ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

-II
Debre Markos University
Institute of Technology
School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

primed by:
Lijalem A.

3. Air standard cycles 1

Objectives
 Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the
working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle.
 Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.
 Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
 Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
 Solve problems based on the Otto, Diesel, Stirling, and Ericsson
cycles.
 Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the Brayton cycle
with regeneration; and the Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating, and regeneration.
 Analyze jet-propulsion cycles.
 Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law analysis of gas
power cycles.
 Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles. 2
 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS
OF POWER CYCLES
 Gas power cycles will involves study those heat engine in which the
working fluid remains in gaseous state through out the cycle.
 Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle closely but is
made up totally of internally reversible processes.

 Heat engines are designed for the purpose of converting thermal energy to
work, and their performance is expressed in terms of the thermal
efficiency ηth, which is the ratio of the net work produced by the engine to
the total heat input:
 The idealizations and simplifications commonly employed in
the analysis of power cycles can be summarized as follows:

1. The cycle does not involve any friction.

Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any pressure
drop as it flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a
quasiequilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are
well insulated, and heat transfer through them is negligible.
 The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
• Carnot yields maximum efficiency
ηCarnot= 1− TL/TH
• Executed in closed system or open steady-flow device
• Efficiency increases with increasing/decreasing high/low
temperature
• Reversible isothermal heat transfer not practical
 AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
To reduce the analysis to a manageable level, we utilize the following
approximations, commonly known as the air-standard
assumptions:
1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed
loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process
from an external source (Fig. below).
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that
restores the working fluid to its initial state.
5. cold-air-standard assumption apply when the working fluid is air
and has constant specific heats evaluate at room temperature
(25°C, or 77°F).
Fig: The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process in ideal cycles.
 TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES
The following is terminology we need to understand for reciprocating engines
(basically a piston–cylinder device)
• The piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions
called the top dead center (TDC)—the position of the piston when it
forms the smallest volume in the cylinder—and the bottom dead
center (BDC)—the position of the piston when it forms the largest
volume in the cylinder.
• The distance between the TDC and the BDC is the largest distance
that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the stroke
of the engine.
• The diameter of the piston is called the bore.
• The air or air–fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the
intake valve.
• the combustion products are expelled from the cylinder through the
exhaust valve.
• The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston is at
TDC is called the clearance volume.
 TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES

• The volume displaced by the piston as it moves between TDC

and BDC is called the displacement volume.
• The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to
the minimum (clearance) volume is called the compression
ratio r of the engine:

9
 TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES
• mean effective pressure (MEP) is a fictitious pressure that, if it acted on
the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount
of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.
• Wnet = MEP X Piston area Stroke = MEP X Displacement volume
OR

The mean effective pressure can be used as a

parameter to compare the performances of
reciprocating engines of equal size.
The engine with a larger value of MEP
delivers more net work per cycle and thus
performs better.

Fig: The net work output of a cycle is equivalent to the product of the mean effective
pressure and the displacement volume.
TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES

Reciprocating engines are classified as spark-ignition (SI)

engines or compression-ignition (CI) engines, depending on
how the combustion process in the cylinder is initiated.

• In SI engines, the combustion of the air–fuel mixture is

initiated by a spark plug.
 Otto a cycles which is the ideal cycles for the SI
reciprocating engine.
• In CI engines, the air–fuel mixture is self-ignited as a result
of compressing the mixture above its self ignition
temperature.
 Diesel cycles, which are the ideal cycles for the CI
reciprocating engine.
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-
IGNITION ENGINES
 In most spark-ignition engines, the piston executes four complete strokes
(two mechanical cycles) within the cylinder, and the crankshaft
completes two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle.
 These engines are called four-stroke internal combustion engines.
These process:
 Intake stroke
 Compression stroke
 Expansion stroke
 Exhaust stroke
 Often the ignition and combustion process begins before the completion
the compression stroke.
 The number of crank angle degrees before the piston reaches TDC on the
number one piston at which spark occurs is called the engine timing.
OTTO CYCLE
 OTTO CYCLE
Air-Standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximation
the spark ignition engine.
It consists of four internally reversible processes:
 Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
 Process 2  3 Constant volume heat addition
 Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
 Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection
 First Law Analysis of Otto Cycle
12 Isentropic Compression
Q W
(u 2  u1 )   ( in )
m m
Win
 (u2  u1 )  cv (T2  T1 )
m Where:
k 1 Compression ratio:
T2  v1  k 1
P2 T2 v1
 
   r P1 T1 v2 r
v1 v4

T1  v2  v2 v3
23 Constant Volume Heat
Addition Qin W
(u3  u 2 )  ( )
m m
Qin
 (u3  u2 )  cv (T3  T2 )
m
P3 T3

P2 T2
 First Law Analysis of Otto Cycle
 3  4 Isentropic Expansion
Q W
(u 4  u3 )   ( out )
m m
Wout
 (u3  u4 )  cv (T3  T4 )
m k 1
T4  v3  1 P4 T4 v3
 
    k 1 P3 T3 v4
T3  v4  r

 4  1 Constant Volume Heat

Removal
Qout W
(u1  u 4 )  ( )
m m
Qout
 (u4  u1 )  cv (T4  T1 )
m
P4 P1

T4 T1
 First Law Analysis of Otto Cycle

Net cycle work:

Wcycle  Wout  Win  mu3  u4   mu2  u1 

Cycle thermal efficiency:

Wcycle u3  u4   u2  u1   u3  u2   u4  u1   1  u4  u1
th  
Qin u3  u2  u3  u 2 u3  u 2
cv (T4  T1 ) T 1
 1  1  1  1  k 1
cv (T3  T2 ) T2 r

Indicated mean effective pressure is:

Wcycle imep Qin  r  1  Qin / m  r 
imep     
 th    th
V1  V2 P1 P1V1  r  1  k  1  u1  r  1 
 OTTO CYCLE
 Effect of Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency

1
th  1
const cV r k 1

k = 1.4

• Spark ignition engine compression ratio limited by T3 (auto

ignition) and P3 (material strength), both ~rk
• For r = 8 the efficiency is 56% which is twice the actual
indicated value
 OTTO CYCLE

 Factors Affecting Work per Cycle

The net cycle work of an engine can be increased by either:

i) Increasing the r (1’2)
ii) Increase Qin (23”)
Wcycle Qin  r 
imep    th
V1  V2 V1  r  1 
Example:1 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the
beginning of the compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 17°C,
and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-
volume heat-addition process. Accounting for the variation of
specific heats of air with temperature, determine (a) the maximum
temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the net
work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d ) the mean effective
pressure for the cycle.
Assignment: 1
An Otto cycle having a compression of 9:1 uses air as the working
fluid . Initially P1 = 95KPa, T1 = 17oc, and V1 = 3.8liters . During
the heat addition , 7.5KJ of heat are added. Determine all T’s, P’s,
ηth, the back work ration, and the effective pressure.
 DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

IN CI engines (also known as diesel engines):

 the air is compressed to a temperature that is above the auto ignition
temperature of the fuel.
 combustion starts on contact as the fuel is injected into this hot air.
 Spark plug is replaced by injector (fine droplets)

Fig: In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced by a fuel

injector, and only air is compressed during the compression
process.
 DIESEL CYCLE
Air-Standard diesel cycle is the ideal cycle that approximation the spark
ignition engine.
 Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
 Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
 Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
 Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Cut-off ratio rc:

v3
rc 
v2

cutoff ratio rc, as the ratio of the cylinder volumes after

and before the combustion process:
Apply first law closed system for Diesel cycle (piston–
cylinder device)
 DIESEL CYCLE
cutoff ratio rc, is the ratio of the cylinder volumes after and before
the combustion process
 Is a measure of the duration of the heat addition at constant pressure.
 Since the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder, the cutoff can
be related to the number of degrees that crank rotated during the fuel
injection into the cylinder.
For cold air-standard the above reduces to:
 Diesel
 
1  1 rck  1 
 1  k 1  
const cV 
r  k rc  1 

Note the term in the square bracket is always larger than one so for the
same compression ratio, r, the Diesel cycle has a lower thermal
efficiency than the Otto cycle

Note: CI needs higher r compared to SI to ignite fuel

 DIESEL CYCLE
 When rc (= v3/v2)1 the Diesel cycle efficiency approaches the
efficiency of the Otto cycle.
 When rc> 1 for fixed r, ηth,Diesel < ηth,Otto. But, since rDiesel > rOtto,
ηth,Diesel >ηth,Otto

Higher efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin,

 run engine at higher speed to get the same power.
Example:2
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a
cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, air is
at 95kPa and 27°C. Accounting for the variation of specific heats
with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after the heat-
addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean
effective pressure.

Assignment :2
An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as
the working fluid. The state of air at the beginning of the
compression process is 95kPa and 20°C. If the maximum
temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200K, determine (a) the
thermal efficiency and (b) the mean effective pressure. Assume
constant specific heats for air at room temperature.
 Dual cycle
Is model the combustion process in both gasoline and diesel engines
as a combination of two heat-transfer processes, one at constant
volume and the other at constant pressure.
Qin Qin Qout

Ai
Dual r TC
Cycle

BC

Compressi Const Const Expansion Const

on volume pressure Process volume
Process heat heat addition heat
addition Process rejection
Process Process
 Dual cycle
• Process 1  2 Isentropic compression
• Process 2  2.5 Constant volume heat addition
• Process 2.5  3 Constant pressure heat addition
• Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
• Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Qin
 (u3  u2 )  (h4  h3 )  cv (T3  T2 )  c p (T3  T4 )
m
 Dual cycle
• Thermal Efficiency
Qout m u4  u1
 Dual  1   1
cycle Qin m (u2.5  u2 )  (h3  h2.5 )

1  rck  1 
 Dual  1  k 1 
const cv r  (  1)  k rc  1

v3 P3
where rc  and  
v2.5 P2
Note, the Otto cycle (rc=1) and the Diesel cycle (=1) are special
cases: 1 1  1 rck  1 
 Diesel  1  k 1  
 
Otto  1  k 1
r const cV r  k rc  1

  
For the same inlet conditions P1, V1 and the same compression
ratio: Otto   Dual   Diesel
For the same inlet conditions P1, V1 and the same peak pressure P3
(actual design limitation in engines):
 Diesel   Dual  otto
Assignment :3
The compression ratio of an ideal dual cycle is 14. Air is at 100kPa
and 300 K at the beginning of the compression process and at
2200 K at the end of the heat-addition process. Heat transfer to
air takes place partly at constant volume and partly at constant
pressure, and it amounts to 1520.4 kJ/kg. Assuming variable
specific heats for air, determine (a) the fraction of heat
transferred at constant volume and (b) the thermal efficiency of
the cycle.
 Stirling and Ericsson cycles
There are two other cycles that involve an isothermal heat-addition process at TH and
an isothermal heat-rejection process at TL: the Stirling cycle and the Ericsson
cycle.
 They differ from the Carnot cycle in that the two isentropic processes are replaced:
 by two constant-volume regeneration processes in the Stirling cycle, and
 by two constant-pressure regeneration processes in the Ericsson cycle.
• Both cycles utilize regeneration, a process during which heat is transferred to a
thermal energy storage device (called a regenerator) during one part of the cycle
and is transferred back to the working fluid during another part of the cycle
 Figure below (b) shows the T-s and P-v diagrams of the Stirling cycle,
which is made up of four totally reversible processes:
1-2 T= constant expansion (heat addition from the external source)
2-3 v = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the working fluid to
the regenerator)
3-4 T= constant compression (heat rejection to the external sink)
4-1 v = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the regenerator
back to the working fluid)The execution of the Stirling cycle requires rather
Assignment .4
a. Consider an ideal Ericsson cycle with air as the working fluid
executed in a steady-flow system. Air is at 27°C and 120 kPa at the
beginning of the isothermal compression process, during which 150
kJ/kg of heat is rejected. Heat transfer to air occurs at 1200 K.
Determine (a) the maximum pressure in the cycle, (b) the net work
output per unit mass of air, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle
b. An ideal Stirling engine using helium as the working fluid operates
between temperature limits of 300 and 2000 K and pressure limits
of 150 kPa and 3 MPa. Assuming the mass of the helium used in
the cycle is 0.12 kg, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle, (b) the amount of heat transfer in the regenerator, and (c) the
work output per cycle.
 Brayton Cycle: Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle (fig below)
Working Principal:
 Fresh air enters the compressor at ambient temperature where its pressure
and temperature are increased.
 The high pressure air enters the combustion chamber where the fuel is
burned at constant pressure.
 The high temperature (and pressure) gas enters the turbine where it
expands to ambient pressure and produces work.
Some of the output power is used to drive the compressor.
• The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are thrown out (not re-circulated),
causing the cycle to be classified as an open cycle.
 Brayton Cycle: Closed Cycle Model
The open gas-turbine cycle can be
modelled as a closed cycle, using
the air-standard assumptions (Fig.
below).
The compression and expansion
processes remain the same, but the
combustion process is replaced by a
constant-pressure heat addition
process from an external source.
The exhaust process is replaced
by a constant-pressure heat
rejection process to the ambient air.

35
 Brayton Cycle :processes
The ideal cycle that the working fluid
undergoes in the closed loop is the
Brayton cycle. It is made up of four
internally reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression;
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition;
3-4 Isentropic expansion;
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection.
The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal
Brayton cycle are shown in below.

Note: All four processes of the Brayton

cycle are executed in steady-flow
devices thus, they should be analyzed as
steady-flow processes.

36
Brayton Cycle : Thermal Efficiency
The energy balance for a steady-flow process can
be expressed, on a unit–mass basis, as

The heat transfers to and from the working fluid

are:

The thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle,

Constant specific heats

where is the pressure ratio.

37
 Example: 3
A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a pressure
ratio of 8. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310
K and 1160 K, respectively. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75
percent for the compressor and 82 percent for the turbine, determine:
a) the air temperature at the turbine exit,
b) the net work output, and
c) the thermal efficiency.
Assignment: 5

A stationary gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple ideal Brayton

cycle with air as the working fluid. The air enters the compressor at
95kPa and 290 K and the turbine at 760kPa and 1100 K. Heat is
transferred to air at a rate of 35,000 kJ/s. Determine the power delivered
by this plant (a) assuming constant specific heats at room temperature
and (b) accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature.
38
 Brayton Cycle: Parameters Affecting Thermal Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of an
ideal Brayton cycle depends on the
pressure ratio, rp of the gas turbine
and the specific heat ratio, k of the
working fluid.
The thermal efficiency increases
with both of these parameters,
which is also the case for actual gas
turbines.
A plot of thermal efficiency Fig: Thermal efficiency of the ideal
versus the pressure ratio is shown Brayton cycle as a function of the
in Fig. below, for the case of k pressure ratio.
=1.4.

39
The two major application areas of gas-turbine engines are
aircraft propulsion and electric power generation.

The highest temperature in the

cycle is limited by the maximum
temperature that the turbine
blades can withstand. This also
limits the pressure ratios that
can be used in the cycle.
The air in gas turbines
supplies the necessary oxidant
for the combustion of the fuel,
and it serves as a coolant to keep
the temperature of various
components within safe limits.
An air–fuel ratio of 50 or above
is not uncommon.
40
 Back Work Ratio

The fraction of the turbine work used to drive the compressor is called
the back work ratio.
BWR is defined as the ratio of compressor work to the turbine work.
The BWR in gas turbine power plant is very high, normally one-half of
turbine work output is used to drive the compressor.

work ratio is the fraction of the turbine work that becomes the net
work.
rw = wnet/wturbine
 Brayton Cycle: Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles
Some pressure drop occurs during the
heat-addition and heat rejection processes.
The actual work input to the compressor
is more, and the actual work output from
the turbine is less, because of
irreversibilities.

Deviation of actual compressor and turbine

behavior from the idealized isentropic behavior
can be accounted for by utilizing isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and compressor. Fig: The deviation of an actual
gas-turbine cycle from the ideal
Turbine: Brayton cycle as a result of
irreversibilities.
Compressor:
42
 Brayton Cycle: Improvements of Gas Turbine’s
Performance
The early gas turbines (1940s to 1959s) found only limited use despite
their versatility and their ability to burn a variety of fuels, because its
thermal efficiency was only about 17%. Efforts to improve the cycle
efficiency are concentrated in three areas:
1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures.
• The turbine inlet temperatures have increased steadily from about 540°C
(1000°F) in the 1940s to 1425°C (2600°F) and even higher today.
2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-machinery components (turbines,
compressors).
• The advent of computers and advanced techniques for computer-aided
design made it possible to design these components aerodynamically with
minimal losses.
3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (intercooling, regeneration or
recuperation, and reheating).
• The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled
by incorporating intercooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating.

43
 Brayton Cycle With Regeneration
Temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine is
higher than the temperature of the air leaving the
compressor.
The air leaving the compressor can be heated by the
hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger (a
regenerator or recuperator) – a process called
regeneration
The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases
due to regeneration since less fuel is used for the same
work output.

Note:
The use of a regenerator is
recommended only when the
turbine exhaust temperature is
higher than the compressor exit
temperature.
44
 Effectiveness of the Regenerator
Assuming the regenerator is well insulated and changes in kinetic and
potential energies are negligible, the actual and maximum heat transfers
from the exhaust gases to the air can be expressed as

Effectiveness of the regenerator,

Effectiveness under cold-air standard

assumptions, If written in terms of
temperatures only, it is
also called the thermal
ratio
Thermal efficiency under cold-air
standard assumptions,

45
Example: 4
A Brayton cycle with regeneration using air as the working fluid has a pressure
ratio of 7. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and
1150 K respectively.
Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the compressor and 82
percent for the turbine and an effectiveness of 65 percent for the regenerator,
determine:
(a) the air temperature at the turbine exit,
(b) the net work output, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.

46
 Assignment: 6

The 7FA gas turbine manufactured by General Electric is reported to

have an efficiency of 35.9 percent in the simple-cycle mode and to
produce 159 MW of net power. The pressure ratio is 14.7 and the
turbine inlet temperature is 1288°C. The mass flow rate through the
turbine is 1,536,000 kg/h.
Taking the ambient conditions to be 20°C and 100 kPa, determine:
a) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine and the compressor,
b) the thermal efficiency of this gas turbine if a regenerator with an
effectiveness of 80 percent is added.
Assume constant specific heats at 300 K.

47
 Assignment 7
A gas turbine plant with reheating is fitted with an exhaust heat exchanger. Compression is
done in a single stage with a pressure ratio of 8, while expansion is done in two turbine
stages. The high pressure turbine drives the compressor while the low pressure turbine
supplies the net work of the plant. Inlet temperatures for the turbines are the same at 1073 K
and the inlet temperature of the compressor is 303 K. The main combustion chamber (not
including the reheater) supplies heat at a rate of 380 kJ/kg of working fluid.

Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram, determine the temperature at each point, and calculate;
a) Thermal ratio of the heat exchanger
b) Thermal efficiency of the plant
c) The ratio of the fuel flow rate to the working fluid flow rate, provided that the calorific
value of the fuel be 43000 kJ/kg fuel.

Given : cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K and  = 1.4 for air

cp = 1.15 kJ/kg.K and  = 1.333 for gas

48
 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating & Regeneration

The net work output of a gas-turbine cycle can be

increased by either:
a) decreasing the compressor work, or
b) increasing the turbine work, or
c) both.
The compressor work input can be decreased by
carrying out the compression process in stages and
cooling the gas in between (Fig. below), using
multistage compression with intercooling.

The work output of a turbine can be increased by

expanding the gas in stages and reheating it in Fig: Comparison of work inputs
between, utilizing a multistage expansion with to a single-stage compressor
reheating. (1AC) and a two-stage
compressor with intercooling
(1ABD). 49
 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating &
Regeneration
Intercooling and reheating always decreases
thermal efficiency unless accompanied by
regeneration. Why?
Therefore, in gas turbine power plants,
intercooling and reheating are always used in
conjunction with regeneration.

•Reheating : Adding fuel into hot

gases and we have extra energy for
next turbine.
• Intercooling : Cooling the flow
before entering into next compressor As the number of compression and
expansion stages increases, the gas-
stage. turbine cycle with intercooling,
• Regeneration : Using exhaust energy reheating, and regeneration approaches
to heat up the air before entering the the Ericsson cycle.
combustion chamber.
THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH INTERCOOLING,
REHEATING, AND REGENERATION
For minimizing work input to compressor and
maximizing work output from turbine:

Tmax limited by materials,

Tmin limited by environment

A gas-turbine engine
with two-stage
compression with
intercooling, two-
stage expansion with
reheating, and
regeneration and its
T-s diagram.
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 Conditions for Best Performance
The work input to a two-stage compressor is minimized when
a) equal pressure ratios are maintained across each stage.
b) Complete intercooling is performed
This procedure also maximizes the turbine work output.
Thus, for best performance we have,

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Example:5
Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages
of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and turbine is
3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the
turbine at 1200 K. Determine:
a) the back work ratio, and
b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
assuming:
I)no regenerator is used, and
II)a regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is used.

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Assignment. 8

Consider a regenerative gas-turbine power plant with two stages of

compression and two stages of expansion. The overall pressure ratio of the
cycle is 9. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage
of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the minimum mass flow rate of air needed to develop net power
output of 110 MW.

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