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Analysis 1 Examples 1

The document contains 16 multi-part analysis problems covering topics like sequence convergence, series convergence, logarithms, and set operations on intervals. The problems get progressively more complex and cover fundamental concepts in real analysis.

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Hasufin
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41 views2 pages

Analysis 1 Examples 1

The document contains 16 multi-part analysis problems covering topics like sequence convergence, series convergence, logarithms, and set operations on intervals. The problems get progressively more complex and cover fundamental concepts in real analysis.

Uploaded by

Hasufin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS 1 EXAMPLES SHEET 1

Lent Term 2015 W. T. G.

1. Let (an ) and (bn ) be two real sequences. Suppose that (an ) is a subsequence of (bn ) and
(bn ) is a subsequence of (an ). Does it follow that they are the same sequence?

2. For each positive integer k let a2k = 1 and for every n that is not a power of 2, let
an = 0. Prove directly from the definition of convergence that the sequence (an ) does not
converge.

3. Let (an ) be a real sequence. We say that an → ∞ if for every K there exists N such
that for every n ≥ N we have an ≥ K.
(i) Write down a similar definition for an → −∞.
(ii) Show that an → −∞ if and only if −an → ∞.
(iii) Suppose that no an is 0. Prove that if an → ∞, then a1n → 0.
(iv) Again suppose that no an is 0. If a1n → 0, does it follow that an → ∞?

4. Let a1 > b1 > 0 and for every n ≥ 1 let an+1 = (an +bn )/2 and let bn+1 = 2an bn /(an +bn ).
Show that an > an+1 > bn+1 > bn . Deduce that the two sequences converge to a common
limit. What is that limit?

5. Let (a1 , b1 ) ⊃ (a2 , b2 ) ⊃ . . . be a nested sequence of non-empty open intervals. Must


T∞
n=1 (an , bn ) be non-empty? If not, then find a (non-trivial) additional condition that
guarantees that the intersection is non-empty.

6. (i) Let (an ) be a real sequence that is bounded but that does not converge. Prove that
it has two convergent subsequences with different limits.
(ii) Prove that every real sequence has a subsequence that converges or tends to ±∞.

7. Let a be a real number and let (an ) be a sequence such that every subsequence of (an )
has a further subsequence that converges to a. Prove that an → a.

8. Let (an ) be a Cauchy sequence. Prove that (an ) has a subsequence (ank ) such that
|anp − anq | < 2−p whenever p ≤ q.
1
2 ANALYSIS 1 EXAMPLES SHEET 1

9. Let f : R → (0, ∞) be a decreasing function. (That is, if x < y then f (x) ≥ f (y).)
Define a sequence (an ) inductively by a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + f (an ) for every n ≥ 1. Prove
that an → ∞.
10. Investigate the convergence of the following series. For each expression that contains
the variable z, find all complex numbers z for which the series converges.

X sin n X n2 z n X (−1)n X z n (1 − z) X n2
√
n
n2 n
5n n
4 + n n
n n≥3
(log log n)log n

11. The two series 1 − 21 + 13 − 14 + 15 − . . . and 1 + 13 − 21 + 51 + 17 − 14 + . . . have the


same terms but in different orders. Let Sn and Tn be the partial sums to n terms. Let
Hn = 1 + 21 + 13 + · · · + n1 . Show that S2n = H2n − Hn and T3n = H4n − 12 H2n − 12 Hn . Show
that the sequence (Sn ) converges to a limit S and that Tn → 3S/2.
12. Prove that n n(log1 n)α converges if α > 1 and diverges otherwise. Does the series
P
1
P
n n log n log log n converge?
P
13. Let (an ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that n an diverges. Prove that
P
there exists a sequence (bn ) of positive real numbers such that bn /an → 0, but n bn is
still divergent.
P
14. Let x be a real number and let n an be a series that converges but that does not
converge absolutely. Prove that the terms can be reordered so that the series converges to
P
x. That is, show that there is a bijection π : N → N such that n aπ(n) = x.
15. For every positive integer k write logk (x) for log log . . . log(x), where the logarithm
has been taken k times. (Thus, log1 (x) = log x, log2 (x) = log log x, and so on.) Define
a function f : N → R by taking f (n) to be n log n log2 n . . . logk(n) n, where k(n) is the
P 1
largest integer such that logk(n) n ≥ 1. Does the series n f (n) converge?
16. Can the open interval (0, 1) be written as a union of disjoint closed intervals of positive
length?

Any comments or queries can be sent to [email protected].

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