NAME:____________________________________YEAR&SEC.

________________DATE:_______

Quarter 1- MODULE 3: Week 3-4 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance characterized by the formation of a trait that is in between the
phenotypes of the parents. There is
an absence of the expression of the complete dominant allele. It is very common in the expression of flower color in most
plants.

Sample problem:

Show a cross between two pink four o’clock flower using a Punnett square. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of
the offspring.
Solution:

Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.

Heterozygous pink (RW) x Heterozygous pink (RW)

Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.
R W
R RR RW

W RW WW

Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 RW = Heterozygous pink four o’clock flower 1 WW =

Homozygous white four o’clock flower 1 RR = Homozygous
red four o’clock flower
Step 4: Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Genotypic Ratio=2:1:1 or 50% RW, 25% WW, 25% RR

Phenotypic Ratio=2:1:1 or 50% Pink, 25% White, 2% Red
Let us Practice.
What is the result of a cross between a red petunia and a white petunia? Follow the same concept above.
RR

R R

W RW RW
WW

W RW RW

Figure 1: Punnett square showing a cross between red(RR) and white(RW) Petunia
flowers
Activity 1: What’s My Phenotype and Genotype?
Objective:
 Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance Procedure:
1. Refer to table below.
Table 1: Phenotype and genotype of Petunia flower.

Phenotype Genotype

RED RR

WHITE WW

1
 PINK RW

2. Write the genotype and phenotype of the offspring when pink

3. Flower is crossed to a white flower.

4. Write the genotypic and the phenotypic ratio of the offspring. Ratio:
Genotypic Ratio=

Phenotypic Ratio=

Codominance
Another non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance is codominance. This happens when the alleles of same
gene are present and both are equally expressed in the phenotype of the offspring.
Have you seen a roan goat? A red goat (RR=all red hairs) is mated with a white goat (WW=all white hairs) will
result to a roan (RW=red and with white hairs).

WW

W W

RR R RW RW

R RW RW

Figure 2. Punnett square showing a cross between a red(RR) and a white(RW) goat.
Follow the steps below on how to solve genetic problems using Punnett square. Sample problem:

Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the kids (baby goats) if a white goat is mated with a
roan goat.
Solution:

Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.

White goat (WW) x Roan goat (RW)

Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.

R W
W RW WW

2
 W RW WW

Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 WW = White coat-colored goat 2 RW =

Roan coat-colored goat

Step 4: Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Genotypic Ratio =2:2 or 50% WW, 50% RW Phenotypic Ratio=2:2

or 50% White, 50% Roan

Activity 2: Codominance
Objective:
 Solve genetic problems related to codominance.
Procedure:
1. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the parent goats if the kids (baby goats) are two
roan and two red fur goats. Write the genotype of each kid.
Phenotype:

Phenotype:
Phenotype: Phenotype:
Red Red
Genotype: Genotype:

Phenotype: Phenotype:
Roan Roan
Genotype: Genotype:
Ratio: Genotypic Ratio=
Phenotypic Ratio=
2. What should be the genotypes and the phenotypes of the parent cattle if the breeder wants to
only have white fur cattle? Show your cross on a Punnett square.
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Way to go scientist! Prepare for the next activity.

Multiple Alleles

Alleles are alternative form of a gene that controls a certain trait. Normally, a gene is controlled by only two alleles
but there are genes that have two or more alleles. For example, in human, the ABO blood type. In this case three
alleles are controlling the blood group, wherein blood type A is codominant with blood type B and blood type O is
recessive. The four possible blood types are shown in Table 3 below

3
 Figure 3: Multiple Alleles controlling the human blood type inheritance.

Phenotype Genotype

Blood type A Homozygous dominant (AA)

Heterozygous dominant (AO)

Blood type B Homozygous dominant (BB)

Heterozygous dominant BO

Blood type AB Homozygous dominant (AB)

Blood type O Homozygous recessive (OO)

Table 2. Human ABO phenotype and genotype.

Based on the table alleles A and B are dominant over O. Blood type O can be expressed as
homozygous, OO. Blood type A and B can be homozygous or heterozygous. In blood type AB both
alleles are codominant with each other.

Sample Problem:
Identify the possible blood types of the offspring if a woman whose blood type is O and married to a
man whose blood type is AB.
Solution:

Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.

Blood type AB(AB) x Blood type O(OO)

Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.

A B

O AO BO

O AO BO

Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 AO = Blood type A 2 BO
= Blood

Step 4: Write the genotypic and

phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
Genotypic Ratio =2:2 or 50%
Heterozygous dominant (AO),
50% Heterozygous dominant (BO)

Phenotypic Ratio=2:2 or 50% Blood type A, 50% Blood type B

Activity 3: What’s Your Blood Type?

Objectives:
 Infer the unknown phenotypes of individuals on the basis of the known phenotypes of their
family members.
 Solve genetic problems related to multiple alleles.
Procedure:
1. Given the blood types of the two family members, determine the possible blood type of the remaining
member.
 Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type

O O

AB B

B O

2. Determine child’s blood type if a mother has type A (AA) blood and the father has type B (BB)
blood. Show your solution using a Punnett square.

3. Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Ratio: Genotypic Ratio=

Phenotypic Ratio=

Awesome effort scientist! You are now ready for the next activity.

Sex Related Inheritance

Another exception to Mendelian rules is the sex-related inheritance. It can be categorized into three:
sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited.
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

There are 23 pairs of human chromosomes, 22 pairs are called body chromosomes and the 23 rd pair
refer to as the sex chromosomes. Males have two sex chromosomes; the X and Y. Females have both X
chromosomes. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.
Activity 5: Are You an XX or XY?

Objective: In this activity you will learn how sex in human is determined. Procedure:
1. Study the Punnett square and complete the statements below.

X Y

X XX XY

X XX XY

1. The sex of the child produced is if the egg is fertilized by an X- bearing sperm.
2. The sex of the child produced is if the egg is fertilized by a Y-bearing sperm.
3. The sex chromosome is present in both male and female.
4. There is % chance of having male child.
 5. The sex chromosome determines the person’s sex.

Good job scientist! Now that you are familiar with the sex chromosomes, always remember that they
also carry genes, which are factors of heredity.

Sex-linked Traits

Genes that are present in sex chromosomes are sex-linked traits because the expression depends on the
sex of the person. X-linked genes are genes located on X chromosomes whereas Y-linked genes are
those in Y chromosomes.
An example is hemophilia (bleeder’s disease), a common sex-linked recessive disorder carried by
the genes in the X chromosomes. Study the Table 4 below. X h is hemophiliac and XH is normal.
Table 3: Genotypes and phenotypes of hemophilia in humans.
Genotype Phenotype
1. XH XH Normal female
2. X X
H h
Normal female (carrier)
3. Xh Xh Hemophiliac female
4. X Y
H
Normal male
5. X Y
h
Hemophiliac male

Activity 5: X Matters
Objective:
 Solve problems related to sex-linked traits.
Procedure:
1. Solve the problem and answer the questions below using table 4. Illustrate using a Punnett square the
probability that the offspring will have the disease. Problem: A normal man married a hemophiliac
woman.

2. Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio off the offspring.

Ratio: Genotypic Ratio=

Phenotypic Ratio=

Sex-limited traits are only present in one gender. These traits are determined by the genes in the autosomes,
which are found in both male and female. The difference is in the expression of the genes in the phenotype of the
organism.

In females, for example, lactation is expressed in females but not in males. The gene for lactation is present in
both males and females, but is only expressed in females. Males never produce milk even if they possess genes for
lactation.

Figure 4: Lactation in some animals.

Sex-influenced traits are visible in both gender but more often in one gender than the other. The trait is also
carried by the autosomes and not the sex chromosomes.
 Figure 5: Pattern Baldness in Male.
Pattern Baldness in human is a common example of sex-influenced trait. This trait is not restricted to males but the
expression is controlled by the hormone testosterone. This hormone is present in both male and female, but males
have higher testosterone level than females. This results that recessive allele for baldness behaves like dominant
allele in males and recessive allele in female.

Activity 6: Sex-limited and Sex-influenced Traits

Objective:

 Identify sex-limited traits in humans and animals.

 Solve problems related to sex-influenced traits. Procedure:

1. Identify whether the trait is expressed in male or female by putting a check in the box.
Trait Male Female

Cock-feathering in chicken

Beards in goats

Milk Production

Plumage patterns

Breast development

1. Study Table 5 and answer the questions.

Table 4: Pattern Baldness in Male and Female Humans.

Male Female

Phenotypes Genotypes Phenotypes Genotypes

Bald Bald
XB Yb Xb Xb
Bald Not Bald
Xb Yb XB Xb
Not Bald Not Bald
XB YB XB XB

2. Determine the genotype and phenotype of the offspring if the mother is bald (X b Xb) as well as the father
(XB Yb). Illustrate the probability of their children having pattern baldness using Punnett square.

a. Will any of their children have the condition?

b. How many percent of the female is bald? Not bald?
c. How many percent of male is bald? Not bald?
d. Identify the genotype of the male and female.