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Lab Report Smme, Nust: Applied Physics (PHY-102) Lab #4

1) The document reports on three experiments conducted to verify Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. The experiments measured voltage, current, and resistance values for different circuit configurations (series, parallel, combination) and compared the experimental results to theoretical calculations. 2) Close agreement was found between the experimental and theoretical values, validating Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. The largest percentage error found was below 10%. 3) By systematically changing resistor values and circuit connections, and comparing measured to calculated results, the experiments successfully demonstrated the validity of the fundamental relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and Kirchhoff's Laws.

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534 views12 pages

Lab Report Smme, Nust: Applied Physics (PHY-102) Lab #4

1) The document reports on three experiments conducted to verify Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. The experiments measured voltage, current, and resistance values for different circuit configurations (series, parallel, combination) and compared the experimental results to theoretical calculations. 2) Close agreement was found between the experimental and theoretical values, validating Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. The largest percentage error found was below 10%. 3) By systematically changing resistor values and circuit connections, and comparing measured to calculated results, the experiments successfully demonstrated the validity of the fundamental relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and Kirchhoff's Laws.

Uploaded by

Salman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LAB REPORT

SMME, NUST
APPLIED PHYSICS
(PHY-102)
Lab #4
Submitted to:
Sharoon Sardar
Submitted by: Group A4, ME-09C
Asad ur Rehman
Zaid Akber
Nauman Tariq
Safiullah Waraich
Ali Asad Naqvi

Dated: 31st October, 2017


Experiment 1: Ohm’s Law

Equipment Needed:
1. AC/DC Electronics Lab Board: Wire Leads
2. D-cell Battery
3. Multimeter

Abstract:
We will be investigating the three variables (voltage V, current I, resistance R)
involved in the mathematical relationship known as ohm’s law, by changing their
values.
Theory:
The multimeter is calibrated to appropriate settings to calculate the values of the
experimentalresistance, voltage and current. Then we find the theoretical value
of current using formula I=V/R and compare the two theoretical and experimental
values of current. Equality would verify ohm’s law.
Also we draw a graph between V and 1/R. Inverse proportionality would satisfy
ohm’s law.

Theory (Resistor color code):


Resistor color code system is well known and is good in finding the resistance of a resistor. There are
usually four bands on a resistor. The very first band shows number which is given in the color code list.
Second band also shows number and third band shows number of zeros. Forth band shows tolerance.
• GOLD - 5%
• SILVER -10%
• NONE- 20%
Data Analysis:
No. of Resistance, Current, Voltage, V 1/R Itheoretical= Percentage
obs. R Iexperimental V (10-3) V/R Error
Ω mA mA %
1 336 4.6 1.56 2.9 4.2 8.7%

2 5590 0.28 1.56 0.17 0.27 3.6%

3 999 1.55 1.56 1 1.56 0.6%


Graph:

Results and Conclusion:

The experimental and theoretical values of current were very close and error was
minimum. There are many factors which may have caused errors such as poorly
attached wires or a defective battery etc. but the readings are satisfying.
Also, although there is some slight deviation, the graph satisfies the
requirements.
Discussions:
We can conclude from these readings that ohm’s law is indeed valid. The readings
are satisfying the law with minimal error. Thus we can confidently conclude there
exists a mathematical relationship between current and voltage with minimal
error.
Any error may have been caused by poorly attached wiring causing a higher than
expected resistance, a defective battery that may give a lesser than specified
voltage, a defective multimeter etc.
Experiment 2: Resistances in Circuits

Equipment Needed:
1. AC/DC Electronics Lab Board: Resistors
2. Multimeter

Abstract:
In this experiment we will check the error between observed and calculated
values of a resistor. Also we will calculate the theoretical values of the resistance
of each resistor and then use laws to find their total resistance in different
circuits. And then compare this calculated value with observed value.

Theory:
The following table is used to find the resistance of a resistor:

And then we use the multimeter to find the experimental resistance for each
resistor and find the error.
Also we can use the multimeter to find the value for multiple resistances in a
circuit, and comparing this with the calculated values we can check the laws.
Data Analysis:
No. Colors Coded Measured %- Tolerance
Of 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Resistance Resistance error
Obs.

1 Orange+Orange+Brown+Golden 330 336 1.8% 5%

2 Green+Blue+Red+Golden 5600 5590 0.17% 5%

3 Brown+Black+Red+Golden 1000 999 0.1% 5%


EXPERIMENT # 3
SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

SERIES

Abstract:
This experiment will verify Kirchhoff’s second law.

Theory:
The three resistances namely R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series. We calculate
the voltage across each resistance via the multimeter.
The total voltage is equal to the sum of these voltages, and if it is equal to the
applied voltage (measured by multimeter) this will prove the Kirchhoff’s second
law.
Circuit:

Data Analysis:
No. of Resistance Voltage
Obs.
1 330 0.074
2 5600 1.259
3 1000 0.224

Rexp = 6900Ω andRt = 6930Ω %-error= 0.4%

Vtotal = 0.074+1.259+0.224 = 1.557V where Vapplied = 1.56 volt


Vtotal approximately equal to Vapplied+, hence proven.
PARALLEL
Abstract:
This experiment will be used to verify Kirchhoff’s first law.

Theory:
In the parallel configuration, according to laws, the voltage across each resistance
should be equal. We check the values and if these conditions are satisfied we
have proven the laws.

Circuit:
Data Analysis:
No. of Obs. Resistance Voltage
1 330 1.557
2 5600 1.557
3 1000 1.557

Rexp = 1/[(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)] = 237Ω and Rt=237.6Ω %-error=0.2%


Where Vt=1.56V is approximately equal V1=V2=V3=1.557V

COMBINATION
Abstract:
A combination of series and parallel resistances. We will use calculations to prove
both Kirchhoff’s laws.

Theory:
We will use the various techniques to compare the values of the total voltage
across circuit (measured by multimeter) and the total value as calculated by the
laws. Equality will validate the laws.

Circuit:
Data Analysis:
.

No. of Resistance Voltage


Obs.
1 330 0.148
2 3300 1.408
3 5600 0.199
4 1000 0.035
5 33000 1.173

Vt = V1 + V2 (1)
And
V2 = V3+V4+V5 (2)
1.408 =1.407 (approximate)
Putting this in (1)
1.557=1.555 (approximate)
Hence Proven

Results and Conclusions:


From these experiments we have with minimal error validated the Kirchhoff’s
Laws. Each experiment gave a unique problem which a different law helped solve.

Discussions:
The %-error in calculations was minimal. The laws used for adding up voltages and
resistances were successfully validated.

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