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1. Describe different components of motherboard

Ans: mother board components are
- Processor: the processor of CPU is the brain of the computer. It consists of ALU and Control Unit. It has
set of registers which are temporary storage areas for holding data and instructions. ALU performs the
arithmetic and logic operations on the data. Control Unit is responsible for organizing the processing of data
and instructions. CU control and coordinates the activity of the other units of computer.

- BIOS (Basic Input and Output System): BIOS is a small chip on the mother board that holds a set of
instructions to load the hardware settings required to activate various devices like keyboards, monitors or disk
drives. The BIOS runs when the computer is switched ON.BIOS invoke the bootstrap loader to load the
operating system into memory.

- CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor): CMOS is a type of memory chip to store the
date, time and system set up parameters. These parameters are loaded every time the computer is started.
BIOS and CMOS are kept powered by a small lithium Ion battery located on the mother board.

- Disk controllers: disk controller is the circuit that enables the CPU to communicate with a hard disk,
floppy disk or other kind of disk drive.

2. Explain the characteristics of motherboard.

Ans: following are the characteristics of the motherboard
- Form factor: it refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions, arrangement and electrical requirements.
Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) is the most common design of motherboard for desktop computers.

- Chipset: this controls most of the computer resources. It coordinates data transfer between the various
components.

- The processor socket: it may be rectangular connector into which the processor is mounted vertically, or a
square shaped connector with many small connectors into which the processor is directly inserted.

3. Describe different types of I/O ports

Ans: - serial port or communication (COM) port: it is used to connect communicating device like
modem and mouse. This transfers one bit data at a time. It needs a single wire to transmit 1 bit of data. Hence
it takes 8 times longer to transfer a byte. There are two types of com ports, the 8-pin ports and 25-pins ports.
- Parallel port: it is used to connect external input/output devices like printers or scanners. Data transfer is
usually one byte (8-bits) at a time and it has 25 pins.

- IDE (Integrated Digital Electronics) port: IDE devices like CD-ROM drives or hard disk drives are
connected to the mother through the IDE port.

- USB (Universal Serial Bus) port: external peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, digital cameras,
web cameras, speakers etc. USB supports a data speed of 12 megabits per second, supporting up to 127
devices.

4. Explain cache memory. Or what is cache memory? Explain their types.

Ans: The cache memory is a very high speed memory placed in between RAM and CPU. Cache memory
stores data that is used more often, temporarily and makes it available to CPU at a fast rate. During
processing, the CPU first checks cache for the required data. If data is not found in cache, then it looks in the
RAM for data.

Cache memory is very expensive, so it is smaller in size. Computers have cache memory of sizes 256 KB to 2
MB Cache memory is built into the processor and may also be located next to it on a separate chip between
CPU and RAM. Cache built into CPU is faster than separate cache almost at the speed of the microprocessor
itself. However separate cache is roughly twice as fast as RAM. The CPU has a built –in level 1(L1) cache
and level2 (L2) cache high end processor nowadays comes with built-in L3 cache, processor like Intel Core
i7.

5. Explain the types of power supply.

Ans: electronic components of a computer system require continuous supply of electric current for
their operations to prevent them from the failures, break down or shutdown.
There are two types of power supply connected to a computer system; they are
Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) and Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)

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is needed. It converts 230 volts of AC to 5 to 12 DC volts and the wattage is around 180 to 300 watts, 450
watts and 500 watts
UPS: An UPS is a power supply that includes a battery to maintain power in the event of a power failure.
An UPS keeps a computer running for several minutes to few hours after a power failure, enabling us to
save data the is in RAM and then shut down the computer
There are two types of UPS: Online UPS and standby UPS
Online UPS: it provides continuous power to the system from its own inverter when the power goes off.
For a PC with color monitor 15”, requires an UPS of 500 VA and for a PC with color monitor 17”,
requires an UPS of 600 VA
Standby UPS or Offline UPS: it monitors the power line and switches to battery power as soon as it
detects a problem. The switch over to battery however, can require several milliseconds, during which
time the computer is not receiving any power.

6. Realize AND, OR, NOT gates using NAND gate.

Ans: NAND to NOT logic:

NAND to AND logic:

NAND to OR logic:

7. Mention the various operations performed on data structures

Ans: the operations that can be performed on primitive data structures are
- Create.
- Destroy.
- Select.
- Update.

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- Insertion.
- Deletion.
- Searching.
- Sorting.
- Merging.

8. Explain the memory representation of one-dimensional array

Ans: elements of linear array are stored in consecutive memory locations. Let P be the location of the
element. Address of first element of linear array A is given by base (A) called base address of A. using this
we can calculate the address of any element of A by the formula
LOC (A [P]) =base (A) +W (P-LB)
Where W is the number of words per memory cell
Example: suppose if a string S is used to store a string ABCDE in it with starting address at 1000, one can
find the address of fourth element as follows,

Now the address of element S[3] can be calculated as follows:

Address(S[3])=Base(S)+W(P-LB) where W=1 for characters
=1000+1(3-0)
=1003.
9. Explain the memory representation of two dimensional array.
Ans: A two dimensional array’s elements are stored in continuous memory locations. It can be
represented in memory using any of the following two ways:
1. Column-Major Order
2. Row-Major Order
1. Column-Major Order:
In this method the elements are stored column wise, i.e. m elements of first column are stored in first m
locations, m elements of second column are stored in next m locations and so on. E.g.
A 3 x 4 array will stored as below:

2. Row-Major Order:
In this method the elements are stored row wise, i.e. n elements of first row are stored in first n locations, n
elements of second row are stored in next n locations and so on. E.g.
A 3 x 4 array will stored as below:

10. Explain memory representation of a stack using one dimensional array

Ans: The items into the stack are stored in a sequential order from the first location of the memory block
A pointer TOP contains the location of the top element of the stack. A variable MAXSTK
contains the maximum number of elements that can be stored in the stack.The condition TOP=MAXSTK
indicates that the stack is full and TOP=NULL indicates that the stack is empty.It is useful for fixed sized
stack. Sometimes, the size of a stack may be required to increase during execution.

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0 1 2 index

Top Stack grows in this direction

11. Explain memory representation of queue using one dimensional array

Ans: A queue is an ordered collection of items where an item is inserted at one end called the rear, and an
existing item is removed at the other end, called the front. Queues maintain a FIFO ordering property.
Example, students standing in a queue in the food court of a canteen. New additions to the line
are made to the back of the queue, while removal happens in the front. In the queue only two operations
are allowed enqueue and dequeue. Enqueue means to insert an item into the back of the queue, dequeue
means removing the front item.

12. Describe the memory representation of single linked list

Ans: a linked list is a collection of data elements called nodes and the linear order is given by means of
pointers.
Each node contains two parts: the data and a reference to the next node. The first part contains
the information and the second part contains the address of the next node in the list. This is also called the
link field.

The left part of the node represents the information part of the node and the right part represents the next
pointer field that contains the address of the next node. A pointer START gives the location of the first
node. This pointer is also represented as HEAD. Note that the link field of the last node contains NULL
13. Write an algorithm to delete an element from one dimensional array.
Ans: tep 1: item=A[P]
Step 2: for I=P to N-1
A[I]=A[I+1]
End of for
Step 3: N=N-1
Step 4: exit

14. What are the advantages of pointer?

Ans: - It is possible to write efficient programs.
- Memory is utilized properly.
- Dynamically allocate and de-allocate memory.
- Easy to deal with hardware components.
- Establishes communication between program and data.

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15. Differentiate between static and dynamic memory allocation

Ans:

Static Memory allocation Dynamic Memory allocation

- The amount of memory to be - The amount of memory to be
allocated is predicted and pre allocated is not known
known
- It is allocated during compilation - It is allocated during run-time
- All the variables declared - Allocation and de-allocation of
normally, are allocated memory objects using the new and delete
statically operators
Ex: int a;

16. What is new and delete operator in C++? Give an example.

Ans: These operators allocate memory for objects from a pool called the free store. The new operator
calls the special function operator new and the delete operator calls the special function operator delete.
Example, to allocate memory of type integer, int *iptr=new int;
To allocate memory of type float, float *fptr=new float;
To allocate memory of type double, double *dptr=new double;
Releasing dynamic memory using delete as: delete iptr;

17. What is array of pointers? Give example.

Ans: An array of pointers means that it is a collection of addresses.
Example: int *iptr[5];
int i=10,j=20,k=30,l=40,m=50;
iptr[0]=&i; *iptr[0]=10;
iptr[0]=&j; *iptr[0]=20;
iptr[0]=&k; *iptr[0]=30;
iptr[0]=&l; *iptr[0]=40;
iptr[0]=&m; *iptr[0]=50;

18. What is the relationship between array and pointers? Give example
Ans: consider the declaration int a[6];
The elements of the array can be referred to in the program as a[0],a[1],….a[9]. When the program is
compiled, the compiler does not save the addresses of all the elements, but only the address of the
first element, a[0]. When the program needs to access any element,a[i], it calculates its address by
adding i units to the address of a[0]. The number of bytes in each unit is, in our example, equal to the
sizeof(int). i.e. 2. In general, it is equal to the number of bytes required to store an element of the
array.
The address of a[0] can be explicitly obtained using the & (address-of) operator. i.e &a[0].
Since the data type of a[0] is int, the data type of &a[0] is, as usual, int* (pointer to int).

19. What is the relationship between object and pointers? Give example
Ans: the pointers pointing to objects are referred to as object pointers
Declaration: class_name *object-pointer;
Where, class_name is the name of the class defined and object-pointer is the pointer to an object of
this class type.
Example: employee *eptr;
Where, employee is a defined class. When accessing members of a class using an object pointer, the
arrow operator (->) is used instead of dot(.) operator.

20. Explain the methods of opening file within C++ program

Ans: Opening a file using constructor:
Syntax of opening a file for output only, ofstream ofstream_object(“File_name”);
Example: ofstream fout(“text.dat”);
Syntax of opening a file for input only, ifstream ifstream_object(“file_name”);
Example: ifstream fin(“text.dat”);
Opening a file using open():
Syntax of opening a file for output only, ofstream_object.open(“file_name”) ;
Example: ofstream ofile;
Ofile.open(“text.dat”);
Syntax of opening a file for input only, ifstream_object.open(“file_name”);
Example: ifstream ifile;
ifile.open(“text.dat”);

21. Explain any three modes to open a file in C++. Or explain the file mode parameters in C++.
Ans:
Mode Explanation
ios :: in Open a file for reading
ios :: out Open a file for writing
ios :: app Appends data to the end of the file

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22. Differentiate between ifstream class and ofstream class

Ans:
ifstream class ofstream class
1. It read from files 1. It write on files
2. It provides input operations for file 2. It provides output operations for file
3. It inherits the function get(),getline() and 3. It inherits the function put(),write()
read()

23. What are the advantages of saving data in 1. Binary form. 2. Text form
Ans: 1. Binary form:

No translation required
2. Text form:

Internal translation occurs.

24. List the applications of database

Ans: Following are the list of database applications
- Banking: used in banks for customer, accounts, loans and banking transaction information.

- Water meter billing: meter number and all the details of the customer is stored in the database.

- Rail and airlines: for reservations and schedule information.

- Colleges: used to store students information, course registrations and grades.

- Human resources: used to store information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and benefits etc.

25. Explain the components of E-R diagram

Ans: 1) Entity: An entity may be any object, place, or person. In E-R diagram an entity is
represented using rectangles.

Weak entity: it depends on another entity. It represented as double rectangle

2) Attribute: An attribute describes a property or characteristic of an entity. For example, name, age,
address etc. can attributes of employee. An attribute is represented using ellipse

3) Relationship: A relationship describes relations between entities. Relationship is represented using

diamonds
Example:

26. Explain database users

Ans: - Application programmers and system analysts: system analyst determines the requirements of
end users and develops specifications to meet their requirements. Application programmers implement
these requirements in program
- End users: Users who require access to database for querying updating and generating reports.

- Database Administrator (DBA): DBA is responsible for authorization access to the database for
coordinating and monitoring its use, and for acquiring the needed software and hardware resources.
- Database Designers: are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database for
choosing appropriate structures to represent and store the data.

27. Explain ISAM

Ans: Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) is the hybrid between sequential and direct access

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entire file.
Advantages: - permits efficient and economical use of sequential processing techniques when the

Permits direct access processing of records in a relatively efficient way when the activity ratio is low.
Disadvantages:

Access to records may be slower than direct file.

28. Explain outer join with an example

Ans: An outer join retains the information that would lose during joins. There are three forms of
outer joins.
Left outer join- keeps data from the left hand table
Right outer join- keeps data from the right hand table
Full outer join- keeps data from both tables
Example:

29. List the components of data warehouse

Ans:

Operations.

30. What are the advantages of WWW?

Ans:

Compared to earlier version of WWW new version supports for graphics.

31. Explain about Telnet.

Ans: Telnet is an Internet Utility that allows you to log on to remote computer systems, if permitted.
You can work on that system if one wants to do serious work there. Telnet is used to connect to
thousands of catalogs at libraries around the world.

32. Give the services of e-commece.

Ans:

Electronic Banking

33. Explain types of e-commerce

Ans: - Business to Business (B2B): Exchange of goods, service and information between two

Business to Consumer: (B2C):

Consumer to Business: (C2B):

Consumer to Consumer: (C2C): Exchange of goods, service and information between two consumers.
Ex: olx.in

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Ans: - Easier entry to new markets.

Global participation.
Optimization of resources.
Reduces time for business transactions.
Improved strategic planning.

35. Explain the structure of HTML

Ans: <HTML> marks the beginning of HTML
<HEAD> begins the heading section
<TITLE>…</TITLE> gives title to the HTML document that appears on the title bar of the browser
window. The text must appear between <HEAD>…</HEAD> tags; should be straight text, no other
tags are to be used
</HEAD> defines the end of the heading
<BODY> defines the body of an HTML document; text written within the <BODY>…</BODY>
tags appear on the canvas of the window
</BODY>
</HTML> defines the end of HTML document

36. Write HTML program to show the use of list items

Ans: <HTML>
<BODY>
<OL TYPE=I>
<LI>APPLE</LI>
<LI>MANGO</LI>
<LI>ORANGE</LI>
</BODY>
</HTML>

OUTPUT:

37. Create a webpage for college time table

Ans: <HTML>
<BODY>
<TABLE COLSPAN=”2” BORDER=”2”>
<TR><TH>MON</TH><TH>TUE</TH><TH>WED</TH><TH>THU</TH><TH>FRI</TH
<TH>SAT</TH>
<TR><TD>CS</TD><TD>HIN</TD><TD>KAN</TD><TD>MATHS</TD><TD>CHEM</TD
<TD>PHY</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>PHY</TD><TD>CHEM</TD><TD>MATHS</TD><TD>BIO</TD
<TD>CHEM</TD><TD>PHY</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CS</TD><TD>KAN</TD><TD>SAN</TD><TD>MATHS</TD><TD>HIN</TD
<TD>PHY</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CHEM</TD><TD>HIN</TD><TD>KAN</TD><TD>PHY</TD><TD>CHEM</TD
<TD>PHY</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CS</TD><TD>ENG</TD><TD>SAN</TD><TD>CHEM</TD><TD>CHEM</TD
<TD>PHY</TD></TR>
</TH></TR>
</TABLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>

OUTPUT:

38. Create a webpage using forms

Ans: <HTML>
<BODY>
<H1><CENTER>WELCOME TO OUR WEBSITE</CENTER></H1>
<FORM>

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Enter your address here!

</TEXTAREA><BR><BR>
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" SIZE="25" VALUE="Enter your contact number!"><BR><BR>
GENDER: <BR>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" checked> Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"> Female<br><BR><BR>
CLASS: <BR>
<SELECT>
<OPTION NAME="CLASS" VALUE="PU-I">PU-I
<OPTION NAME="CLASS" VALUE="PU-II">PU-II
</SELECT><BR><BR>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>

OUTPUT:

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