1993 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of
application software, hardware, and operating systems.[2][3] Based on the PostScript language, each
PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts,
vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it.
PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008 and therefore no longer requires royalties for its
implementation.[4]
PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring
elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video
content), and three-dimensional objects using U3D or PRC, and various other data formats. The PDF
specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and metadata to
enable workflows requiring these features.