetric applications in
measurements - coordinate measuring machine (CMM) - need, construction, types, applications - computer aided
inspection.
UNIT-V MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES [ 09]
Measurement of force - torque - power - mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical transducer – Flow measurement:
Special methods – Temperature: bimetallic strip, pressure thermometers, thermocouples, thermister and Resistance
Temperature Detector (RTD)- Pyrometer, 3D scanner CAD model, Video measuring machine.
Total = 45 Periods
Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the students will be able to
 Understand the basic concept of measurements and standards.
 Apply linear and angular measurements.
 Analyze the various form measurement techniques.
 Explore advances in metrology using laser and CMM.
 Apply various measurements of mechanical parameters.

Text Books :
Anand K Bewoor and Vinay A Kulkarni, “Metrology and Measurement”, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
1.
2014.
2. Tayal A.K., Instrumentation and Mechanical Measurements, 2nd Edition, Galgotia Publications, New Delhi, 2013.
Reference Books :
1. Gupta S.C, “Engineering Metrology”, Dhanpat rai Publications, 2005.
Rajput R.k., Mechanical Measurements and Instrumentation, 2nd Edition, S.K.Kataria & Sons Publishers, New Delhi,
2.
2012.
3. Jayal A.K, “Instrumentation and Mechanical Measurements”, Galgotia Publications 2000.
4. Beckwith, Marangoni, Lienhard, “Mechanical Measurements”, Pearson Education, 2006.
5. Khurmi R.S., “Metrology and Measurements”, Schand Publications, 2009.
 KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/33B/MECH
K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
DEGREE / BRANCH: B.E. - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
YEAR / SEMESTER : II / IV
NAME OF THE STAFF: Dr. M.BHUVANESHWARAN
SUBJECT CODE: 18ME415
SUBJECT NAME: ENGINEERING METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS
COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE
A) TEXT BOOK:
T1. Anand K. Bewoor, vinay A. Kulkarani, Metrology and Measurement, 1st Edition, McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., 2014.
T2. Tayal A.K., Instrumentation and Mechanical Meaurements, 2nd Edition, Galgotia Publications,
New Delhi, 2013.
REFERENCE BOOK:
R1. G.K. Vijayaraghavan, “Metrology and Measurements” A.R.S. Publications., 2010
R2. Gupta S.C, “Engineering Metrology”, Dhanpat rai Publications, 2005.
R3. Rajput R.k., Mechanical Measurements and Instrumentation, 2nd Edition, S.K.Kataria & Sons
Publishers, New Delhi, 2012.
R4. Beckwith, Marangoni, Lienhard, “Mechanical Measurements”, Pearson Education, 2006.

B) LEGEND:
L - Lecture PPT - Power Point
T - Tutorial BB - Black Board
OHP - Over Head Projector PP - Pages
TX - Reference Ex - Extra

Teaching
Sl. Lecture Book No.
Topics to be covered Aid
No Hour /Page No
Required
UNIT – 1 CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENTS

1. L1 General concepts of Measurement BB R1/PP 1.1 – 1.12

2. L2 Units and Standards BB R1/PP 1.13 – 1.20

3. L3 Measuring Instruments BB R1/pp 1.20 – 1.26

Sensitivity, Stability, Range, Accuracy and
4. L4 BB R1/PP 1.28-1.38
Precision
5. L5 Static and Dynamic Response BB R1/PP 1.43-1.46

6. L6 Errors – Systematic and random errors BB R1/PP 1.84 – 1.86

7. L7 Correction BB R1/PP 1.89

Calibration- Vernier, micrometer, vernier
8. L8 BB R1/PP 1.89
height gauge
9. L9 Quality Standards BB R1/PP 1.17-1.19
 10. L10 Interchangeability BB 2.91 – 2.93

UNIT – II LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS

11. L11 Linear measuring instruments BB R1/PP 2.3

Vernier, Micrometer, Slip gauges and
12. L12 R1/PP 2.3 – 2.39
Classification
Tool makers microscope – Interferometry, BB
13. L13 R1/PP 1.31
Optical Flats
14. L14 Taylor’s principle of gauge design BB R1/PP 2.76 – 2.80
Comparators – Mechanical, Pneumatic and
15. L15 BB R1/PP 2.39 – 2.61
Electrical and Applications
16. L16 Angular Measurements BB R1/PP 2.94

17. L17 Bevel Protractor BB R1/PP 2.95 – 2.99

R1/PP 2.103 –
18. L18 Sine bas, Sine center BB
2.115
R1/PP 2.118 –
19. L19 Angle dekkor BB
2.121
UNIT – III FORM MEASUREMENTS

20. L20 Measurement of Screw threads BB R1/PP 4.9 – 4.12

21. L21 Thread gauges BB R1/PP 4.38 – 4.42

22. L22 Floating Carriage Micrometer BB R1/PP 4.46 – 4.47

23. L23 Measurement of gear tooth thickness BB R1/PP 4.47

24. L24 Constant chord and Base tangent method BB R1/PP 4.60 - 4.61

25. L25 Gleason gear testing machine BB R1/PP 4.68 – 4.69

26. L26 Radius measurements BB R1/PP 4.70 – 4.73

27. L27 Surface Roughness BB R1/PP 4.74 – 4.90

28. L28 Straightness, Flatness BB R1/PP 4.1 – 4.8

29. L29 Roundness measurements BB R1/PP 4.90 – 4.96

UNIT – IV ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

30. L30 Precision instruments based on laser BB R1/PP 3.1

31. L31 Principles of Laser BB R1/PP 3.12

32. L32 Laser interferometer BB R1/PP 3.8 – 3.25

 Photogrammetric applications in
33. L33 BB R1/PP
measurements
34. L34 Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) BB R1/PP 3.41-3.42
BB
35. L35 Types of CMM R1/PP 3.44-3.46
Applications, Advantages and
36. L36 BB R1/PP 3.51-3.53
Disadvantages of CMM

37. L37 Computer Aided Inspection BB R1/PP 3.63-3.64

UNIT – V MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

38. L38 Measurement of Force BB R1/PP 5.1 - 5.26

39. L39 Measurement of Torque BB R1/PP 5.26 - 5.41

40. L40 Measurement of Power BB R1/PP 5.41

41. L41 Mechanical Transducer BB R1/PP 5.42-5.45

42. L42 Hydraulic Transducer BB R1/PP 5.45-5.46

43. L43 Pneumatic Transducer BB R1/PP 5.47-5.55

44. L44 Electrical Transducer BB R1/PP 5.55-5.59

45. L45 Flow Measurement BB R1/PP 5.59

47. L46 Bimetallic strip BB R1/PP 5.89

48. L47 Pressure thermometers BB R1/PP 5.100-5.103

49. L48 Thermocouples BB R1/PP 5.103-5.109

50. L49 Thermister BB R1/PP 5.112-5.114

51. L50 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) BB R1/PP 5.110-5.112

52. L51 Pyrometer BB R1/PP 5.94-5.100

COURSE FACULTY H.O.D

 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT I- CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT

PART - A
1. What is measurement? Give its types. (CO1-Remenbering)
It is the process of comparing the input signal with pre-defined standard & gives out the result. It
is a word used to tell us above physical quantities such as length, weight,temperature,pressure,force etc.
2. What is Resolution? (CO1-Remenbering)
The minimum value of the input signal is required to cause an appreciable change in the output
known as resolution.
3. Distinguish between sensitivity and range with suitable example. (CO1-Analyzing)
Example: An Instrument has a scale reading of 0.01mm to 100mm.
Here, the sensitivity of the instrument is 0.0lmm i.e. the minimum value in the scale by which the
instrument can read.
The range is 0.01 to 100mm i.e. the minimum to maximum value by which the instrument can read.
4. Define system error and correction. (CO1-Remenbering)
Error: The deviation between the results of measured value to the actual value.
Correction: The numerical value which should be added to the measured value to get the correct
result.
5. Define Measurand. (CO1-Remenbering)
Measurand is the physical quantity or property like length, diameter, and angle to be measured.
6. Define Deterministic Metrology. (CO1-Remenbering)
The metrology in which part measurement is replaced by process measurement. The new
techniques such as 3D error compensation by CNC systems are applied.
7. List any four methods of measurement. (CO1-Analyzing)
1. Direct method.
2. Indirect method.
3. Comparison method.
4. Coincidence method.
8. Give classification of measuring instruments. (CO1-Analyzing)
1. Angle measuring Instruments.
2. Length measuring Instruments.
3. Instruments for surface finish.
4. Instruments for deviations.
9. Define the term sensitivity. (CO1-Remenbering)
Magnitude of output quantity to the Magnitude of input quantity.
10. Define Readability.(CO1-Remenbering)
It is a term frequently used for analog type instruments. It is obvious that this characteristic
depends on both the instruments & observer.
11. Compare Precision and accuracy. (CO1-Evaluating)
Precision – It refers to ability of an instrument to reproduce its readings again & again in the same
manner for constant input signal.
Accuracy – It is defined as the closeness with which the reading approaches an accepted standard valve
true value.
12. Define the term repeatability. (CO1-Remenbering)
It is defined as the closeness of agreement among the number of consecutive measurement of the
output for the same valve of input under the same operating conditions. It may be specified in terms of
units for a given period of time.
13. Define Tolerance. (CO1-Remenbering)
It is the amount of variation permitted to a basic size r difference between maximum &
minimum limits of size is called tolerance.
14. What is Response time? (CO1-understanding)
The time at which the instrument begins its response for a change measured quantity.
15. Define Calibration. (CO1-Remenbering)
It is the process of determining & adjusting an instruments accuracy to make sure its accuracy is
within the manufacturer’s specification.
16. Classify the Absolute error. (CO1-Analyzing)
The absolute error is classified into 1. True absolute error 2. Apparent absolute error
17. What is Relative error? (CO1-understanding)
Relative error is defined as the results of the absolute error and the, value of comparison used for
calculation of that absolute error. The comparison may be true value or conventional true value or
arithmetic mean for series of measurement.
18. Classify the errors. (CO1-Analyzing)
The errors can be classified into
1. Static errors - Reading errors
- Characteristic errors,
- Environmental errors
2. Loading errors
3. Dynamic error
19. What is the basic Principle of measurement? (CO1-understanding)
It is the physical phenomenon utilized in the measurement. If energy kind of quantity measured, there
must be a unit to measure it. So this will give the quantity to be measured in number of that unit.
1. industrial Measurements
2. Commercial transactions
3. Public health and human safety ensuring.
20. What is the need of inspection? (CO1-understanding)
To determine the fitness of new made materials, products or component part and to compare the
materials, products to the established standard.
21. What are the important elements of measurements? (CO1-Applying)
The important elements of a measurement is
1. Measurand
2. Reference
3. Comparator
22. What is interchangeable manufacture? (CO1-understanding)
Manufacturing process in which the produced parts that go in to assembly may be selected at
random from a large number of parts.

PART-B
1) Draw the block diagram of generalized measurement system and explain different stages with
examples. (C01-Creating)
2) Explain the various systematic and random errors in measurements? (CO1-understanding)
3) Explain the various methods of measurement.(CO1-understanding)
4) What is the need of calibration? Explain the classification of various measuring methods. (CO1-
Evaluating)
5) Discuss detailed notes on (C01-Creating)
(i) Sensitivity
(ii) Calibration
(iii) Precision
(iv) Interchangeability
6) Define precision, accuracy, readability and sensitivity with respect to measurement. (CO1-
Remenbering)
7) Explain the classification of various measuring methods. (CO1-Remenbering)
8) Discuss the different types of errors and how they can be eliminated? (C01-Creating)
9) Write short notes on Accuracy, Readability, Repeatability, Calibration, Sensitivity and Dynamic
Response. (CO1-Remenbering)
 UNIT II – LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
PART-A
1. What are the considerations while manufacturing the slip gauges? (CO2-understanding)
The following additional operations are carried out to obtain the necessary qualities in slip gauges
during manufacture.
1. First the approximate size of slip gauges is done by preliminary operations.
2. The blocks are hardened and wear resistant by a special heat treatment process.
3. To stabilize the whole life of blocks, seasoning process is done.
4. The approximate required dimension is done by a final grinding process.
2. How do you calibrate the slip gauges? (CO2-creating)
Comparators are used to calibrate the slip gauges
3. List the various linear measurements? (CO2- Analyzing)
(i) Length
(ii) Heights and
(iii) Thickness
4. What are the various types of linear measuring instruments? (CO2-Remenbering)
The various devices used for measuring the linear measurements are
i.Vernier calipers ii. Micrometers iii. Slip gauge or gauge blocks iv. Comparator
5. List out any four angular measuring instrument used in metrology. (CO2- Analyzing)
(i) Angle gauges (ii) Divided scales (iii) Sine bar with slip gauges (iv) Autocollimator (v) Angle
dekkor
6. What is comparator? (CO2-Remenbering)
Comparators are one form of linear measurement device which is quick and more convenient for
checking large number of identical dimensions.
7. Classify the comparator according to the principles used for obtaining magnification. (CO2-
Analyzing)
The common types are:
(i) Mechanical comparators.
(ii) Electrical comparators.
(iii) Optical comparators.
(iv) Pneumatic comparators.
8. How the mechanical comparator works? (CO2-creating)
The method of magnifying small movement of the indicator in all mechanical comparators are
effected by means of levers, gear trains or a combination of these elements.
9. Choose the best example of a mechanical comparator. (CO2-Evaluating)
A dial indicator or dial gauge is used as a mechanical comparator.
10. Define least count and mention the least count of a mechanical comparator. (CO2-
Remenbering)
Least count. - The least value that can be measured by using any measuring instrument known as
least count. Least count of a mechanical comparator is 0.01 mm.
11. How the mechanical comparator is used? State with any one example. (CO2-Remenbering)
Let us assume that the required height of the component is 32.5mm. Initially, this height is
built up with slip gauges. The slip gauge blocks are placed under the stem of the dial gauge. The
pointer in the dial gauge is adjusted to zero. The slip gauges are removed- Now, the component to
be checked is introduced under the stem of the dial gauge. If there is any deviation in the height of
the component, it will be indicated by the pointer.
12. List any four advantages of reed type mechanical comparator. (CO2- Analyzing)
i. It is usually robust, compact and easy to handle.
ii. There is no external supply such as electricity, air required.
iii. It has very simple mechanism and is cheaper when compared to other types.
iv. It is suitable for ordinary workshop and also easily portable.
13. List any two disadvantages of reed type mechanical comparator. (CO2- Analyzing)
(i) Accuracy of the comparator mainly depends on the accuracy of the rack and pinion arrangement.
Any slackness will reduce accuracy.
(ii) It has more moving parts and hence friction is more and accuracy is less.
14. What are the major parts of on electrical comparator? (CO2-Remenbering)
 An electrical comparator consists of the following three major parts such as
(i) Transducer (ii) Display device (iii) Amplifier
15. On what basis the transducer works? (CO2-Remenbering)
An iron armature is provided in between two coils held by a leaf spring at one end. The other end is
supported against a plunger. The two coils act as two arms of an A.C. wheat stone bridge circuit.
16. How is the accuracy of an electrical comparator checked? (CO2-Remenbering)
To check the accuracy of a given specimen or work, first a standard specimen is placed under the
plunger. After this, the resistance of wheat stone bridge is adjusted that the scale reading shows
zero. Then the specimen is removed. Now, the work is introduced under the plunger.
17. What are the advantages of pneumatic comparator? (CO2-Remenbering)
(i) The wear of measuring heads is avoided due to absence of direct contact.
(ii) Friction is less due to less number of moving parts.
(iii) Work piece is cleaned by supplying of all during the measurement.
(iv) High magnification is possible.
(v) There is no interference of measuring head and indicating device because the measuring head is
kept away from the indicating device.
(vi) It is a suitable method to check ovalty and taperness of circular bore.
18. State Taylor’s principle of gauge design. (CO2-understanding)
It states that GO gauge should check all related dimensions. Simultaneously, NOGO gauge should
check only one dimension at a time.
19. List the important parts of an electronic comparator. (CO2- Analyzing)
(i) Transducer (ii) Oscillator (iii) Amplifier(iv) Demodulator (v) Meter
20. Classify pneumatic comparators. (CO2-Analyzing)
(i) Flow or Velocity type
(ii) Back pressure type
21. What are the advantages of electrical comparator? (CO2-Remenbering)
a. It has less number of moving parts.
b. Magnification obtained is very high.
c. Two or more magnifications are provided in the same instrument to use various ranges.
d. The pointer is made very light so that it 'IS more sensitive to vibration.
22. Write down the applications of limit gauges. (CO2-Remenbering)
(i) Thread gauges
(ii) Form gauges
(iii) Screw pitch gauges
(iv) Feeler gauges.
23. What are the limitations of sine bar? (CO2- Analyzing)
1. Sine bar are fairly reliable for angles less than 15 degree.
2. It is physically difficult to hold in position.
3. Slight errors in sine bar cause larger angular errors.
24. What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope? (CO2-Evaluating)
(i) Linear measurement
(ii) Measurement of pitch of the screw
(iii)Measurement of thread angle.

PART-B
1. Explain with a neat sketch how a vernier caliper is used for linear measurements. (CO2-
Understanding)
2. Explain with the help of a neat sketch of bevel protractor. (CO2-Understanding)
3. With neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of differential pneumatic comparator.
(CO2-Evaluating)
4. With neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of depth micrometer?(CO2-
Evaluating)
5. What is auto collimator? With neat sketch explain the working principle of auto collimator?
(CO2-Remenbering)
6. List the advantages and disadvantages of the mechanical comparator? (CO2- Analyzing)
7. Explain with a schematic sketch the working principle of electrical comparator. (CO2-
 Understanding)
8. Discuss the working principle of angle dekkor with a sketch. (CO2-creating)
9. State and explain the “Taylor’s principle of gauge design’. (CO2-Understanding)
10. Explain the working principle of autocollimator and briefly explain its application. (CO2-
Understanding)
11. Explain with the help of a near sketch, a vernier bevel protractor. (CO2-Understanding)
12. How and angle dekkor differ from and Auto-Collimator? (CO2-Remenbering)
13. How to measure the pitch of the screw thread by using the tool maker’s microscope? Discuss in detail.
(CO2-Remenbering)

UNIT -3 FORM MEASUREMENT

PART-A
1. List the various types of pitch errors found in screw? (CO3- Analyzing)
(i) Progressive error (ii) Drunken error (iii) Periodic error (iv) Irregular errors.
2. List the various methods of measuring the minor diameter of the thread. (CO3- Analyzing)
i. Using taper parallels.
ii. Using rollers and slip gauges.
3. List the various methods used for measuring the major diameter. (CO3- Analyzing)
(i) Ordinary micrometer (ii) Bench micro meter
4. List the various methods for measuring effective diameter. (CO3- Analyzing)
(i) One wire method (ii) Two wire method (iii) Three wire method.
5. List the two corrections are to be applied in the measurement of effective diameter. (CO3-
Analyzing)
(i) Rake corrections (ii) Compression correction,
6. What is best size of wire? (CO3-understanding)
Best size of wire is a wire of such diameter that it makes contact with the flanks of the thread on the
pitch line.
7. Define. Drunken thread (CO3-Remenbering)
This is one, having erratic pitch, in which the advance of the helix is irregular in one complete
revolution of thread.
8. What is the effect of flank angle error? (CO3-understanding)
Errors in the flank cause a virtual increase in the effective diameter of a bolt and decrease in that,
of nut.
9. Define: Periodic error. (CO3-Remenbering)
The periodic error repeats itself at equal intervals along the thread.
10. What are the commonly used forms of gear teeth? (CO3-Remenbering)
(i) Involute (ii) Cycloidal
11. What are the types of gears? (CO3-Remenbering)
(i) Spur (ii) Helical (iii) Bevel (iv) Worth and Worm wheel (v) Rack and pinion.
12. Define Module (CO3-Remenbering)
Module= pitch circle diameter/ number of teeth
13. Define Lead angle (CO3-Remenbering)
It is the angle between the tangent to the helix and plane perpendicular to the axis of cylinder.
14. What are the various methods used for measuring the gear tooth thickness? (CO3-
Remenbering)
(i) Gear tooth vernier (ii) Constant chord method (iii)Base tangent method (iv) Measurement
over pins.
15. List four gear errors. (CO3- Analyzing)
(ii) Pitch error (iii) Alignment error (ii) Composite error (iv) Thickness error
16. List the method used for checking the pitch of the gear. (CO3- Analyzing)
(i) Step by step method. (ii) Direct angular measurement.
17. What are the direct angular measurements methods? (CO3-Remenbering)
1. Profile checking: a) Optical projection method b) Involute measuring method.
2. Thickness measurement: a) Choral thickness method b) Constant chord method.
18. Define constant chord (CO3-Remenbering)
Constant chord is the chord joining those points, or opposite Aces of the tooth.
19. What are the factors affecting surface roughness? (CO3-Remenbering)
a) Vibrations b) Material of the work piece c) Tool d) Machining type
20. What are the methods used for evaluating the surface finish? (CO3-Remenbering)
a) Peak to valley height method. b)The average roughness method. c) Form factor method.
21. What are the methods used for measuring surface roughness? (CO3-Remenbering)
a) Inspection by comparison b) Direct instrument measurements
22. Define: Straightness of a line in two planes. (CO3-Remenbering)
A line is said to be straight over a given length, of the variation of the distance of its points from
two planes perpendicular to each other and parallel to the direction of a line remaining within the
specified tolerance limits.
23. Define: Roundness. Name the four measurement of roundness. (CO3-Remenbering)
It is a surface of revolution where all the surfaces intersected 'by any plane perpendicular to a
common axis in case of, cylinder and cone. a. Heart square circle. b. Minimum radial separation
circle. c. Maximum inscribed circle. d. Minimum circumscribed circle.
24. Discuss the various devices used for measurement of roundness. (CO3- Creating)
1. Diametral
2. Circumferential confining gauge.
3. Rotating on center
4. V-Block
5. Three point probe
6. Accurate spindle.
25. Define Lead.(CO3-Remenbering)
It is defined as the distance at which a thread advances for one rotation.
Lead=No of starts x Pitch

PART-B
1. How would you explain the screw thread terminology. (CO3-Rememebering)
2. Explain the various classification of thread gauges.(CO3-creating)
3. How floating carriage micrometer works. (CO3-Evaluating)
4. Briefly explain major, minor and effective diameter of thread? (CO3-Understanding)
5. Explain the two wire method of finding the effective diameter of screw threads. (CO3-
Understanding)
6. Explain the chordal thickness method using gear tooth vernier caliper. (CO3-Understanding)
7. Explain one method of assessing the straightness of a straight-edge. (CO3-Understanding)
8. Describe the methods used for measuring the radius of a surface. (CO3-Applying)
9. Choose the principle of checking the involute profile of gear tooth. (CO3-Rememebering)
10. Derive the formula for measuring the effective diameter of thread by 3-wire method.(CO3-
Analyzing)
11. Describe any one method of testing flatness of a surface plate. (CO3-Understanding).
12. With the help of neat sketch explain the Gleason gear testing machine.(CO3-Evaluating)
13. Describe straightness, describe any one method of measuring straightness of a surface. (CO3-
Applying)
14. Describe the surface roughness measuring instruments. (CO3- Applying)
15. Explain in detail the method of checking roundness by using Roundness Measuring Machine. State
its advantages. (CO3-Understanding)
 UNIT 4- ADVANCES IN METROLOGY
PART-A
1. What is interferometer? (CO4-Remenbering)
Interferometer is optical instruments used for measuring flatness and determining the lengths of slip
gauges by direct reference to the wavelength of light.
2. List the different types of interferometer? (CO4-Analyzing)
1) NPL flatness interferometer
2) Michelson interferometer
3) Laser interferometer
4) Zesis gauge block interferometer.
3. List the common source of light used for interferometer. (CO4-Analyzing)
a. Mercury 198 b. Cad minus c. Krypton 86 d. Helium e. Hydrogen
4. What is crest and trough? (CO4-Remenbering)
The light is a form of energy being propagated by electromagnetic waves, which is a sine curve.
The high point of the wave is called crust and the low Point called as trough.
5. Define wavelength? (CO4-Understanding)
The distance between two crusts or two rough is called the wavelength
6. What is meant by alignment test on machine tools? (CO4-Remenbering)
The alignment test is carried out to check the grade of manufacturing accuracy of the machine
tool.
7. List the various geometrical checks made on machine tools. (CO4-Analyzing)
a. Straightness of guide ways and slide ways of machine tool.
b. Flatness of machine tables and slide ways.
c. Parallelism, equidistance and alignment of the slide ways.
d. True running and alignment of shaft and spindle.
e. The pitch error or lead of lead screw.
8. What are the main spindle errors? (CO4-Understanding)
a) Out of round b) Eccentricity c) Radial throw of an axis. d) Run out e) Periodical axial slip
9. Discuss the various tests conducted on any machine tools. (CO4-Creating)
1. Test for level of installation of machine tool in horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Test for flatness of machine bed and for straightness and parallelism of bed ways on bearing
Surface.
3. Test for perpendicularity of guide ways to other guide ways.
4. Test for true running of the main spindle and its axial movements.
10. Why the laser is used in alignment testing? (CO4-Evaluating)
The alignment tests can be carried out over greater distances and to a greater degree of accuracy
using laser equipment. Laser equipment produces real straight line, whereas an alignment
telescope provides a, imaginary line that cannot be seen in space.
11. Classify the machine tool test. (CO4-Analyzing)
It can be classified into 1. Static tests 2. Dynamic tests.
12. What are the different types of geometrical tests conducted on machine tools? (CO4-
Remenbering)
1. Straightness
2. Flatness
3. Parallelism, equi-distance and coincidence.
13. What is the principle of laser? (CO4-Remenbering)
The photon emitted during stimulated emission has the same energy, phase and frequency
as the incident photon.
This principle states that the photon comes in contact with another atom or molecule in the
higher energy level E2 then it will cause the atom to return to ground state energy level E, by
releasing another photon.
The sequence of triggered identical photon from stimulated at In is known as stimulated
emission. This multiplication of photon through stimulated emission' leads to coherent, powerful,
monochromatic, collimated beam of light emission. This light emission is called laser.
14. What is CMM? (CO4-Remenbering)
It is a three dimensional measurements for various components. These machines have precise
 movement is x,y,z coordinates which can be easily controlled and measured. Each slide in three
directions is equipped with a precision linear measurement transducer which gives digital
display and senses positive and negative direction.
15. Define axial length measuring accuracy. (CO4-Remenbering)
It is defined as difference between the reference length of gauges aligned with a machine
axis and the corresponding measurement results from the machine.
16. Write the types of coordinate measuring machines. (CO4-Evaluating)
 Bridge type
 Horizontal bore mill
 Vertical bore mill
 Spherical coordinate measuring machine
17. Explain CNC, CMM briefly. (CO4-Undersatanding)
A computer numerical control system can be used with CN4M to do calculations while
measuring complex parts. Error can be stored in memory while doing calculations. For automatic
calibration of probe, determination of co-ordinate system, calculation, evaluation and recording
etc., special software's are incorporated.
18. Discuss some features of CMM software. (CO4-Evaluating)
Measurement of diameter, center distance can be measured as follows:
i. Measurement of plane and spatial curves
ii. Data communications
iii. Minimize CNC programme
iv. Digital input and output command
v. Interface to CAD software
19. Define machine vision. (CO4-Remenbering)
Machine vision can be defined as a means of simulating the image recognition and analysis
capabilities of the human system with electronic and electromechanical techniques.
20. What are the advantages of CMM? (CO4-understanding)
(i) The inspection rate is increased.
(ii) Accuracy is reduced.
(iii) Operator's error can be minimized. Skill of the operator is reduced.
(iv) Reduction in calculating, recording and set up time.
(v) No need of GO/NOGO gauges.
(vi) Reduction of scrap and good part rejection.
21. What are the disadvantages of CMM? (CO4-understanding)
a. The table and probe may not be in perfect alignment.
b. The stylus may have run out.
c. The stylus moving in z-axis may have some perpendicularity errors.
d. Stylus while moving in x and y direction may not be square to each other.
e. There may be errors in digital system.
22. What are the applications of CMM? (CO4-Remenbering)
(i) CMM's to find application in automobile, machine tool, electronics, space and many other large
companies.
(ii) These are best suited for the test and inspection of test equipment, gauges and tools.
(iii) For aircraft and space vehicles of hundred Percent inspections is carried out by using CMM.
(iv) CMM can be used for determining dimensional accuracy of the component.
(v) CMM can also be used for sorting tasks to achieve optimum pacing of components within
tolerance limits.

23. Describe the features of a flexible inspection system. (CO4-Applying)

(i) A powerful computer serves as a real time processor to handle part dimensional data and as a
multi programming system to perform such tasks as manufacturing process control.
(ii) The terminal provides interactive communication with personnel Computer where the
programmes are stored
(iii)Input devices microprocessor based gauges and other inspection devices are used in CMM.
24. Write brief note about (i) Co-ordinate measuring machine equipped with a laser probe
(ii) Virtual measuring system (CO4-Evaluating)

 A CMM equipped with a laser probe can convert a part of physical model into a digitize file.
Such a file can be compared with other file and can be manipulated by designers to improve
quality. Manufactures can verify that each finished part measures exactly as designed.
 Virtual measuring System uses a microscope system to' examine an electronic replica of the
Surface texture of part. Such a system is non-contact 3-1) Surface measurement system and
provide image of the surface. The images are processed on a PC using vertical scanning
interferometer and vision analysis software to produce 2D-profile, 3-D plots and counters plots.
 It generates statistics for average roughness, average profile height, reduced peak height, cares
roughness depth, reduced valley depth and a number of other parameters. It also determines the
depth,spacing and angle of groove in a hard surface optical probe of a cylinder bore can be rotated
360 degrees and moved vertically along the cylinder wall.
PART-B

1. With neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction. Write the advantages of
computer aided inspection. (CO4-Evaluating)
2. Explain the construction and working principle of laser interferometer with neat diagram? Explain the
use of laser interferometer in angular measurement. (CO4-Understanding)
3. Discuss the various geometrical tests that are to be done to get a better accuracy in the machine tool?
(CO4-Creating)
4. Explain the working principle of a dual frequency laser interferometer and state its application. (CO4-
Understanding)
5. Elaborate the various construction details of column type CMMs. (CO4-Creating)
6. What are the advantages of bridge type CMMs? State the possible sources of errors in CMM. (CO4-
Remenbering)
7. Explain the working principle of AC LASER interferometer and how the straightness is measured?
(CO4-Understanding)
8. Explain in detail the various methods of testing accuracy of horizontal milling machine and lathe
using laser interferometer. (CO4-Evaluating)
9. Sketch and explain the optical system of a laser interferometer. (CO4-Understanding)
10. Write a brief note on laser as a means of alignment checking. (CO4-Applying)
11. Explain the working principle of Tomlinson surface meter with a neat sketch. (CO4-Understanding)
12. How surface finish is measured using LASER. How the angle is measured using a laser
interferometer? (CO4-Applying)
13. How are the pitch and yan errors in X direction of table movement measured in a horizontal milling
machine by LASER interferometer? (CO4-Analyzing)
14. How are CMMs classified with respect to constructional features? Sketch and state their main
applications, merits and demerits. (CO4-Analyzing)
 UNIT V - MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
PART-A
1. Define Force. (CO5-Remenbering)
The mechanical quantity which changes or tends to change the motion or shape of a body to which it
is applied is called force.
2. State any two principles of force measurement. (CO5-Analyzing)
 Direct methods.
 Indirect methods.
3. List of the devices used to measure the force. (CO5-Analyzing)
1. Scale and Balance.
 Equal Arm Balance.
 Unequal Arm Balance.
 Pendulum Scale.
2. Elastic Force Meter Proving Ring.
3. Load Cell
 Strain Gauge Load Cell.
 Hydraulic Load Cell.
 Pneumatic load cell.
4. Define Torque. (CO5-Remenbering)
Torque can be defined as a measure of the tendency of a force to rotate the body on which it acts
about at axis.
5. What is the purpose of torque measurement? (CO5-Remenbering)
The main purpose of torque measurement is to determine the mechanical power required or
developed by a machine.
6. List any two methods employed for measuring torque. (CO5-Analyzing)
 Torque reaction methods
 Proney brake.
 Torque measurement using strain gauges.
7. What is the purpose of strain gauges? (CO5-Remenbering)
Strain gauges are devices used to measure the dimensional change of components under test.
8. What are the different types of thermistor? (CO5-Remenbering)
 Bead type.
 Water type.
 Rod type.
 Washer type.
9. List any four inferential types. (CO5-Analyzing)
 Flowmeters
 Venturi Meter
 Orificemeter
 Rotameter
 Pitot Tube
10. What is the principle involved in fluid expansion thermometer? (CO5-Remenbering)
Change in pressure in the bulb is taken as an indication of the temperature.
11. Mention the principle involved in bimetallic strip.
It is based on change in dimension
12. What is thermocouple? (CO5-Understanding)
When two metals are joined together it will create an emf and it is primarily a function of the junction
temperature.
13. What are the types of pyrometer? (CO5-Creating)
 Total radiation pyrometer.
 Optical radiation pyrometer.

14. What are the metals used in thermistor? (CO5-Analyzing)
 Iron
 Copper
 Nickel
15. What is thermopile? (CO5-Remenbering)
When thermocouples are connected in series it is called thermopile.
PART-B

1. Explain with the help of a neat sketch a method used for force measurement. (CO5-Understanding)
2. Explain briefly any one method of torque measurement.(CO5-Understanding)
3. With neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of vapour pressure thermometer.
(CO5-Evaluating)
4. List the advantages of temperature measurement by using the resistance thermometer.(C05-
Analyzing)
5. Discuss about the working of bimetallic strip type temperature measurement system. (CO5-Creating)
6. Briefly explain a torque meter.(CO5 Understanding)
7. With the neat sketches and explain the thermocouples.(CO5-Applying)
8. Discuss about the working principle of thermistor. (CO5-Creating)
9. Explain the working principle of an electrical resistance thermometer. (CO5-Understanding)
10. What are thermo couples? State its applications. (CO5-Analyzing)
 K. S. R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
18ME415 - ENGINEERING METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS
CYCLE TEST – 01
PART – A
1. What is measurement? Give its types. (CO1-Remenbering)
2. Compare Precision and accuracy. (CO1-Evaluating)
3. List any four methods of measurement. (CO1-Analyzing)
4. Define repeatability? (CO1-Remembering)
5. Classify the errors? (CO1-Understanding)
PART – B
6. Explain in detail about generalized measurement system in detail with examples. (CO1-
Remembering)
7. What is the need of calibration? Explain the classification of various measuring methods. (CO1-
Analyzing)

CYCLE TEST – 02
PART – A
1. How do you calibrate the slip gauges? (CO2-creating)
2. List the various linear measurements? (CO2- Analyzing)
3. What is comparator? (CO2-Remenbering)
4. What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope? (CO2-Evaluating)
5. State Taylor’s principle of gauge design. (CO2-understanding)
PART – B
6. Explain with a neat sketch how a vernier caliper is used for linear measurements. (CO2-
Understanding)
7. What is auto collimator? With neat sketch explain the working principle of auto
collimator? (CO2-Remenbering)

CYCLE TEST – 03
PART – A
1. List the various methods for measuring effective diameter. (CO3- Analyzing)
2. What is the effect of flank angle error? (CO3-understanding)
3. Define: Periodic error. (CO3-Remenbering)
4. Discuss the various devices used for measurement of roundness. (CO3- Creating)
5. Define Lead.(CO3-Remenbering)
PART – B
6. How would you explain the screw thread terminology? (CO3-Rememebering)
7. Explain in detail the method of checking roundness by using Roundness Measuring Machine.
State its advantages. (CO3-Understanding)
 CYCLE TEST – 04
PART – A
1. What is interferometer? (CO4-Remenbering)
2. List the different types of interferometer? (CO4-Analyzing)
3. What is the principle of laser? (CO4-Remenbering)
4. Explain the term CMM (CO4-Undersatanding)
5. Write the types of coordinate measuring machines. (CO4-Evaluating)

PART – B
6. Explain the construction and working principle of laser interferometer with neat diagram? Explain
the use of laser interferometer in angular measurement. (CO4-Understanding)
7. With neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction. Write the
advantages of computer aided inspection. (CO4-Evaluating)

CYCLE TEST – 05
PART – A
1. Define Force. (CO5-Remenbering)
2. List of the devices used to measure the force. (CO5-Analyzing)
3. What is the purpose of strain gauges? (CO5-Remenbering)
4. What is thermocouple? (CO5-Understanding)
5. What are the types of pyrometer? (CO5-Creating)

PART – B
6. Explain with the help of a neat sketch a method used for force measurement. (CO5-
Understanding)
7. With neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of vapour pressure thermometer.
(CO5-Evaluating)
 K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous): TIRUCHENGODE - 637 215

Vision of the Institution

 We envision to achieve status as an excellent educational institution in the global knowledge hub,
making self-learners, experts, ethical and responsible engineers, technologists, scientists,
managers, administrators and entrepreneurs who will significantly contribute to research and
environment friendly sustainable growth of the nation and the world.

Mission of the Institution

 To inculcate in the students self-learning abilities that enable them to become competitive and
considerate engineers, technologists, scientists, managers, administrators and entrepreneurs by
diligently imparting the best of education, nurturing environmental and social needs.

 To foster and maintain a mutually beneficial partnership with global industries and Institutions
through knowledge sharing, collaborative research and innovation.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENIGNEERING

Vision of the Department

 To be a centre of excellence in the field of Mechanical Engineering for providing its students
and faculty with opportunities for excel in education and targeted research themes in emerging
areas.

Mission of the Department

 To excel in academic and research activities that meet the industrial and social needs.

 To develop competent, innovative and ethical mechanical engineers.