Relations - Advanced Mathematics
Relations - Advanced Mathematics
Definition
V ={1,2,3,4} , W = {-4,-3,-2,-1}
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General Product Sets
(a) A×B={(a,1),(a,2),(a,3),(b,1),(b,2),(b,3)}
A×B×C={(a,1,x),(a,1,y),(a,2,x),(a,2,y),(a,3,x),(a,3,y),
(b,1,x),(b,1,y),(b,2,x),(b,2,y),(b,3,x),(b,3,y)}
Tree Diagrams
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x (a,1,x)
1 y (a,1,y)
x (a,2,x)
a 2 y (a,2,y)
x .
3 y .
O. x .
1 y .
x .
b 2 y .
x (b,3,x)
3 y (b,3,y)
Relations
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Example: Let A = {-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4}
B={1,2,3,….,10} and the relation R is defined by the
rule R such that a 2 = b. In other words aRb means
a ∈ A, b ∈ and a 2 = b. Find the relation R.
R={(-3,9) ,(-2,4)(-1,1),(2,4),(3,9}.
R:D →O
,
R={(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(3,1),(3,3),(4,1)(4,2),(4,4),(5,1),(5,5),
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,6),(7,1),(7,7),(8,1),(8,2),(8,4),(9,1),(9,3)}
Exercise:
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(a) A× B ×C (b) A× B
Name: N={K,T,U,V,X,Y,Z}
Index: I= {1,3,4,5,6,7,10}
Group: G ={A,B,C}
Mark: M={65,70,75,80,b5}
R={(A,1,X,75),(A,7,Z,20),(A,10,K,65),(B,3,T,80),
(B,6 ,v,75),(c,4,U,85),(c,5,Y,85)}
Directed graphs
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or curved) with a direction indicated. The points are
called vertices or nodes. Straight lines are called edges.
An edge of the form (a,a) is represented using an arc from
vertex a back to itself. Such an edge is called a loop.
Example:
a1 b1
a2 b2
b3
Then
R={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,2),(2,4),(3,3),(4,4)}
1 . .2
4 . .3
Domain and range of relations:
R: A B
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Domain: The domain of R is the set of all elements in
A that are related by R to at least one element in B.
Dom( R )= {a / a ∈ A, (a, b) ∈ R}
Ran( R) = {b / b ∈ B, (a, b) ∈ R}
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Reflexive relation:
R: A B is reflexive implies ∀a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈ R .
Example: Show that the following relations are
reflexive.
(a) If a,b∈ Z and a,b>0, then aRb means a is divisible by
b.
(b) A={1,2,…}, B={1,2,…,10} R: A B and a=b,
a∈ A , b ∈ B .
Symmetric relation:
Transitive Relation :
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(iii) x/y and y/x are both fractions with an odd
numerator.
3. .4 3. 4.
Equivalence Relation
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Congruence modulo n
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[0] = {……-8,-4,0,4,8,….}.
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Then,
R1 = {(1,1), (1,2),...., (2,2), (2,3),...., (3,3), (3,4),....}
R2 = {( 2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2),......}
R3 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3),.....}
R4 = {( 2,1), (3,2), (4,3),......}
R5 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1)}
R1 , R2 , R4 -
antisymmetric only.
R5 - symmetric only.
R3 - both symmetric and antisymmetric.
(a) X Y (b) X Y
x1 y1 x1 y1
x2 y2 x2 y2
x3 y3 x3 y3
y4
( c) f={(1,3),(2,5),(1,5),(2,6)}
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Graph of a function:
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Example: The following are some values of Floor and
Ceiling functions.
8 bits = 1 byte
100 bits = 100 = 12.5 =13 bytes.
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Combining Relations:
Exercises:
1. List the ordered pairs in the relation R from
A={0,1,2,3,4} to B{0,1,2,3} where (a,b)∈ R if and only if
(a) a=b (b) a+b=4 (c) a>b (d) a/b (e) gcd(a,b)=1
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2. Determine whether the relation on the set of all
integers is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or
transitive where (x,y)∈ R if and only if
(d)
7. If R1 = {( a, b) / a > b, a, b ∈ R} , R2 = {( a, b) / a > b, a, b ∈ Z } ,
R3 = {( a, b) / a < b, a, b ∈ R} , R4 = {( a, b) / a ≤ b, a, b ∈ R} ,
R5 = {( a, b) / a = b, a, b ∈ Z } , R6 = {(a, b) / a ≠ b, a, b ∈ R}
Find (a) R1 ∪ R4 (b) R1 ∩ R2 (c ) R3 ∪ R6
(d) R3 ∩ R6 (e) R5 ∩ R6
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8. Consider the relation R={(x,y)/x,y∈ R ,x-y is an integer}.
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