Chapter 1: Force and Motion:

Calculation Part:
Formulae:
SI. No: Formula Units
1 F =ma [F =Force, m =mass & a =acceleration) N / Kgm/s2

2 Resultant Force (Total net force acting on the body) =F1+F2 [ in Same direction] N / Kgm/s2

3 Resultant Force (Total net force acting on the body) =F1-F2 [ in opposite direction] N / Kgm/s2

4 F =mg [m =mass, g =acceleration due to gravity] N / Kgm/s2

5 Parallelogram law of vector addition (R2 =X2 +Y2) [ if we know two sides of N / Kgm/s2
parallelogram] OR R =√ a2 +b 2+2 abcosθ [if you know the angle] [cm]
6 Moment of couple/Torque (τ ¿ = F X d [F=force, d =perpendicular distance between Nm /Kgm2/s2
two forces]
7 1. Principle of moment: total counter clockwise moments =total clockwise moment [F=Nm
[ F1Xd1 =F2Xd2] /Kgm2/s2]
2. F1Xd1 = (F2Xd2) +(F3Xd3) d=cm/m/mm
8 Drag force (F) =0.5 XdXv2XAXC [d=density of air, v = velocity of falling objects, A N / Kgm/s2
=area of the objects, C drag coefficient]
Drag force(F ) 1. kg/m3 or
1. d = g/cm3
v 2 XAXC
Drag force(F ) 2. m/s
2. v2 = 3. m2 /cm2
d XAXC
Drag force(F ) 4. No unit.
3. A =
d X v 2 XC
Drag force(F )
4. C =
d X v 2 XA

Questions:
1. How much force is needed to accelerate a 25kg bowling ball at 2m/s2? 
2. How much force is needed to accelerate a 25kg bowling ball at 2m/s2? 
3. If a 2kg bird is pushed by the wind with a force of 2N, how fast does the bird accelerate?
4. If three forces 50N, 60N and 20N are acting on a body simultaneously and 20N is opposite
to the direction of other two. Determine the resultant force.
5. If 4N and 9N forces act perpendicular to an object, determine the net force.

6. What is the resultant force on the object?

7. What is the net force on the object and show the direction.

8. What is the net force on the object and show the direction of net force?

9. A 3.0kg mass is place 2.00m to the right of the pivot point of a see-saw. What is the
magnitude and the sign of the torque applied?

10. Calculate the moment if a force of 5.0 N is applied to a spanner 15 cm long.

11. A force of 20 N is applied to a door causing a moment of 5 Nm.

12. What force must apply to a 30 cm long spanner to generate a moment of 6.0 Nm?

13. Suppose d1 = 20 cm, w1 = mass of 25 g, d2 = 10 cm, w2 = mass of 50 g

 Is it balanced?

14. If w1 is 12.5 N and 3.5 m from the pivot point, what weight w2 is required if placed at 2.5
m from the pivot to balance the beam?

15. A beam is placed evenly on a pivot point (fulcrum).

On one side a 10 N weight is placed 2 m from the pivot point and a 40 N weight a further 4 m
from the pivot point. How far from the pivot point must the centre of gravity of an 80 N
weight be placed to perfectly balance the beam horizontally?

16. A car travels with the speed of 80km.h-1 with a drag coefficient of 0.25. If the cross-
sectional area is 6m2, calculate the drag force.

17. A plane moves with the velocity of 600km.h-1 with a drag force of 1650N. If the cross-
sectional area of the plane is 110m2, calculate the drag coefficient.
18. Two forces 5 N and 20 N are acting at an angle of 120 degree between them. Find the
resultant force in magnitude and direction.
Chapter 2: Pressure and its application:
Calculation Part:
Formulae:
SI. No: Formula Units
1 F N/m2 /
P = [p =pressure, A =area, F =perpendicular force /thrust]
A kg/s2 /m /
 F Pascal (Pa)
1. A =
P 1. m2 /cm2
2. F =PXA 2. N or kg
m/s2
2 P =hρg [ P =pressure in fluid, h =depth /height, ρ =density of fluid, g=acceleration Pascal /N/m2
due to gravity]
P 1. m/cm
1.h =
ρg 2. kg/m3 or
P g/cm3
2. ρ= 3. m/s2
hg
P
3. g =
ρg
3 Buoyant force /up-thrust (F) = ρgV [ρ =density of fluid, g =acceleration due to 2. N or kg
gravity, V =volume of the displaced fluid] m/s2
F
1. ρ=
gV
F 3. m3 or cm3
2. g =
ρV
F
3. V =
ρg

4 Apparent weight =original weight – Up-thrust N

Up –thrust = Original weight –Apparent weight
5 Apparent weight =( ρb −ρ f ¿ gv [ ρb =¿density of body, ρ f =density of fluids, v N
=volume of the body ]
6 Pascal law: Pascal (Pa)
F1 or N/m2
Px = =P y 1. N
A1
F1 2. m2 or cm2
1. F2 = X A2
A1
F 2 X A1
2. A2 =
F1
F2 A2
=
F1 A1

7 A =l X b [ length =l, b =breath /width ] m2 or cm2

V =l b h [ l=length, b =breath /width, h =height] m3 or cm3
m kg/m3 or g
Density = [m =mass, V =volume]
V /cm3
Area of circle = π r 2 [ r =radius of the circle]

Questions:

1. The pressure at the top of a pipe full of water is 101 Pascal’s. What is the change in
pressure between the top and the bottom of the pipe, 3.4 meters lower? (3.3X104 pa)
 2. One end of a 50-meter-long hose is attached to the bottom of a large basin full of
water. How many meters below the top of the basin must the hose outlet is positioned
for the water pressure at the outlet to be 18,000 Pascal’s? (1.8m)

3. While diving with a friend, you note that the water pressure at your current depth is
130,000 Pascal’s. If you swim up another 2.5 meters, what is the water pressure?
(1.1X105 pa)

4. A 60 Kg girl wearing high heel shoes stabilizes herself on a single heel. The heel is
rounded with a diameter of 1.5 cm. Calculate the pressure applied by the heel on the
horizontal floor?
Answer:

5.  A tank is filled with water is of height 1 m. Compute the pressure exerted on the bottom of
the tank.
(Acceleration due to Gravity = 9.8 m/s2, Density of water = 1000 kg / m3).
Answer:

Known:

Acceleration due to Gravity = 9.8 m/s2

Density of water = 1000 kg / m3,
The pressure is articulated as

P = ρ × g × h

P = 1000 × 9.8 × 1m
P = 9800 Pascal.

6. Find the magnitude of pressure in Pascal of a force of 150N that acts normally on an area
of 0.25 square meters.
 7. A wooden cuboids has a mass of 8 kg. The length, breadth and height of these wooden
cuboids are 100 cm, 50 cm and 20cm respectively. Find the pressure on the floors on which
this block is kept.  

8. You have a block of a mystery material, 12 cm long, 11 cm wide and 3.5 cm thick. Its
mass is 1155 grams.

(a) What is its density? 2.5 g/cm³ or 2500 kg/m³

(b) Will it float in a tank of water, or sink? It's denser than the water, so it will sink.

Chapter 3: Energy
Calculation Part:
Formulae:
SI. No: Formula Units
1 W =F X d [F =Force, d =displacement] Nm or Joule
W (J)
1. F =
d
W
2. d =
F
3. W =m g h (w =work done against gravity, m =mass, g =acceleration due to
gravity, h =height /displacement)

2 W J/s or Watt,
P= [p =power, w =work done, t = time]
t KW, MW,
1.W =P X t GW, hp
W
2. t=
P
P =F Xv [ p =power of machine, F =force, v =velocity]
3 output work
η=
input work
output work
η% = X100
input work
for energy:
Energy output
η=
energy input
Energy output
η% = X100
energy input
4 P.E =m g h [P.E =potential energy, m= mass, g =acceleration due to gravity, h Joule
=height
1
K.E = mv2 [K.E =kinetic energy, m=mass, v =velocity]
2
5 Work done against resistive force (Wres ) =Resistive force (Fres) X displacement(d) Joule

Questions:
1. A 10 kg object experiences a horizontal force which causes it to accelerate at 5 m/s2,
moving it a distance of 20 m, horizontally. How much work is done by the force?
2. During braking, a force of 2000N is applied to the brakes of a car. The car takes 20m to
come to a stop. Calculate the work done.
3. A person with a mass of 75kg travels a distance of 10m in a lift. Calculate the work done
by the lift moving the person.
4. A person with a mass of 50kg walks up a flight of stairs. The distance from the bottom of
the stairs to the top is 5m. Calculate the work done by the person climbing the stairs.
5. If you push a crate with 50N of force for 10 Meters in 5 seconds, how much power did you
use?

6. Karma pushes a bowl to her mother with 2N of force for 0.3 meters in 0.4 seconds, how
much power did she use?

7. Little Jenny pushes basket of toys with 50N of force for 3 meters in 100.seconds, how
much power did she use?

8. If you pull a toy dragon with 200N of force for 5Meters in 2 seconds, how much power did
you use?
9. A 50-kg person runs up the stairs 10 meters high in 2 minutes. Acceleration due to gravity
(g) is 10 m/s2. Determine the power.
10. Calculate the power required of a 60-kg person climbs a tree 5 meters high in 10 seconds.
Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.

11. Find the power of the man who pushes the box 8m with a force of 15N in a 6seconds.

12. If a cyclist puts 600 J of work on his bicycle and the bicycle gives out 140 J of useful
work. Calculate the efficiency of a cyclist. (23.3%)
 13. A heat engine gives out 500 J of heat energy as useful work. Determine the energy
supplied to it as input if its efficiency is 40%. (1250J)
14. 1. Energy 4900 Joule used to raise an object with mass of 50 kg to a height of h. What is
the height of h? (g) = 9.8 ms-2. (10m)
15. A car with a mass of 700 kg is moving with a speed of 20m/s. Calculate the kinetic
energy of the car.
16. A cyclist and bike have a total mass of 100 kg and a speed of 15 m/s. Calculate the kinetic
energy.

17. A tennis ball is travelling at 50 m/s and has a kinetic energy of 75 J. Calculate the mass of
the tennis ball.
18. A 30 gram bullet travels at 300 m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have?

19. A 70kg man runs at a pace of 4 m/s and a 50g meteor travels at 2 km/s. Which has the
most kinetic energy?.

20. A 5000kg truck has 400000J of kinetic energy. How fast is it moving?

21. A car travelling at 10 m/s has 200000J of kinetic energy. What is the mass of the car?
Chapter 4: Electricity & Magnetism
Calculation Part:
Formulae:
SI. No: Formula Units
1 Q Ampere (A)
I= [I =electric current, Q =charge, t=time]
t Coulomb (C)
1. Q =It
Q
2. t =
I
2 E =V+ Ir [E =emf, I =current, r =internal resistance] V
Ir =E –V Ω
E−V
r=
I
V
3 W =Q XV [W=work done, Q =charge, V =voltage]
W
V=
Q
4 Ohm’s law relation: Ω
V =IR
V A
R=
I
V
I=
R
5 1 Ω
R =ρ [R =resistance, ρ =Resistivity, A =cross sectional area]
A
6 H =I2Rt [H =amount of Heating, I =current , R =resistance, t =time]
7 P =VI [ P =power, V =voltage, I =current] W
8 Ns V s
= [transformer ratio]
Np Vp
Vs Ip
=
V p Is

1. The p.d. across the terminals of a cell is 3.0 volts when it is not connected to a circuit and
no current is flowing. When the cell is connected to a circuit and a current of 0.37 A is
flowing the terminal p.d. falls to 2.8 V. What is the internal resistance of the cell?
2. What is the terminal p.d. for a cell of emf 2V and internal resistance 1 ohm when it is
connected to a 9 ohm resistor?
3. The potential difference across the cell when no current flows through the circuit are 3 V.
When the current I = 0.37 Ampere is flowing, the terminal potential difference falls to 2.8
Volts. Determine the internal resistance (r) of the cell?
4. In a hearing aid a battery supplies a current of 25.0 mA through a resistance of 400 Ω.
When the volume is increased, the resistance is changed to 100 Ω and the current rises to 60
mA. What is the emf and internal resistance of the cell?
5. A battery is connected in series with a rheostat and an ammeter. When the resistance of
the resistor is 10 Ω the current is 2.0 A. When the resistance is 5 Ω the current is 3.8 A. Find
the emf and the internal resistance of the battery.
6. When a cell is connected directly across a high resistance voltmeter the reading is 1,5 V.
When the cell is shorted through a low resistance ammeter the current is 2,5 A. What is the
emf and internal resistance of the cell?

7. If an electric heater consumes electricity at the rate of 500W and the potential difference
between the two terminals of electric circuit is 250V, calculate the electric current and
resistance through the circuit.

Solution: Given, power input (P) = 500 W

Potential difference (V) = 250 V
Electric current (I) =?
Resistance (R) through the circuit =?

We know that power (P)=VI

Or, 500W=250V×I

Or, I=500W÷250V=2A

We know, resistance R=VI

Or, R=250V÷2A=125Ω
8. An electric geyser consumes electricity at the rate of 1000W. If the potential difference
through the electric circuit is 250 V, find the resistance offered by geyser and electric current
through the circuit.

Solution: Given, power input (P) = 1000 W

Potential difference (V) = 250 V

Electric current (I) =?

Resistance (R) through the circuit =?

We know that power (P)=VI

Or, 1000W=250V×I

Or, I=1000V÷250V=4A

We know, resistance R=VI

Or, R=250V÷4A=62.5Ω

9. An electric heater having resistance equal to 5Ω is connected to electric source. If it

produces 180 J of heat in one second, find the potential difference across the electric heater.

Solution: Given, Resistance (R) = 5 Ω, Heat (H) produced per second by heater = 1800 J,
time ‘t’ = 1 s

Potential difference (V) =?

To calculate the potential difference, we need to calculate electric current (I) first.

We know that H=I2Rt

Or, 180J=I2×5Ω×1s

Or, I2=180÷5=36

Or, I=6A

Now, potential difference V=IR

Or, V=6A×5Ω=30V

10. Find the heat produced when a current of 0.5A is passed through a coil of resistance
200Ω for 5 minutes.

11. A transformer has a primary coil and a secondary coil with the number of loops is 500
and 5000. Input voltage is 220 V. What is the output voltage?
Known:

Primary coil (NP) = 500 loops

Secondary coil (Ns) = 5000 loops

Primary voltage (VP) = 220 Volt

Wanted: Secondary voltage (VS)

Solution:

Vs / Ns = Vp / Np

Vs / 5000 = 220 / 500

Vs / 5000 = 0.44

Vs = (0.44)(5000)

Vs = 2200 Volt

12. A transformer has primary coil with 1200 loops and secondary coil with 1000 loops. If
the current in the primary winding is 4 Ampere, then what is the current in the secondary
coil?

Known :

Primary coil (NP) = 1200 loops

Secondary coil (NS) = 1000 loops

The current in the primary coil (IP) = 4 Ampere

Wanted: The current in secondary coil (IS)

Solution :

IS/IP = NP/NS

The current in the secondary coil:

IS/4 = 1200/1000

IS/4 = 1.2

IS = 1.2 (4)

IS = 4.8 Ampere
13. The secondary voltage is 220 Volt and primary voltage is 110 volt, then a comparison of
the secondary coil and primary coil is…

Known:

Secondary voltage (VS) = 220 Volt

Primary voltage (VP) = 110 Volt

Wanted: NS/NP

Solution:

VS/VP = NS/NP

220/110 = NS/NP

22/11 = NS/NP

2/1 = NS/NP

12/6 = NS/NP

14. Based on figure below, what is the primary voltage of the transformer?

Known:

Secondary voltage (VS) = 24 Volt

Primary loops (NP or N1) = 11 N

Secondary loops (NS or N2) = 1 N = N

Wanted: Primary voltage (VP)

Solution:

Vs / Ns = Vp / Np

24 / N = Vp / 11 N

24 / 1 = Vp / 11

24 = Vp / 11
Vp = (24)(11)

Vp = 264 Volt

15. Based on figure below, what is the input voltage of the transformer.

Known:

Primary coil (N1) = 21 N

Secondary coil (N2) = 3 N

Secondary voltage (V2) = 20 Volt

Wanted: Primary voltage (V1)

Solution:

V2 / N2 = V1 / N1

20 / 3 N = V1 / 21 N

20 / 1 = V1 / 7

20 = V1 / 7

V1 = (7)(20)

V1 = 140 Volt

16. According to figure below, what is the amount of the secondary loops of the transformer?

Known:

Primary voltage (VP) = 220 Volt

Primary loops (NP) = 200 loops

Secondary voltage (VS) = 1100 Volt

Wanted: Secondary loops (NS)

Solution:
Vs / Ns = Vp / Np

1100 Volt / Ns = 220 Volt / 200 loops

1100 / Ns = 220 / 200

1100 / Ns = 1.1

Ns = 1100 / 1.1

Ns = 1000 loops

17. According to figure below, what is the amount of the secondary loops of the transformer?

Known:

Primary voltage (VP) = 220 Volt

Primary loops (NP) = 200 loops

Secondary voltage (VS) = 1100 Volt

Wanted: Secondary loops (NS)

Solution:

Vs / Ns = Vp / Np

1100 / NS = 220 / 200

1100 / NS = 22 / 20

1100 / NS = 1.1

NS = 1100 / 1.1

NS = 1000

18. A 20 meter length of cable has a cross-sectional area of 1mm2 and a resistance of 5 ohms.
Calculate the conductivity of the cable.
 Chapter 6: Earth & Beyond
Calculation Part:
Formulae:
SI. No: Formula Units
1 m1 m2 N
F =G [ G =universal gravitational constant, masses , r =distance between two
r2
bodies] M

2 m1 m2
r =G
F
2 F =mg N
3 M m/s2
g=G 2 [ M =mass, R =radius]
R
Questions:

1. The distance between a 40-kg person and a 30-kg person is 2 m. What is the magnitude of
the gravitational force each exerts on the other? Universal constant = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 / kg2

Ans: (2X10-8 N)

2.  The distance between Earth and Moon (r) is 3.84 x 108 m. What is the magnitude of
gravitational force each exerts on the other?

Ans: 1.9X1020N
3. Determine the force of gravitational attraction between the earth (m = 5.98 x 1024 kg) and a
70-kg physics student if the student is standing at sea level, a distance of 6.38 x 106 m from
earth's centre.
Ans: 686N
4. The radius of the moon is 1.74 x 106 m. The mass of the moon is 7.35 x 1022 kg. Find the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon.
Answer: g =1.6m/s2
5. The radius of the Earth is 6.38 x 106 m. The mass of the Earth is 5.98x 1024 kg. If a satellite
is orbiting the Earth 250 km above the surface, what acceleration due to gravity does it
experience?
Ans: 9.078m/s2
6. Find the radius of the moon where the mass of the moon is 7.35 x 1022 kg and the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.6 m/s2
7. Find the distance between Earth and Moon where the magnitude of gravitational forces each
other is 1.9X1020N? (Mass of Earth =5.98x 1024 kg, Mass of moon =7.35 x 1022 kg)