B.A.

GEOGRAPHY

RULES & REGULATIONS

1. Only those candidates may offer Geography as one optional subject in B.A., who has offered
Geography in Inter classes. Inter Science and Agriculture students are exempted from those
conditions.
2. No private candidates are allowed to offer Geography in B.A.
3. The candidate shall have to pass in theory and practical separately obtaining 33 % marks in each.
4. There shall be two theory papers of 75 marks each and one practical carrying 50 marks in B.A.
/B.Sc. I and B.A. /B.Sc. II examinations, while in B.A. /B.Sc. III, there shall be 3 theory papers of
75 marks each and one practical carrying 75 marks.

Name of papers in B.A. /B.Sc. Geography

Paper Name of Subject Marks

B.A. /B.Sc. I I Physical Geography 75
II Human Geography 75
Practical Geography 50

B.A./B.Sc. II I Economic Geography 75

II Geography of India 75
Practical Geography 50

B.A./B.Sc. III I Evolution of Geographical Thought 75

II World Regional Geography 75
II Environment, Ecology and Development 75
Practical Geography 75
 B.A. /B.Sc. Part-I GEOGRAPHY

Paper I- PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (75 Marks)

Meaning and scope of Physical Geography; Theories of origin of the Earth- Classical Indian Views,
Theories of Kant, Laplace, Jeans & Jeffreys, Russell, Hoyle, Otto Schmidt, Big Bang; Interior of the
Earth; Origin of Continents & Ocean Basins- Tetrahedral Theory, Theory of Continental Drift, Concept of
Plate Tectonics; Theory of Isostasy; Earth Movements- Diastrophism, Folding & faulting, Earthquakes
and Volcanoes; Theories of Mountain Building - Kober, Jeffreys, Holmes; Rocks & their types; Sub-areal
denudation- Weathering and Erosion; Works of Running water, Underground water, Wind, Glaciers &
Marine Water and resultant landforms; Normal Cycle of Erosion; System & Pattern of Drainage.
Composition and structure of atmosphere; Insolation; Vertical & Horizontal distribution of Temperature;
Pressure and Winds, Humidity & Precipitation; Types of Rainfall; Origin & Characteristics of Temperate
& Tropical Cyclones; Anti-cyclones.
Surface Configuration of Ocean Basins with special reference to Atlantic & Indian Oceans; Ocean
Temperature; Salinity and Density of Ocean Water, Ocean Tides & Currents; Marine Deposits; Coral
Reefs & Atolls.

Recommended Books:
1. G.T.Triwartha :-Elements of Physical Geography
2. Wooldridge & Morgan :- Physical Basis of Geography
3. Singh, D.K. :- Physical Geography
4. Singh, Savindra :- Physical Geography(Hindi)
5. Singh, K.N. & Singh, J :- Bhautik Bhoogol

Paper-II- HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (75 Marks)

Meaning & Scope; Evolution; Principles and Approaches of Human Geography; Elements of Human
Geography with special reference to Jean Brunhes and Huntington; Man and Environment Relationships-
Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-determinism, Probabilism;
Evoltuion of Man- Australopithecus, Homo-habilis, Homo-erectus, Homo-sapien; Man’s Spread Over
Globe During Pleistocene; Global Migration in Modern World- Their Causes and Consequences; Human
Races- Origin & Classification, Cultural Stages and Cultural Realms; Habitat and socio-economic
Adjustment; Major tribes- Pygmies, Kirghiz, Eskimos, Bushmen, Gond, Gaddi, Tharu and Santhal;
Stages of Population Growth; Distribution of Population; Population Agglomerations; Population
Problems; Concept of Human Resource Development;
Human Settlements: - Rural Settlements- Types and Patterns with special reference to India; House Types
in India. Urban Settlements- Trend & Pattern of Urbanization in the World; Classification of Cities.
Recommended Books:
Huntington & Shaw: - Principles of Human Geography.
Majumdar, D.N.:-Races and Culture of Man in India.
Singh, J. & Singh, K.N.:- Human Geography (Hindi)
Srivastava, V.K. & Rao, B.P.:- Human Geography (Hindi)
Dikshit, S.K. & Tripathi, R.D.:-Cultural Geography (Hindi)
 PRACTICALS (50 marks)

S.No Topics Marks

A-Lab 1. Drawing of Scales- Comparative, Diagonal and Vernier. 10
Work…(2.1/2 2. Study & Interpretation of Topographical Sheet 10
Hours) a) Representation of following relief features by Contours- Hill,
Saddle, Plateau, Cliff, Spur, Escarpments, ’U’ & ‘V’ Shaped Valley.
b) Study of 1:50,000 R.F. Topographical Sheets, at least one from Hill,
Plateau and Plain region.
3. Cartographic Representation of Statistical Data 10
a) Graphs-Line graph, Band Graph, Hythergraph and Climograph
b) Diagrams- Circle, Wheel, Pyramid, Rectangular, Wind Roses.
c) Distribution of Population- Dot Method and Choropleth method.
B-Field 1.Survey of Given Area and Plotting the same by Plane Table- Radiation, 10
Work(1.1/2 Intersection and Resection methods, Open & Closed Traverse; Height and
Hours) Depth
2.Measurement of Indian Clinometer
C- Record and Viva-voce 10

Recommended Books:
1. Singh, R.L.:-Elements of Practical Geography.
2. Bygott:-Practical Geography.
3. Hiralal :- Navin Prayogatmac Bhoogol
4. P.R.Chauhan :- Prayogatmac Bhoogol
5. R.C.Tiwari :- Prayogatmac Bhoogol
6. Shrivastava, V.K. and Prasad, Mahatam. :- Bhoogol Me Sankhikiya Vidhiyan
 B.A./B.Sc. Part-II GEOGRAPHY

PAPER I- ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY (75 Marks)

Meaning & Scope of Economic Geography; Concept and Classification of Resources; Soils; Forest and
Water resources; Primary Production- Fishing; Types of Agriculture, Distribution and production of
major Agriculture Crops- Rice, Wheat, Maize, Cotton, Sugarcane; Plantation Crops- Rubber, Tea &
Coffee; Von Thunen’s Theory of Agricultural Location; Agricultural regions of the World by
D.Whittlesey; Mineral & Power Resources- Production and Distribution, Iron-Ore, Copper, Tin, Bauxite,
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Hydro- Electricity & Atomic Power; Consumption of Power Resources;
Industrialization- Major Industries of the World- Iron & Steel, Cotton, Woolen & Silk, Textile and
Fertilizer; Alfred Weber’s Theory of Industrial Location; Major Industrial Regions of the World with
special reference to U.S.A., Western Europe & Japan; Problems and Prospects of Industrialization in 3 rd
World Countries; International Trade- Modern Trend, Role of W.T.O. in World Economy; Major Trade
Routes- Land, Water and Air; International Trade Blocks- NAFTA, European union, ASEAN, APEC.

Recommended Books:
1. Jones & Darkenward: Economic Geography
2. Alexander, J.W. : Economic Geography
3. Singh, K.N. & Singh, J. : Arthic Bhoogol ke Mool Tatva
4. Shrivastava & Rao : Arthic Bhoogol

PAPER II- GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA (75 Marks)

Global position of India; Geological Structure; Relief; Drainage Systems; Physiographic Regions; Origin
of Monsoon; Climatic Regions; Soils & Natural vegetation; Mineral resources- Iron- ore, Bauxite,
manganese, Atomic Minerals; Power Resources- Coal, Petroleum, Hydro-electricity, Non-Conventional
Energy Sources.
Human Resources- Growth & Spatial Pattern of Population; Population Explosion; Trend & Pattern of
Urbanization in India; National Population policy; Economic Activity Patterns- Agricultural Land Use
Pattern; Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects; major Crops- Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tea,
coffee; Impact of Green Revolution; Crop Association Regions.
Growth of Industries in India; Major Industries- Iron & Steel, Cotton Textiles, Cement, Fertilizer, Paper
& Sugar; Industrial Regions; Problems and Prospects of Industrially Backward Regions; Transport
Network- Road, Rail & Air Transport; Geographical Regions of India- Detailed Study of Assam Valley,
Malabar Coast, Middle Ganga Plain and Malwa Plateau.

Books Recommended:
1. Spate & Learmonth :- India and Pakistan, London
2. Singh, R.L.(Ed) :- India: A Regional Geography, Varanasi
3. Tiwari, R.C. :-Geography of India, Allahabad
4. Singh, J. , Singh, K.N. & Patel, R.B. :-Bharat, Gorakhpur
 PRACTICAL (50 marks)

S.No Topics Marks

A-Lab 1.Map Projections- 10
Work…(2.1/2 a) Classification and Choice of Projections.
Hours) b) Construction of Map Projections- Cylindrical Equal Area,
Mercator’s, Conical with Two Standard Parallel, Bonne’s, Polar
Zenithal Equal Area, Polar Zenithal Stereographic, Polar Zenithal
Orthomorphic.
2. Study & Interpretation of Indian Daily Weather Reports 10
a) Use of Weather Instruments- Wet & Dry Bulb Thermameter,
Barometer, Wind-Vane, Rain Gauge.
b) Study of Weather Symbols and Interpretation of Indian Daily
Weather Reports of January & July; Weather Forecasting.
3. Geological Maps- Completion of Beds, Drawing of Cross-section and 10
Interpretation of Horizontal, Inclined and Folded Beds.
B-Field Survey and plotting of a given area by Prismatic Compass with Open and 10
Work(1.1/2 Closed Traverse Methods, Correction of Closing error. Use of Sextant-
Hours) Measurement of Angels and calculation of Height
C- Record & Viva-Voce 10

Recommended Books:
All the books which are recommended for B. A. I
 B.A./B.Sc. III GEOGRAPHY
PAPER I- EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT (75 Marks)

Geography in Ancient Period: India- Geographical knowledge during Vedic, Epic and Puranic Period.
Contribution of Aryabhata, Varahmihira, Brahmagupta & Bhaskaracharaya; Contribution of Greek and
Roman Geographers.
Geography in Middle Ages, Contribution of Arab geographers; Renaissance period in Europe, Renowned
Travellers and their Geographical Discoveries.
German School of Geography: Contribution of Forsters, Kant, Humboldt, Ritter, Richthofen, Ratzel,
Hettner, French School of Geography, Contribution of Blache and Brunhes.
Soviet Geography- Development of Geographical Knowledge, Contribution of Lomonosov, Dokuchaiev,
Baransky and Gerasimov, American School- Contribution of Davis, Semple, Huntington, Carl Sauer;
British School- Contribution of Mackinder, Herbertson and L.D.Stamp.
Nature and scope of Geography: Geography as Science, Recent Trends of Geography, Progress of
Geography of India.

Recommended Books:
1. Dikshit R.D. :-Geographical Thought(Hindi & English), New Delhi
2. Mazid Hussain :- Evolution of Geographical Thought(Hindi & English), Jaipur
3. Dickinson R.E. :The Makers of Modern Geography, London
4. Singh. J :-Bhaugolic Chintan ka Kram Vikas, Gorakhpur
5. Singh, L.R. Bhoogol ki Prakriti, Lucknow
6. Kaushik, S.D. :-Bhaugolic Vichardharayein, Meerut
7. Dikshit, S.K. Bahugolic Chintan: Udbhav Evam Vikas, Varanasi
PAPER II-WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY (75 Marks)

Concept of Region and Regionalization; Tripartite Division of the World; Natural Regions of the World,
Bases of Delimitation and salient features of Monsoon Regions of the World.
Regional Study of USA- Physical, Climatic & Agricultural Regions, Mineral and Power Resources,
Industrial Regions
Regional Study of Brazil- Physical, Climatic, Agricultural, Mineral and Power Resources, Industrial
Regions.
Regional Study of Egypt- Physical Region, Agriculture, Mineral and Power Resources, Important
Industries.
Recommended Books:
1. Cole, J :-A Geography of the World: Major Regions, Routledge,London, 1996.
2. Dickinson, J.P.et. al :-The Geography of the Third World, Routledge, London, 1996.
3. Kolb,A:- East Asia :Geography of the Cultural Regions, Methuen, London, 1977.
4. English, Paul ward & Miller, J.A. -: World Regional Geography: A Question of Place, John
Wiley, New York, 1989.
5. Jackson, R.H. & Human, L.E. :- World Regional Geography: Issues for Today, John Wiley, New
York, 1991.
6. Jagdish Singh, et al :- Monsoon Asia, Tara Publications, Varanasi.
 PAPER III- ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY & DEVELOPMENT (75 Marks)

Concept of Environment, Elements of Environment, Concepts of Ecosystems and its structure, Trophic
level and food chain, Function of Ecosystems, Biogeochemical Cycle, Role of man in Ecosystem,
Environmental Degradation- Concept, cause and consequences, Economic Development and
Environmental Crisis, Acid Rain, Greenhouse effect, Ozone layer depletion and Global Warming, Impact
of Growth of population, industrialization, technology and consumerism on Environment.
Causes and Consequences of Deforestration, Soil Erosion, Energy Crisis, Climatic changes due to
Environmental pollution.
Ecosystem in India, causes and consequence of deforestation in India, Soil erosion, Air, Water pollution
and flood hazards in India, Urbanization and Environmental degradation.
Environmental management- Concept and significance, Environmental Impact, Assessment of major
development project in India- Damodar Valley project, Tehri, Narmada valley project, concept of Eco-
Development, Environmental Management.

Recommended Books:
1. Allen,P.D. :-Environment & Development
2. Gerasimov: Ecology & Geography
3. Kayastha, S.L. :-Fundamentals of Environmental Studies
4. Khushoo, T.N. :-Environment and Sustainable Development of India
5. Singh, J. :-Vatavaran Niyojan aum Samvikas
6. Singh, Savindra :-Environmental Geography(Hindi & English)
7. Shrivastava, V.K. & Rao, B.P. :- Paryavaran Evam Paristhitiki

PRACTICAL (75 Marks)

S.No. Topics Marks
A-Lab 1. Statistical Methods in Geography- Mean, Median, Mode, Mean 15
Work… Deviation, Standard Deviation, Spearman’s correlation coefficient,
(3 Hours) graphical representation and interpretation of Frequency polygon,
Histogram, Ogive.
2. Analysis of relief: longitudinal & Transverse Profiles, Construction 15
of Superimposed, Projected and Composite Profiles, Wentworth
method of Slope Analysis and Drainage Density
3. Aerial-Photo interpretation- Determination of Scales, Land Use 15
Analysis with the help of Aerial Photographs; Use and Importance of
Computer in Geography, Hardware and Software
B-Field The students shall be taken out on a field survey at any one place for about 20
Survey three days. They will be required to conduct survey of the socio-economic
landscapes of the concerned area and write a detail report on the basis of data
so generated.
C- Practical Records & Viva- Voce 10
Recommended Books:
All the books which are recommended for B.A. I