[FURUN® OPERATOR'S MANUAL _MARINE RADAR ___ moveLMODEL 1831 MARK-2 a FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. NISHINOMIYA, JAPAN©FURUNO ELECTRIC CO,, LTD, 9-52, Ashihar: Wishinomiya, 0798-65-2111 0798-65-4200 Telephone Telefax: Ail rights reserved, | prints in span PUB, No, OME-34330 Tava MODEL 1831 MARK-2 “Your Local Agent/bealer TON = NOV c : DEC, 3, 1996 ARA\ SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS “NOTICE”, "CAUTION’ and "WARNING notices appear throughout this manual. Itis the responsibilty of the operator and installer of the equipment to read, understand and follow these notices. If you have any questions regarding these safety instructions, please con- tact a FURUNO agent or dealer. Z\ WARNING This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. ZA\ CAUTION This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury or property damage. NOTICE This notice indicates an unsafe practice which, if not avoided, could result in property damage or ‘equipment malfunction.aS VSN IN eh Hazardous voltage. Can shock, burn, or cause death. Only qualified personnel should work in the unit, ‘Turn off the power at the ship's mains switchboard before beginning the installation. Post a warning sign near the switchboard to ensure the power will not be applied while the radar system is being installed. Electrical shook, fire, serious injury or death can result if the power is not tumed off, or is applied while the equipment is being installed. A\ CAUTION Ground both the display unit and the antenna unit. Ungrounded equipment can give off or receive interference or cause electrical shock. Confirm that the power supply voltage is compatible with the voltage rating of the equipment. Connection to the wrong power supply can, cause fire or equipment damage. The voltage rating appears on the label at the rear of the display unit. Use only the supplied power cable. Use of other power cables (particularly a cables whose diameter is smaller than the supplied cable) can cause fire or short circuit Use the correct fuse. Use of a wrong fuse can cause fire or equipment damage.NOTICE ‘The installation must be done by a FURUNO representative or suitably qualified radar technician. Authorities require this, The mounting location must satisfy the following conditions: + Useable temperature: -15°C to 55°C + Out of direct sunlight + Away from air conditioner vents + Well ventilated Observe the compass safe distances to prevent deviation of a magnetic compass. tandard | Steering compass | compass Display Unit [0am | 06m [Scanner unit] 14m | tim Keep magnets and magnetic fields ‘away from the equipment. Magnetic fields will distort the picture and can cause equipment malfunction. Be sure the unit is well away from equipment which gives off magnetic fields (speaker, power transformer, etc.)el TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD v Features ..........005 svi SPECIFICATIONS vil OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 4 ‘The Control Panel .. Turning the Radar On and Off « 13 Turning on the radar . Turning off the radar . Transmitting & Stand-by . ‘Transmitting Stand-by ..2....00 Basic Operation . Selecting a range ‘Adjusting receiver sensitivity ....... ‘Adjusting the A/C SEA control (reducing sea clutter) . Selecting display mode . Adjusting display brilliance . Erasing the heading mark About tuning .. ‘The Menu... ‘Menu description . Menu operation . Measuring Range and Bearing . Range Bearing . ; Using the Offset EBL Predicting collision course . feeeeeetel a Measuring range and bearing between two targets ..... 1-18 Reducing Interference . 1-19 ‘Types of interference 1.19 Rain clutter . 119 Radar interference .. 1-20 Enlarging an Area of Interest (zoom) . 1-21 Shifting the Picture (off center) ....... 1-22 Guard Alarm ........620++ 1-23 Selection of guard zone type .... 1-23 Setting a guard zone ... 124 Silencing the audible alarm ...... 1-25 Canceling the guard zone and guard alarm ........... 1-25TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes on the guard alarm ........ Trailing Target Movement (echo trail) Starting echo trailing . Adjusting brilliance of afterglow Canceling echo trailing Displaying Navigation Data Magnifying Long Range Echoes (echo sete) Watchman ... Turning on watchman ... ‘How watchman works . Canceling watchman ‘Summary of Display Indications APPLICATION 24 ‘The Radar Wave and Radar Horizon . How the radar wave travels ..... Radar horizon Target Properties and Radar Wave Reflection Range Resolution . Bearing Resolution False Echoes . Multiple echoes . Side-lobe echoes . Blind and shadow sectors .. Indirect echoes . Position Fixing with Radar By radar range . : By range and bearing to a point on land . 2-10 By two bearings . 211 ‘Nautical Chart and Radar Picture 212 MAINTENANCE 34 Routine Maintenance, Location of Parts . Maintenance program . Replacing the fuse .. Location of parts... TROUBLESHOOTING 4-1 ‘Troubleshooting Table . . Location of Parts...INSTALLATION Table of Contents 5-1 Scanner Unit Installation . 52 Siting, handling considerations 52 Mounting . : -53 Display Unit Installation . 58 Mounting considerations . 58 Mounting . 259 5-10 5-10 S- S41 Connections Exchange of fuse for 24V/32V power supply . Connection of External Equipment . Heading sensor Navigator ... . 5-11 ‘Checking the Installation . 5-12 Adjustments .. 5-13 Entering antenna height, aligning heading, adjusting sweep timing ..... +e SB Magnetron heater voltage 5-7 Measuring blind and shadow sectors Gooppppopenes LIST OF SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS AND OUTLINE DRAWINGS so ‘Schematic Diagrams . Outline Drawings .‘TABLE OF CONTENTS This page intentionally left blank.ee FOREWORD FURUNO Electric Company thanks you for purchasing the MODEL 1831 MARK-2 Marine Radar. We are confident you will discover why the FURUNO name has become synonymous with quality and reliability For over 40 years FURUNO Electric Company has enjoyed an wiable reputation for quality and reliability throughout the world. This dedication to excellence is furthered by our exten- sive global network of agents and dealers. Your radar is designed and constructed to meet the rigorous demands of the marine environment. However, no machine can perform its intended function unless properly installed and ntained, Please carefully read and follow the installation, operation and maintenance procedures set forth in this manual. We would appreciate feedback from you, the end-user, about whether we are achieving our purposes. ‘Thank you for considering and purchasing FURUNO. @ OPERATING CAUTION: No one navigational aid should be relied upon exclusively for the safety of vessel and crew. The navigator has the responsiblity to check all aids available to confirm his position. Electronic aids are not a substitute for basic navigational principles and common sense.FOREWORD Features vi ‘The MODEL 1831 MARK-2 has « large variety of functions, all contained in a rugged plastic case. All controls respond immediately to the operator’s command and each time a key is pressed, the corresponding change can be seen on the screen. © Daylight viewing radar specially designed for small craft and sailing yachts. © Traditional FURUNO reliability and quality ina compact, lightweight and low-cost radar. © Newly designed compact and light-weight radome antenna with precision 54 centimeter center-fed radiator. * High definition 30 centimeter raster-scan display. © Eight levels of target quantization for high target definition, '* On-screen alphanumeric readout of all operational informa- tion. © Guard zone alarm watches for targets entering (or exiting) a guard zone, © Operates on 12V, 24V or 32V DC power supply and con- sumes only 50) watts, © The CRT can be turned off automatically during stand-by to reduce power consumption. © Ship’s position in latitude and longitude, ship's speed, and range and bearing to a waypoint can be shown in the bottom text area with navigation input in NMEA (183 format © Two NMEA inpot ports. © Outputting target position data (TLL) to navaidSCANNER UNIT Radiator Polarization Antenna Rotation Speed Radiator Length Horizontal Beamwidth Vertical Beamwidth Sidetobe Attenuation Wind Speed Resistance SPECIFICATIONS Slotted waveguide array (housed in radome) Horizontal 24 rpm nominal S4em Less than 4° 2s Within £20" of mainlobe: less than -18 dB Outside +20° of mainlobe: less than -23 dB. Relative wind speed 51.5 m/s (100 knots) TRANSCEIVER MODULE (contained in radome) Frequency Modulation Peak Output Power Transmitting Tube Warmup Time 9410 MHz +30 MHz (X band) PUN 4 kW nominal Magnetron MG5248 or E3571 2 minutes 30 seconds Pulselength (PL) & Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR) [PL [PRR Range (nautical miles) . (Hz) [0.125 [o2s] os [07s | 1 [157213 [4 [6] 8 | 12] 16 [24 [36 SP_[2100 (0.08 us : [MP | 1200 034s Z _ | LP [600 a O8us viiSPECIFICATIONS ‘Spurious Rejection Modulator Interme Frequency Tuning Receiver Front End Bandwidth Duplexer DISPLAY UNIT Indication System Better than -40 dB FET switching method 60 MHz Automatic or manual MIC (Microwave IC) Tx pulselength 0.08 us: 25 MHz ‘Tx pulselength 0.3 us and 0.8 ps: Circulator with diode limiter PPI Daylight display, raster scan 30-centimeter rectangular (134 mm 180 mm) monochrome cRT 025 [ os [07s] 1 [15|2[3]4][6|8|12|16|24[36] Picture Tube Range 0.125 Ring Interval 0.0625 No. of Rings 2 0.125 [0.125 0.25] 0.25/05 |o5|1|1|2]/2|3 [4 [6 eee 4 13 14{3]4|3]4/ 4] 4/4 Range Resolution Bearing Resolution Minimum Range Bearing Accuracy Range Ring Accuracy VRM Accuracy Mark Indication viii Better than 43 m Within 4° Better than 27 m Within 1° 0.9% of range or 8 m, whichever is the greater 0.9% of range or 8 m, whichever is the greater Heading Mark, Bearing Scale, Range Rings, Variable Range Marker (VRM), Electronic Bearing Line (EBL), Tuning Bar, Cursor, Alarm Zone, Waypoint Mark (navigation input re- quired), North Mark (heading sensor input required)Numeral/Character Indication Interference Rejector __ Specifications Range, Range Ring Interval, Pulselength (SP, MP, LP), Display Mode (HU, CU, NU, TM), Interference Rejection (IR1, TR2, IR3), Variable Range Marker (VRM), Electronic Bearing Line (EBL), Automatic A/C SEA (A/C AUTO), Stand-by (ST-BY), Radar Alarm (G (IN), G (OUT), G (ACKN)), Echo Stretch (ESI, ES2), Range to Cursor, Bearing to Cursor, Echo Trailing (TRAIL), Trailing Time, Trailing Elapsed Time, Navigation Data (navigation input required), Heading (HDG, heading sen- sor input required) Built-in ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Vibration Ambient Temperature Humidity Vibration Freq | Total Amplitude | Lto 12.5 Hz =3mm 12.5 to 25 Hz 25 to 50 Hz Scanner Unit: -25°C to +70°C Display Unit: -15°C to +55°C Relative humidity, 95% or less at +40°C +3° POWER SUPPLY & POWER CONSUMPTION COLOR COMPASS SAFE DISTANCE 10.2 to 40V DC (50W; 28W in economy mode) or 100V, L10V, 220V, 230V AC, 50/60 Hz, 1a (rectifier required) Unit | Col ‘Scanner | Upper [N95 Lower _[2.5PB3.5/10 Display | Chassis_ [2SGYS/1.5 Panel _|N3.0 —_ Unit [Standard | Steering |Compass_| Compass Display 0.8m 0.6m Scanner 1.4m Lim _ ix‘SPECIFICATIONS EQUIPMENT LIST Complete Set No. |Name Type Code No. | Qty | Remarks _ 1_|Scanner Unit | RSB-0055-052 [000-086-722 | 1 2 | Display Unit RDP-104- 000-085-476 | 1 1831M2-S | 3. | Installation 13-1670 [000-085-654 [sig. cable assy. Materials CPO3-16710 (000-085-655 sig, cable assy. (select one, stan- = een dard supply 10m) [CP03-16720 000-085-656 | 1 set | sig. cable assy. CPO3-16730___ | 000-085-657 [sig cable assy | 4 |Accessories | FP03- 04800 000-085-494 | 1 set SP03-10100 000-085-680 | 1 set _ Installation Materials [No. [Name Type _ [Code No. _| Qty | Remarks PL [Signal Cabl 'S03-64-10 ~_| 008-467-050 Select one. | [Signal Cable 15m__|S03-64-15 008-467-060 | 4 | Connector fitted | Signal Cable 20m _| ____ [008-467-070 | | | Signal Cable 30m 008-467-080 | | _ 2 [Power Cable Sm ___|CP03-12901 __| 008-438-980 3 | Slotted Head Mi0 x 25 000-862-308 | 4 |For scanner unit HexBoltt__| SUS304 __| installation 4 | Flat Washer 4 Spring Washer _ 000-864-261 | 4 | 2 Gasket for Sig. 03-009-3215-0 | 300-932-150 For scanner unit | Cable RW-6537 _ (may not be used) 7_[EH Connector Assy. EH4P-L100 [000-137-592 [1Specifications Accessories No. |Name Type Code No. | Qty [Remarks 1_|Hood FPO3-04810. (008-441-400 | 1 _ 2. | Hanger FP03-04820 008-441-410 1 | With five M6 x 20 = : __ Lo __| tapping screws Spare Parts 'No. | Name Type Code No. _| Qty [Remarks 1 | Fuse FGBO 10A 000-549-065 | 2 |For 12VDC 125V AC | power suppl 000-549-064, 2 Optional Equipment No. | Name Type Code No. _| Remarks 1 | Rectifier PR-62 (000-013-484 | 100V AC | [000-013-485 [110V AC i 000-013-486 | 220V At {000-013-487 |230V AC 2_ [External Buzzer 000-030-097 | NMEA Cable MJ-A6SPFOO1 000-132-244 |For E/S MJ-A6SPF0011-100 | 000-132-336 ‘MJ-A6SPFO012-050 | 000-134-424 |For Navaid | MJ-A6SPFO012-100 | 000-133-817 | 4 [Gyro Cable } MJ-AGSPF0009-100 | 000-125-236 | For connection of | Assembly _ [gyro interface, 10m_ 5_|X Band MIC RU-8014 000-115-556 | With RF amplifier [6 _| Magnifyi ~_|03-121-1500 008-439-000 | For display unit 7 [Flush Mount Kit] OP03-91 008-445-060 M1831 8 _| Mounting Bracket (1) | OP03-92 __|.008-448-070 [For mounting radome 9 |NMEA Combiner IF-2901 2-NMEA data inputs Unit and J-output _ For connection of Heading Sensor C-2000, order optional installation materials (type, MJ- A6SPF0007-100; code no., 000-125-237, connector at both ends, 10 m.) xi‘SPECIFICATIONS, ‘This page intentionally left blank. xiiLL OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW This chapter covers operation. ‘This radar is basically very easy to operate. If you change a control setting you will see the associated reaction almost im- mediately on the screen, Most keys carry abbreviated names to show their functions. The same nomenclature appears on the display for your confirmation. To familiarize yourself with the controls of your radar, turn it on (presuming itis installed) and try operating some of the controls as you review this section,OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW The Control Panel ALN POWER olr | Morr sin A/G_SEA Stay Tx west inse ECONOMY “A/C _RAIN MODE esir03m NOE oP pri} [rines ECHO TRAIL, 7000) EBL OFF oFrset) [center [GUARD] fear] | MENU EBL/VEM CONTROLS. err. | [sevecr] Figure 1-1 Controls POWER ‘Turn on power. Press together with STBY TX to turn off power. STBY TX Alternate between stand-by and transmit, ECONOMY Lights when the economy mode is on. MODE Select display mode. RANGE Select range. ‘BRILL Adjust display brilliance, ECHO TRAIL ‘Show target movement in afterglow. EBL OFFSET Measure range and bearing between two targets, predict collision course. GUARD ALARM Set or cancel guard alarm zone, silence audible alarm, CTRL Enable control of VRM or EBL by trackball. *: Pressing the switch alternates the cursor position data display mode and outputs the target position data (TLL) to the navaid. GAIN HM OFF (PUSH) Control: Adjust sensitivity of radar receiver. Switch*: Temporarily erase heading mark (and north ‘mark and menu if displayed). AIC SEA AIC SEA AUTO (PUSH) Control: Reduce sea clutter. Switch: Turn auto sea clutter adjustment on or off, AIC RAIN ES (PUSH) Control: Reduce rain clutter. ‘Switch: Enlarge echoes. RINGS ‘Turn range rings on or off and adjust their brilliance. ZOOM Double size of area between your vessel and location selected by cursor. OFF CENTER Shift your vessel’s position to cursor location. MENU Display or erase menu. SELECT Select EBL or VRM. ‘Trackball © shift cursor, EBL and VRM © set guard alarm zone @ select menu, sub menu, option © shift origin of EBL and VRM‘Turing the Radar On and Off Turning the Radar On and Off Turning on the radar Turning off the radar = raatiat niu vee Er tic @ CAUTION: The radar scanner emits high frequency radio ra- diation which can be harmful, particularly to your eyes. Never look directly into the scanner from a distance of less than two feet when the radar is in operation as you could injure the ‘comea of your eyes. Always make sure no person is near the scanner unit before turning on the radar. Press the POWER key. ‘When you turn on the radar; © ‘The control panel lights. ‘© A timer displays the time remaining for warm up of the magnetron, counting down from 2:29 to 0:01. (The magne- tron is the pulsed microwave radiation source for radar. It takes about two minutes and thirty seconds to warm up before the radar can be operated.) FURUNO sT-BY Figure 1-2 Display unit, showing location of timer Press POWER and STBY TX keys together.OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Transmitting & Stand-by Transmitting ‘After the power is turned on and the magnetron has warmed up, “ST-BY” (Stand-By) appears at the screen center. In stand-by the radar is available for use at anytime-but no radar waves are being transmitted, Press the STBY TX key to transmit. When the radar is transmit- ting, any echoes from targets appear on the display. This radar displays echoes in eight levels according to echo strength. Each time the radar is powered (except initial power on) it begins operation with last used settings for echo stretch, menu, display mode, tuning method (automatic or manual), range, display brilliance, echo trail, picture off center, EBL/VRM, A/C SEA (automatic or manual) and guard alarm. Indications and marks shown on the display Table 1-1 describes the indications and marks which are always shown on the display. Table 1-1 Display indications and marks Indication/Mark __| Location Function Range ~__ | Top left-hand corner Range Ring Below “Range” Interval a 2 Pulselength Below “Ring Interval” __ Heading Mark | Solid radial line at 0_| Show your vessel’s heading, degrees. Always displayed. _ _ Cursor The cursor isa“ +” | Measure range and bearing to target, set | mark and always guard zone. i displayed, _ _ | ‘Range and Bearing to | Bottom of display Cursor Intersection Sweep Rotating radially | Tell the operator the radar is around the display. _| funetioning properly. The sweep rotates synchronously with the scanner, so at any given time the direction in which the scanner is pointing is known. With | every rotation echoes appear on the sweep as brighter spots of light, thus presenting a complete picture of the surrounding area. Bearing ‘Outermost ring Measure bearing. Scale (marked in degrees) _Stand-by ‘Transmitting & Stand-by When you won't be using the radar for an extended period, but, you want to keep it in a state of readiness, place it in stand-by by pressing the STBY TX key. The display shows “ST-BY” or navigation data, or goes into the economy mode depending on menu setting. (More on menu operation later.) Economy mode ‘The CRT can be set to automatically turn itself off (through the “Mode & Function” menu) when in stand-by to reduce power consumption. This feature is called the “economy mode.” Power consumption in the economy mode is 28W. Navigation data display during stand-by Ifa navigation aid inputs navigation data to this radar, naviga- tion data can be displayed during stand-by. You can turn the navigation data display on (or off) through the “Nav Data” menu. Figure 1-3 shows a typical navigation data display during stand-by. Speed ———>- 15. 4x Sui25) me SF a Le Tneto-goto Standby 94 ence Trp dtance shee power on 217 3 << water temperature TO Waypoint bearing Timo.to-g0 to TO Waypoint Bearing to TO Waypoint Range to TO Waypoint — Heading. Course Jattude and longitude ‘and Loran TDs Gross Track Error Mark “&" shows direction and ‘amount of ero. a Figure 1-3 Typical navigation data display during stand-by NOTE 1: Availability of a particular display item depends on incoming data. NOTE 2: When Range to Waypoint reaches 0.Inm, the WPT ‘mark jumps to dead ahead even though a difference may exist between heading and BRG to WPT. @ NOTE 3: When cross track error exeeds Inm on either side, the XTE mark starts blinking.OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Basic Operation Selecting a range Adjusting receiver sensitivity ‘The range selected automatically determines the range ring interval, the number of range rings and pulse repetition rate, for optimal detection capability in short to long ranges. You can select which ranges and pulselength (for 1.5 and 3 mile ranges) to use through the “Mode & Function” menu. The range, range ring interval and pulselength appear at the top left-hand corner of the display. To sel a range; Press the RANGE key. Each time the range is changed the newly selected range appears momentarily at the top left-hand side of the display for your confirmation. Tips for selecting range © When navigating in or around crowded harbors, select a short range to watch for possible collision situations. © Ifyou select a lower range while on open water, increase the range occasionally to watch for vessels that may be heading your way. The GAIN control adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver. It works in precisely the same manner as the volume control of a broad- cast receiver, amplifying the signals received. How to adjust the sensitivity ‘The proper setting is such that the background noise is just visible on the screen. Adjust the sensitivity on the highest range; the background noise is clearer on that range. If you set up for to0 little sensitivity, weak echoes may be missed. On the other hand excessive sensitivity yields too much background noise; strong targets may be missed because of the poor contrast be- tween desired echoes and the background noise on the display. 1) Transmit on long range. 2) Adjust the GAIN control so background noise is just visible on the screen.Adjusting the A/C SEA control (reducing sea clutter) Basic Operation Echoes from waves can be troublesome, covering the central part of the display with random signals known as “sea clutter.” ‘The higher the waves, and the higher the scanner above the water, the further the clutter will extend. Sea clutter appears on. the display as many small echoes which might affect radar per- formance. (See the left-hand figure in Figure 1-4.). When sea clutter masks the picture, adjust the A/C SEA control, either automatically or manually, to reduce the clutter. How the A/C SEA control works The A/C SEA control reduces the amplification of echoes at short ranges (where clutter is the greatest) and progressively increases amplification as the range increases, so amplification will be normal at those ranges where there is no sea clutter. ‘Manually adjusting the A/C SEA control ‘The proper setting of the A/C SEA should be such that the clutter is broken up into small dots, and small targets become distinguishable, If the control is set too low, targets will be hidden in the clutter, while if it is set too high, both sea clutter and targets will isappear from the display. In most cases adjust the control until clutter has disappeared to leeward, but a little is still visible windward 1) Confirm that the sensitivity is properly adjusted, and then transmit on short range. 2) Adjust the A/C SEA control so small targets are distinguish- able but some clutter remains on the display. Sea clutter at display center. AVG SEA adjusted, sea clutter ‘suppressed. Figure 1-4 How to adjust the AIC SEA controlOPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Selecting display mode Tip for adjust ig the A/C SEA A.common mistake is to over-adjust the circuit so all the clutter is removed. As an example set up for maximum A/C SEA. You will see how the center of the display becomes dark. This dark zone can be dangerous (targets may be missed), especially if the ensitivity is not properly adjusted. Always leave a little clutter le on the display to be sure weak echoes will not be sup- pressed. If there is no clutter visible on the display, turn off the circuit. Automatic adjustment of A/C SEA Push the A/C SEA control. “A/C AUTO” appears at the bottom. left-hand corner of the display. You can fine tune by adjusting the control. ‘Three display modes are available: heading up, north up, course up, and true motion, (North up and course up require heading sensor input and True motion requires heading sensor and speed log input.) Press the MODE key to select mode. Each time the key is pressed, if a heading sensor is connected to the radar, the display and the display mode indication at the top left-hand corner of the display change in the sequence of HU (heading up), CU (course up), NU (north up) and TM (true motion). If there is no heading sensor connection, the display mode is always HU and the MODE key is inoperative; it emits several beeps when pressed. MENOTE: The radar begins operation with last selected display mode (except course up) whenever the unit is turned on. Hea up ‘The picture is oriented so the heading mark is at the top of the display. This mode is useful for navigation in congested waters. ‘ourse up ‘The course up mode shows ship’s heading, by the heading mark, at the top of the display. To get heading desired, steer vessel in direction desired, and then press the MODE key to show “CU” at the top left-hand corner of the display. North up North at the top of the display and the heading mark moves hip’s heading. This mode is useful for determining ship’s position and as a navigation monitor on a nautical chart. TheAdjusting display Erasing the heading mark About tuning Basic Operation picture is stabilized against yaw of vessel, thereby reducing smearing of target echoes. ‘True motion ‘True motion displays own ship and moving objects in their true motion ‘The BRILL key adjusts the brilliance of the display in sixteen levels including off. Each time the key is pressed the newly selected brilliance appears momentarily at the top of the display for your confirmation. ‘The heading mark continuously appears on the display and shows your vessel’s heading. When this mark obscures a target echo, you can temporarily erase it, as well as the north mark and the menu (if displayed), by pressing and holding down the GAIN control. Release the control to re-display those marks and the menu. ‘The radar receiver can be tuned automatically or manually. The tuning bar at the top right-hand comer of the display shows tuning condition. Generally, the longer the tuning bar the better the tuning condition, however the length of the bar changes with number of radar echoes, range and other factors. Tuning method is also shown above the tuning bar as “AUTO” or “MANUAL.” Tuning Bar AUTO or MANUAL, Figure 1-5 Tuning bar For how to tune the radar manually see Table 1-2 on page 1-11. 1-9OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW The Menu Menu description ‘The main menu, consisting of seven menus, contains less-often used functions which once preset do not require regular adjust- ment. To display or close the menu, press the MENU key. You can select menus, sub menus and options by the trackball. Note that the menu can also be displayed (and options selected) while the radar is in stand-by. [MAIN MENU] Select item by trackball and press CTRL Key Backlight Briliance PIL & Int Noise Re} Nav Data Mode & Function Tuning Selt Check Installation Setup 1 MANUAL, NoaPeRS Press GAIN to temporarily hide menu. « Figure 1-6 Main menu Table 1-2 describes the main menu. fable 1-2 Main menu description [sub Menu Function 1. Backlight/Brilliance |. Panel Select level of panel backlight. [2.Heading Mark _| Select brilliance of heading mark. 13. Other Marks Select brilliance of VRM, EBL, cursor, ___| guard zone and WP, | 4. Characters Select brilliance of characters. __|5.Beho Trails ‘Select brilliance of echo trails. 2. P/L & Int/Noise Rej | 1. Pulselength Select pulselength for 1.5 and 3 mile ~___| ranges. 2.Int Reject Select level of interference rejection. 3. Noise Reject. Select “ON” to reject noise. 3. Nav Data 1, Navigator Select source of navigation data. 2. Nav Data Disp mn data display on or off. 3. Pos Disp Mode __ | Display position in lav/iong or loran TD. (Continued)The Menu Menu SubMenu___| Function _ 7 /3. Nav Data 4. Depth Unit Select depth unit for meter, fathom or ____jfeet. 5. Temp. Unit Select water temperature unit for °C or ef 4, Mode & Function 1. STBY Display 2, Watchman Select “Display” on stand-by; display “ST- BY” or navigation data, or go into the [economymode, ‘Turn watchman on (set rest period) or off. 3. Alarm Mode. Select condition which triggers guard alarm; in (target enters guard zone) or out (target exits guard zone). [4. VRM Unit Select distance unit of VRM and cursor ___| for nm, km or sm,, | 5. EBL Ref Select EBL reference for relative or true. |i 6, Range Select useable ranges. 5. Tuning AUTO, MANUAL _ | Select automatic or manual tuning. To tune manually; 1. Select MANUAL by trackball. 2. Press the CTRL key to enable manual tuning. | 3. While pressing and holding down the GAIN control, operate the trackball. 4, Press the CTRL key. “MANUAL” appears at the top right- hand corner when manual tuning is in fo z effect. __ 6. Self Check Test controls, ROM and RAM, check antenna rotation speed, and display program no. 7. Installation Setup 1 (for service technicians) To access the installation menus, first turn off the pressing and holding down the GAIN control (at least three seconds) press the | POWER key. 1. Key Beep _ Turn key beep on or off. 2, Alm Sense Lvl Select minimum echo strength which 3. Hg Sensor triggers guard alarm, Select heading sensor; magnetic compass or gyrocompas 4. Anton Tx Select antenna status on transmission; L rotate or stop. 5. Ant Height jer antenna height to optimize STC. 6, Operation Mode Select operation mode; master or slave. 7. Installation Setup 2 1) Align heading by EBL1. 2) Adjust sweep timing by trackball. 3) Set on hours by trackball. 4) Set Tx hours by trackball, 1-11OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Menu operation 1) Press the MENU key to display the main menu. 2) Operate the trackball to select a menu; for example, the Backlight/Brilliance menu. As you move the highlighted cursor down through the menu, each menu number, initially shown in white on green, inverses to green on white. This shows the associated menu is available for selection. Also, menu selection guidance appears at the bottom of the menu window. 3) Press the CTRL key. Figure 1-7 shows the Backlight/Bril- liance menu. TBACKLIGHT/BRILLIANCE MENU J Select item and option by trackball. Pane! Heading Mark (Other Marks Press GAIN to temporarily hide menu, « Figure 1-7 Backlight/brilliance menu 4) Operate the trackball to select sub menu. 5) Operate the trackball to select option. Currént settings are shown in inverse video. 6) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu. 1-12‘Measuring Range and Bearing Measuring Range and Bearing Range In the basic radar system your ship is in the center of the display, and any target received appears in a map-like projection throughout 360 degrees. This allows the bearing and range from your vessel to a target appearing on the display to be measured. ‘You can measure the range to a target three ways: © by the range rings © by the cursor, and © by the VRM (Variable Range Marker). Range rings To get a rough measurement of the range to a target, use the range rings. Press the RINGS key to turn on the range rings. Further pressing of the key adjusts their brilliance or turns them ff, Each time the key is pressed the newly selected brilliance level appears momentarily at the top of the display for your confirmation. ‘To measure range by the range rings, count the number of rings between the center of the display and the target. Check the range ring interval and judge the distance of the echo from the inner edge of the nearest ring. Sor ‘To measure range by the cursor, rotate the trackball to place the cursor intersection on the inside edge of the target. The range to the cursor intersection appears at the bottom of the display. RM 1) Press the SELECT key to circumscribe a VRM readout (at the bottom right-hand corner). Each press of the key selects the readout of VRM1, VRM2, EBL1 or EBL2 in that order. Figure 1-8 Display bottom, showing location of EBL and VRM readoutsOPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1-14 2) Press the CTRL key to enable control of the VRM by the trackball. 3) Operate the trackball to place the outside edge of the VRM on the inside edge of the target. 4) Check the VRM readout at the bottom right-hand corner of the display to find the range to the target. 5) To anchor the VRM, press the CTRL key. ‘To erase the VRM and its readout, press and hold down the CTRL key about two seconds. Range-————+} Benge Ang iniewval a | vans (ehorter dash) | vame (longer dash) Cursor: J.—-— Range Rings —VAM1 Range cursor Range ssaen cee TE \VAM2 Range Figure 1-9 Measuring range by the cursor, range rings and VRM UNIT OF RANGE FOR VRM AND CURSOR: You can display the range readout of the VRM and cursor in nautical miles, statute miles or kilometers, through the “Mode & Func- tion” menu.Bearing Measuring Range and Bearing ‘There are three ways to measure the bearing to a target: © by the bearing scale (rough estimate) © by the cursor, and © by the EBL (Electronic Bearing Line). Cursor Rotate the trackball to set the cursor intersection on the center of the target. The bearing to the cursor intersection appears at the bottom of the display. EBL 1) Press the SELECT key to circumscribe an EBL readout (at the bottom right-hand corner). Each press of the key selects the readout of VRM1, VRM2, EBL1 or EBL2 in that order. 2) Press the CTRL key to enable control of the EBL by the trackball. 3) Operate the trackball to bisect the target with the EBL, 4) Check the EBL readout at the bottom left-hand corner of the display to find the bearing to the target. 5) To anchor the EBL, press the CTRL key. ‘To erase the EBL and its readout, press and hold down the CTRL key about two seconds. Target cur EBLt (shorter dash) |-——- EBL2 (onger dash) EBLt Bearing Cursor Bearing EBL? Bearing FR Figure 1-10 How to measure bearing by EBL and cursor Le asm 45 NM. 1-15(OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW NOTE: The bearing readout for the EBL and the cursor can be displayed in relative or true bearing (true bearing requires head- ing sensor input), through the “Mode & Function” menu. For north up and course up display modes the bearing reference is always true, ‘Tips for measuring bearing © Bearing measurements of smaller targets are more accurate; the center of larger target pips is not as easily identified. © Bearings of stationary or slower moving targets are more accurate than bearings of faster moving targets. © To minimize bearing errors keep echoes in the outer half of the picture by changing the range scale; angular difference becomes difficult to resolve as.a target approaches the center of the display. OUTPUTTING TARGET POSITION DATA Target position data can be output to external equipment in NMEA format. Press and hold down the GAIN control knob for 2 seconds to output the data. This function requires posi data and heading signal.Using the Offset EBL Using the Offset EBL Predicting collision course ‘The offset EBL provides two functions: predict collision course of radar target and measure the range and the bearing between two targets. To predict collision course; 1) Press the SELECT key to choose EBLI readout and then press the CTRL key. 2) Press the EBL OFFSET key. EBL1’s origin shifts to cursor location. 3) Operate the trackball to place EBL1’s origin (cursor) on the center of the target. 4) Operate EBL1 so it passes through the center of the display. 5) Wait several minutes. If the target tracks along EBL1 to- wards the center of the display (your vessel's position), it may be on a collision course. To continue monitoring the target's track, press the CTRL key to anchor EBLI. To cancel the offset EBL, press the EBL OFFSET key. EBL1 Origin —} (tial position of target) ‘Target moved —} here. 13200" A5ONM Figure 1-11 Predicting collision course by using the offset EBL.OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Measuring range and bearing between two targets ae 1-18 ‘The procedure which follows shows how to measure the range and bearing between target “A” and target “B” in Figure 1-12. 1) Press the SELECT key to choose EBL1 readout and then press the CTRL key. 2) Press the SELECT key to choose VRMI readout. 3) Press the EBL OFFSET key. EBL1's origin shifts to cursor location, 4) Operate the trackball to place EBL1’s origin (cursor) on the center of target “A.” 5) Operate the trackball to bisect target “B” with EBL1. Check the EBL1 readout to find the bearing between target “A” and target “B.” 6) Press the SELECT key to choose VRMI readout and then press the CTRL key. Operate the trackball to place the outside edge of VRMI on the inside edge of target “B.” Check the VRM1 readout to find the range between target “A” and target “B.” av 508 za “078 oN 2 a re aM Bearing Range Figure 1-12 Measuring the range and bearing between two targets by using the offset EBLReducing Interference Reducing Interference Types of interference Rain clutter Basically there are three types of interference which may hinder radar reception: © sea clutter caused by echoes reflected off waves (mentioned earlier) © rain clutter from precipitation, and © radar interference from marine radars operating nearby and on the same frequency band as your radar. ‘This radar can suppress or eliminate those types of interference. For how to reduce sea clutter see page 1-7. ‘The vertical beamwidth of the scanner is designed to see surface targets even when the ship is rolling. However, by this design the unit will also detect rain clutter (rain, snow, or hail) in the same manner as normal targets. Figure 1-13 shows the appearance of rain clutter on the display. How to suppress rain clutter © When only a slight amount of clutter is visible on the display, raise the A/C SEA control setting slightly to distinguish targets from the clutter. © In heavy storms or partial clutter, adjust the A/C RAIN control. This control splits up these unwanted echoes into a speckled pattern, making recognition of solid targets easier. AIC RAIN adjusted, rain clutter suppressed. 1-19OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Radar interference Other uses of the A/C RAI Im addition to reducing clutter, the A/C RAIN control can be used in fine weather to clarify the picture when navigating in confined waters. However, with the circuit activated the re- ceiver i less sensitive. Therefore, turn the control fully counter- clockwise (off) when its function is not required. Radar interference may occur when near another marine radar ‘operating in the same frequency band as your radar. Its on- screen appearance is many bright dots either scattered at ran- dom or in the form of dotted lines extending from the center to the edge of the display. Figure 1-14 illustrates interference in the form of “curved spokes.” Interference effects arc distin- guishable from normal echoes because they do not appear in the same place on successive rotations of the scanner. Figure 1-14 Radar interference To reduce radar interference; 1) Press the MENU key to display the menu. 2) Operate the trackball to select “2. P/L & Int/Noise Rej.” 3) Press the CTRL key. 4) Operate the trackball to select “2. Int Reject.” 5) Operate the trackball to select level of interference rejec- tion. (“IR” and level selected appear at bottom right-hand corer of the display.) 6) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu.Enlarging an Area of Interest (zoom) Enlarging an Area of Interest (zoom) ‘The zoom feature allows you to double the size of the area between your vessel and any location within the current range to take a closer look at an area of interest without changing the range. Select location with the cursor, and then press the ZOOM key. “ZOOM” (blinking) appears at the top right-hand corner when the zoom function is on. To turn off zoom, press the key again. © Set cursor whore dested ‘@ Press ZOOM, and range fs doubled. Figure 1-15 Zoom function I NOTE 1: The zoom function is inoperative when the display is shifted. NOTE 2:/f the cursor is not positioned within the current range when the ZOOM key is pressed, several beeps are emitted and the outermost range ring blinks twice, even if the range rings are off. Reposition the cursor and press the key again.OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Shifting the Picture (off center) Your vessel's position can be shifted to view ahead or behind your vessel without changing the range or size of targets. Operate the trackball to set cursor where desired, and then press the OFF CENTER key. “OFF CENTER” appears at the top right-hand corner of the display when the picture is shifted, To turn off the off center function, press the key again. (Set cursor where desired. @Pross OFF CENTER. Vessel’s ‘poston shifts to cursor locaton Figure 1-16 Shifting the pictureGuard Alarm Guard Alarm Selection of guard zone type The guard alarm allows the operator to set the desired range and bearing for a guard zone. When ships, islands, landmasses, etc. violate the guard zone an audible alarm sounds and the offend- ing target blinks to call the operator's attention. ‘The guard alarm can be set to sound when a target either enters or exits the guard zone. You can select which type of guard alarm you want through the “Mode é& Function” menu, In alarm ‘The alarm sounds on targets entering the guard zone. “G (IN)” appears at the top right-hand corner when the In alarm is se- lected Out alarm ‘The alarm sounds on targets exiting the guard zone. “G(OUT)” appears at the top right-hand corner when the Out alarm is, selected. Dashed ine-no alarm, ‘Solid line-alarm sounds. IN ALARM OUT ALARM Figure 1-17 In and out alarmsOPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Setting a guard zone Preparation 1) Press the MENU key, and then select “Mode & Function” by operating the trackball and pressing the CTRL key. 2) Select “4. Alarm Mode” and “In” (alarm on target entering zone) or “Out” (alarm on target exiting zone) by operating the trackball. 3) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu. To set a guard zone; 1) Mentally create the guard zone you want to set. 2) Operate the trackball to set the cursor on point A or B. Press the GUARD ALARM key. “*G (IN)” or “*G (OUT),” with asterisk blinking, appears at the top right-hand corner of the display. See Figure 1-18 (2), (The asterisk indicates the guard zone is partially set.) 3) Operate the trackball to set the cursor on point C or D. See Figure 1-18 (3). 4) Press the GUARD ALARM key. The asterisk disappears. See Figure 1-18 (4). A inking Guard zone you FG UINJOr _ want to set .G(ouT) a— Gy» 8 - é Set cursor on ont A (or B} and Nr ‘To erase guard zone |"? * and eancel quara [Stinson ata, oss 8S) ene on point yon seconds. Sener (ro), Pf roarvor Guard Zone afoun —_ c Prees EB) Cy @ Figure 1-18 How to set the guard zoneGuard Alarm Silencing the audible alarm Canceling the guard zone and guard alarm Notes on the guard alarm ‘Any radar targets violating the guard zone will trigger the audi- ble alarm, You can silence the audible alarm by pressing the GUARD ALARM key. When this is done, “G (ACKN)” replaces “G (IN)” or “G (OUT).” This means the alarm is deactivated. Press the key again to reactivate the alarm. Press and hold down the GUARD ALARM key until the guard zone disappears. © The alarm is a useful anti-collision aid, but does not relieve the operator of the responsibility to also keep a visual look- out for possible collision situations. The alarm should not be relied upon as the sole means for detecting possible collision situations. ‘© When the radar range is less than one half of the guard zone range, the guard zone disappears and “G (IN)” (“G (OUT)") appears in inverse video. If this happens, raise the range to re-display the guard zone. © A target echo does not always mean a landmass, reef, ships or surface objects but can imply returns from sea surface or precipitation. As the level of these returns varies with envi- ronment, the operator should properly adjust the A/C SEA, A/C RAIN and GAIN to be sure the alarm system does not overlook target echoes. © The minimum echo strength which triggers the alarm can be selected through the “Installation Setup 1” menu,OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Trailing Target Movement (echo trail) Starting echo trailing You can show the movement of all radar targets relative to your vessel in afterglow. This function is useful for alerting you to possible collision situations. Press the ECHO TRAIL key to start echo trailing. Press the key again within three seconds to select echo trailing time, namely, trail length in minutes. Trailing time is available in 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and continuous. “TRAIL,” the echo trailing time se- lected and elapsed time appear at the top right-hand corner of the display. Then, afterglows starts extending from all targets. Echo Tral Normal Display (Echo Trall OFF) Echo Trall ON Figure 1-19 How the echo trail feature works m NOTE: If the range or mode is changed or the off center or zoom is turned on during echo trailing, trailing is restarted. 1) When the elapsed time clock counts up to the trailing time selected, the elapsed time display freezes. 2) The oldest portions of trails are erased so only the latest trail, equal in length to the trailing time selected, is shown. 3) Trailing continues. For example, the one minute trailing time is selected. When the elapsed time clock counts up to 60 seconds, the elapsed time display freezes at “60,” all but the latest one minute of trails are erased, and then trailing continues.Trailing Target Movement (echo tral) Continuous traiting The maximum continuous trailing time is 99 minutes and 59 seconds. When the elapsed time clock counts up to that time the clapsed time display is reset to zero and trailing begins again, Adjusting brilliance | The brilliance of the afterglow can be set for high or low on the of afterglow “Backlight/Brilliance” menu, Canceling echo Press the ECHO TRAIL key. trailingOPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Displaying Navigation Data Navigation, Data Navigation data can be displayed at the screen bottom if this radar receives navigation input in NMEA 0183 format. Naviga- tion data include © position in latitude and longitude or Loran-C time differ- ences (one can be selected on the “Nav Data” menu) ‘© range, bearing and time-to-go to both waypoint selected on the navigator and the cursor © speed, and * course. (If the navigation input includes destination data, waypoint po- sition is denoted on the radar display by a dashed ring.) 1) Press the MENU key. 2) Operate the trackball to select the “Nav Data” menu. 3) Press the CTRL key. 4) Operate the trackball to select “2. Nav Data Disp.” 5) Operate the trackball to select ON or OFF. 6) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu, HH. Waypoint Mark Range, bearing and ‘Tame-To-Go (TTG) to waypoint ‘Speed and time-to-go to cursor location, Figure 1-20 Typical navigation data display__ Magnifying Long Range Echoes Magnifying Long Range Echoes (echo stretch) Normally, the reflected echoes from long range targets appear on the display as weaker and smaller blips even though they are compensated by the radar’s internal circuitry. The echo stretch function magnifies these small btips in all ranges. Two types of echo stretch are available: ES1 which stretches echoes in bear- ing direction and ES2 which stretches them in both range and bearing directions. To turn the echo stretch on or off; Press the A/G RAIN control, Each press changes the echo stretch function in the sequence of ES1, ES2 and OFF. ES1 or £52 appears at the top right-hand corner of the display when echo stretch is on. ww NOTE: This function magnifies not only targets but also sea clutter and radar interference. For this reason be sure the con- trols for adjustment of sea clutter and radar interference are properly adjusted before activating the echo stretch.OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Watchman ‘The watchman function periodically transmits the radar for one minute to check for targets in a guard zone. If it finds change in the zone from the previous transmission it sounds the audible alarm, cancels the watchman function, and transmits the radar continuously. This feature is useful when you do not need the radar’s function continuously but want to be alerted to radar targets in a specific area. x ST-BY x ST-BY Ik [ime Stoetnan Tm Giana Tem Stet” Tmin 5, 100r20min tmin 6, 100r20min 1 min ‘Watchman starts. Figure 1-21 How watchman works Turning on To turn on watchman; watchman 1) Create a guard zone (usually 360 degrees) with the guard alarm function. 2) Press the MENU key. 3) Operate the trackball to select “Mode & Function.” 4) Press the CTRL key. 5) Operate the trackball to select “2. Watchman.” 6) Operate the trackball to select watchman rest period; 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 20 minutes. 7) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu. “WATCHMAN” appears at the top of the screen, the radar transmits for one minute to check for targets inside the guard zone, and then the CRT shuts off and the radar goes into stand-by. How watchman When the time selected for the watchman rest period has works elapsed, the radar automatically transmits for one minute to check the condition inside the guard zone. If there is no change, the radar goes into stand-by (“WATCHMAN” appears during stand-by.) If there is change, the radar sounds the audible alarm, cancels the watchman function and transmits continuously.Watchman Canceling Go into the “Mode & Function” menu, and set “2. Watchman” watchman for OFF NOTE 1: Watchman can be used without a guard zone. 2: The alarm sounds just before the radar starts and Stops transmitting. 1-31OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Summary of Display Indications ‘Tuning Bar [—Tralling Time (Guard Alarm (in or out) (—Zoom/Ot Center (—Eshe Stretch Elapsed Trailing Time—— Heading Heading Mark — Range————| Range Ring Interval Pulselength_——+ Display Mode-——] Cursor: Guard Alarm, EBL EBL2. VAM VAM: Range Ring North Mark. AUTO AIC SEA- Gr Bao, BLY Bearing pn f2t2doung — Re cece *Cursor Bearing — *Cursor Range \VRM1 Range. Figure 1-22 Display indications and marks * Latitude and Longitude of Cursor position can be displayed instead of Cusor range/bearing. Pressing the GAIN control (erasing heading marker) alternates the cursor position data display mode.APPLICATION As an aid to navigation, radar can be a very valuable tool. No other navigation aid can give you the ability to spot vessels coming at you in the fog, or tell you the location of the inlet to the harbor in the pitch black of night. To help you understand better what your radar can (and cannot) do for you this chapter covers © the characteristics of the radar wave © target properties and radar wave reflection © range and bearing resolution © false echoes, and © position fixing with radar.APPLICATION The Radar Wave and Radar Horizon How the radar wave travels Radar horizon ‘The radar wave tends to travel in straight lines at the speed of light. However, it is subject to bending or refraction in the atmosphere, the amount depending on region and density. ‘Super-refraction Super-refraction is a condition in which there is an upper layer of warm dry air over a surface layer of cold, moist air. Radar waves bend downward and thus increase the ranges at which targets may be detected. Sub-refraction Sub-refraction is the reverse condition of super-refraction; a layer of cold air is above a layer of warm air. Radar waves bend upward and thus decrease the ranges at which targets may be detected. Radar is essentially a “line-of-sight” phenomenon. That means you have just about the same range to horizon with a radar as you do with your own eyes. However under normal atmospheric conditions, the radar horizon is 6% greater than the optical horizon. Therefore, if the target does not rise above the horizon the radar beam cannot be reflected from the target. The distance to the horizon from the scanner, under normal conditions, is calculated by the following formula. Rmax = 2.2x(VAT + VE2) ‘Where Rmax: Radar horizon (mile), hl: Antenna height (me- ters), h2: Target height (meters) Figure 2-1 Radar horizon‘Target Properties and Radar Wave Reflection Target Properties and Radar Wave Reflection Generally, larger targets can be seen on the radar display at greater ranges, provided line-of-sight exists between the scan- ner and target. However, a large target with poor reflecting properties may not be detected as easily as a smaller target with better reflecting properties. For example, you might expect a lighthouse to be a good radar target because of its size. In ‘actuality the return echo is weak since the conical shape diffuses most of the radiated energy. Aship whose hull is made of conducting materials, such as steel, will return a relatively strong echo. On the other hand, hulls made from wood or fiberglass return much weaker echoes. Vertical surfaces, such as a cliff, are good targets provided they face the radar. Conversely, horizontal and smooth surfaces such ‘as mudbanks, sandy beaches, and gently sloping hills make poor targets because they disperse rather than reflect most of the energy that strikes them. “The strongest radar echoes known come from built-up areas, docks, etc., because these targets are less subject to changes in aspect. These types of targets have three flat, smooth surfaces ‘mutually at right angles. Some radar buoys are arranged this way 80 as to deliberately increase their detection range.‘APPLICATION Range Resolution Range resolution is a measure of the capability of a radar to display as separate pips the echoes received from two targets which are on the same bearing and are close together. ‘The main factor which affects range resolution is pulselength, ‘Two targets on the same bearing, close together, cannot be seen as two distinct echoes on the display unless they are separated by a distance greater than one-half the pulselength. Radar able to a display two Scanner_[~]|—+Transmited Wave dieteetiaget echoes. Target —— Received Wave Ta. Received Wave 4 Superimposed on fone another Figure 2-2 Range resolutionBearing Resolution Bearing Resolution Bearing resolution is a measure of the capability of a radar to display as separate targets the echoes received from two targets which are at the same range and are close together. ‘The principal factor which affects bearing resolution is horizon- tal beamwidth. Two targets at the same range must be separated by more than one beamwidth to appear as separate pips. Radar able to dlsplay two ue sistinet target echoes, Horizontal Boamwiin ‘Scanner Rotation Radar cannot display Figure 2-3 Bearing resolution‘APPLICATION False Echoes Occasionally false echoes appear on the screen at positions where there is no target. In some cases the effects can be reduced or eliminated, The operator should familiarize himself or herself with the appearance and effects of these false echoes, so as not to confuse them with echoes from legitimate contacts. Multiple echoes Multiple echoes occur when a short range, strong echo is re- ceived from a ship, bridge, or breakwater. A second, a third or more echoes may be observed on the display at double, triple or other multiples of the actual range of the target as shown in Figure 2-4. Multiple reflection echoes can be reduced and often removed by decreasing the sensitivity or properly adjusting the A/C SEA. True Echo Own Ship Target ( Multiple Echo. Figure 2-4 Multiple echoesSide-lobe echoes False Echoes Every time the scanner rotates, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam — called “side-lobes.” If a target exists where it can be detected by the side-lobes as well as the main-lobe, the side-lobe echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range, as shown in Figure 2-5. Side-lobes show usually only at short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the sensitivity or proper adjustment of the A/C SEA. Mainiobe ‘Spurious True Echo: Target Side-lobe Scanner Side-lobe Echo Figure 2-5 Side-lobe echoes Blind and shadow sectors Vessel taller than whart_ Whart aia beara Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of antenna may reduce the intensity of the radar beam. If the angle subtended at the scanner is more than a few degrees a blind sector may be produced. Within the blind sector small targets at close range ‘may not be detected while larger targets at much greater ranges may be detected. See Figure 2-6. Mast, etc. in path of What Blind Sector (no echo) Bind aeor slze dapende on target size and range. Figure 2-6 Blind and shadow sectors‘APPLICATION Indirect echoes Indirect echoes may be returned from either a passing ship or returned from a reflecting surface on your own ship, for exam- ple, a stack. In both cases, the echo will return from a legitimate contact to the antenna by the same indirect path. The echo will appear on the same bearing of the reflected surface, but at the same range as the direct echo. Figure 2-7 illustrates the effect of an indirect echo. Indirect echoes may be recognized as follows: © they usually occur in a shadow sector © they appear on the bearing of the obstruction but at the range of the legitimate contact © when plotted, their movements are usually abnormal, and © their shapes may indicate they are not direct echoes. FA Heading Mark Target ‘True Echo Direct Path “7 ‘Scanner. | i Obstruction rect Path indirect Echo (ast, funnel, et) vo Heading Mark ‘True Echo a Indirect EchoPosition Fhdng with Radar Position Fixing with Radar By radar range This sections describes how to fix your position using the radar. ‘You will need a compass and a navigation chart, ‘The simultaneous measurement of the ranges to two or more fixed objects is normally the most accurate method of obtaining a fix with radar alone. Preferably at least three ranges should be used. However the use of more than three range arcs may introduce excessive error because of the time lag between mea- surements, namely, you will be moving as you take successive measurements. When obtaining a fix, it is best to measure the most rapidly changing range last because of a smaller time lag in the radar plot from the ship's actual position. For greater accuracy, the objects selected should provide arcs with angles of cut as close to 90 degrees as possible. Small, isolated, radar-conspicuous fixed objects whose associated range arcs intersect at angles approaching 90 degrees provide the most reliable and accurate position fixes. Objects at longer ranges are less accurate for position fixing because they may be below the radar horizon and because the width of the radar beam increases with range. To fix your position by using radar range: 1) Measure the range to two or more prominent navigational marks which you can identify on the chart by the VRM. 2) Next, with the compass sweep out the ranges from the charted positions. The point of intersection of the ares is your estimated position. Figure 2-8 Position fixing using radar rangesAPPLICATION, By range and bearing to a point on land ‘The advantage of position fixing by range and bearing to a point of land is the speed with which a fix can be obtained. A distinct disadvantage however is this method is based upon only two intersecting position lines, a bearing line and range, obtained from two points of land. If possible, the object used should be small, isolated and identified with reasonable certainty. ‘To fix your position using range and radar bearing; 1) Measure the relative bearing of the target with the EBL, noting the exact direction of the ship’s heading when doing 80. 2) Next, make allowance for compass deviation (true or mag- netic) and find the true bearing of the target. 3) Sweep out the range to the target with the compass on the chart and plot the true bearing of the target. The point of intersection is your approximate position. Figure 2-9 Position fixing using range and bearing to a point of landBy two bearings Position Fixing with Radar Generally, fixes obtained from radar bearing are less accurate than those obtained from intersecting range arcs. The accuracy of fixing by this method is greater when the center bearings of small, isolated radar-conspicuous objects can be observed. Sim- ilar 10 position fixing using range and bearing, this method affords a quick means for initially determining approximate position. The position should then be checked against other means to confirm reliability. To fix your position by using two radar bearings: 1) Measure the relative bearings for the two targets and then determine their true bearings. 2) Plot the two bearings on the chart. The point of intersection of the two bearings is your approximate position. Figure 2-10 Position fixing using two bearings‘APPLICATION Nautical Chart and Radar Picture Under normal conditions, a picture which is very similar to a nautical chart can be obtained on the radar display. However, a radar cannot: © show targets which are below the horizon. © show a target which is hidden by a larger one. © see around corners (for example, seawall). © distinguish between two targets which are very close to- gether, either in range or bearing. For example, a vessel towing another will probably appear as one vessel, as both will be covered by the beam at the same time. ‘The nautical chart and radar picture shown in Figure 2-11 are from the Kada Inland Sea in southwestern Japan. Chart Radar Figure 2-11 Nautical chart and associated radar pictureeee MAINTENANCE This chapter tells you how to keep your radar in good working order. Before reviewing this chapter please read the safety in- formation which follows. Turn off the power before performing any maintenance procedures. DANGER: ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD ‘This equipment uses high voltage electricity which can endanger human life. At several places in the unit there are high voltages sufficient to kill anyone coming in direct contact with them, ‘While the equipment has been designed with consideration for the operator’s safety, precautions must always be exercised when reaching inside the equipment for the purpose of mainte- nance or service. For this reason, only qualified personnel to- tally familiar with electrical circuits and service manual should work inside the display unit or scanner unit. CAUTION: RF RADIATION HAZARD ‘The radar scanner emits high frequency radio radiation which can be harmful, particularly to your eyes. Never look directly into the scanner from a distance of less than two feet when the radar is in operation as you could injure the cornea of your eyes. ‘Always make sure the radar is set to stand-by or is turned off before starting work on the scanner unit,MAINTENANCE Routine Maintenance, Location of Parts Maintenance Regular maintenance is important for good performance. Al- program ways keep the equipment as free as possible from dirt, dust, and water splashes, Make sure all screws securing the components, are properly tightened. ‘A maintenance program should be established and should at least include the items listed in Table 3-1, Table 3-1 Maintenance program Period _| item Checkpoint __|Remarks ‘| Scanner unit | Check for tightness and Replace corroded bolts. fixing bolts | corrosion. Apply coat of anti-corrosive 7 sealant tonew bolts. Radome Foreign material (salt The only recommended cleanliness | deposits, oil, etc.) onthe _ cleaning agent is alcohol. radome face will cause a considerable drop in radar performance. Clean the radome with a freshwater- ___| moistened cloth. ‘Antenna Open the radome cover and connectors _| visually check all connectors for proper seating and corrosion. _ Radome Check for wear. Permanent | Replace if brittle or cracked. gasket damage to the scanner’s | See Figure 3-1 internal circuitry will result if water leaks through the radome. 7 Radome Check for cracks. Permanent | Ifa crack is found it should cover damage to the scanner’s | be temporarily repaired by internal circuitry will result | using a small amount of ifwater leaks through the _| sealing compound or radome. adhesive, The unit should then be brought to your local dealer for permanent repairs. cRT ‘The CRT will, in time, DO NOT use chemical accumulate a coating of dust_| cleaners to clean any part of which tends to dim the the display unit. They may picture. Wipe lightly with a__ | remove paint and markin, _ soft cloth. __ (Continued)Routine Maintenance, Location of Parts Period _ | Item [Checkpoint Remarks - months [CRT anode | High tension on CRT Have a qualified service tolyear |and approach | attracts dust, and moist dust | technician clean CRT | will cause poor insulation. _| anode and approach. lyear [Connectors | Check for proper seating See Figure 3-3. onrear panel_| and corrosion. | of display unit, _ Replacing the fuse The SA (24V/32V) or 10 A (12V) fuse on the rear panel of the display unit protects the equipment against reverse polarity of ship’s mains, overcurrent, and equipment fault. If the fuse blows, find the cause before replacing it. Never use a fuse rated for more than 5A (or 10A), since overfusing can cause serious damage to the equipment and void the warranty. Location of parts Figure 3-1 Scanner unit, radome cover openedMAINTENANCE _ ANODE CAP (HIGH VOLTAGE) Pore Ne 3082 Figure 3-2 Display unit, cover opened, top view POWER FUSE F1951 ~ POWER 5A: 24V/52V DC CONNECTOR 10A: 12V 06 ~~ ~pusyor GROUND —— TERMINAL ke =) Pee 3057 + For optional equipment ——!/ \__ Leyro connector s1359 NMEA CONNECTOR J1352 Figure 3-3 Display unit, rear viewmena TROUBLESHOOTING This section provides troubleshooting information for both the user and the service technician. Before reviewing this chapter please read the safety information which follows. TO THE USER If something appears to be wrong with your unit, check it by referring to the troubleshooting table. If you cannot restore normal operation, please do not attempt to check inside any unit, This equipment uses high voltage electricity which can cause severe injury or death. Any repair work is best left to a qualified technician, TO THE SERVICE TECHNICIAN Always make sure the electrical power is turned off before attempting to change a component or inspecting the inside of the equipment, A residual charge may also exist in capacitors, even with the equipment turned off. Therefore, always short all supply lines to the chassis with an insulated screwdriver or a similar tool before touching the circuit.TROUBLESHOOTING Troubleshooting Table “This section provides a troubleshooting table for use by both the user and the service technician. Table 4-1 Troubleshooting table a ——— —— 4 IF, BUT... THEN... User Te the power is cut off because the power protection circuit has actu- ated, press the POWER and TX/OFF touchpads together, then press the POWER touchpad. _ | the control panel | © try raising | @ check fuse. does not light’ | display brilliance. | ¢ battery may have @ check fuse charged battery may # measure voltage at power have discharged. | connector terminal #1 (+) ; and #2 (-) on FIL Board. It should be: 12V set: 10.2V to 203V DC 2AV/B2V set: 20.4V to 40.0V DC (See Figure 4-1 for location of FIL Board.) check POWER Board. ¢ check panel illumination | lamps. _ nothing appears | © Wry raising @ check CRT heater. If it, on the display display brilliance. | | CRT is normal. (panel lights) @ check CRT high voltage | by touching CRT anode cap | to chassi ¢ adjust CONTRAST pot. | R801 on CRT Board and BRIGHTNESS pot. R404 on DEFLECTION Board If normal picture is achieved, CRT is normal. check SPU Board. picture adjust V-HOLD pot. R510 synchronized and H-HOLD pot. L601 on DEFLECTION Board of CRT. If picture cannot be synchronized, CRT may be faulty # check SPU Board. (Continued)_Troubleshooting Table IF... BUT. T THEN. User Service Technician the radar has the scanner does @ check “Ant on Tx” in warmed up | not rotate Installation Setup 1 menu; j and you itshould be set for | pressed the “Rotate.” (See procedure | STBY TX key on next page.) | to transmit © check scanner drive gears. check scanner motor power circuit | __| ¢ check scanner motor. characters, @ check SPU Board. indications are . abnormal _| you adjusted | neither noise nor | © check signal © check signal cable for sensitivity with | targets appear cable for damage. both AC (indications and | damage. © check IF amplifier. RAIN and markers do) @ check SPU Board. AICSEA off [neither © check signal ‘© check SPU Board. (turned fully | indications nor cable for © check trigger line of signal marks damage. cable for short, appear (noise © measure magnetron and targets do) current (voltage.) The ‘magnetron current is measured as a voltage. 1) Transmit on max. range with scanner rotation suspended. (See procedure on next page.) 2) Measure voltage at test point TP803 #5(+) and +#6(~) on MD Board in scanner. Voltage should be 0.9V to 1.1V DC, Replace ‘magnetron if voltage is not within that range. # check modulator circuit. the sweep is not © check bearing pulse synchronized generator circuit in scanner, with scanner ®@ check SPU Board. rotation (Continued)‘TROUBLESHOOTING IF... BUT... THEN... Service Technician User there is no ‘© measure magnetron change in sensitivity current (voltage) as described on previous page. Replace magnetron if its voltage is not within range prescribed on previous age. © MIC is out of tune. a key is pressed nothing happens ‘© key may be faulty. © check SPU Board. To transmit with scanner rotation suspended; 1) Tum off the power. 2). While pressing and holding down the GAIN control (hold at Teast three seconds) press the POWER key. 3) Press the MENU key. 4) Operate the trackball to select “7. Installation Setup 1,” and then press the CTRL key. 5) Operate the trackball to select “4. Ant on Tx” and “Stop.” 6) Press the MENU key twice to close the menu.Location of Parts Location of Parts POWER BOARD PTU-g093 FiL BOARD FiL9094 ~ Lo 9 CONTRAST pot. R801 \ ca BOARD N photo No, 3082 NOTE: The CRT is tumed 90 degrees. Therefore, the indications "V" and “H” correspond to horizontal and vertical, respectively. V-HOLD pot. R510 r~VSIZE pot. R508 V-LIN pot. R515 FOCUS pot. RAT. $ $ _— BRIGHTNESS pot. N 7 RaO4 a mooie a H-LIN pot. L602 —__ S| +} DEFLECTION BOARD |) HSIZE pot. L603 ——~ Figure 4-1 Display unit, cover removed, left side view‘TROUBLESHOOTING _ ~ SPU BOARD ‘SPU-9096 Figure 4-2 Display unit, cover removed, right side view SCANNER, MAGNETRON. veot MD BOARD - % IF AMP BOARD MD-7018 —~ SCANNER TP803 MOTOR 15 95 Figure 4-3 Scanner unit, cover removedINSTALLATION ‘This chapter provides the procedures necessary for installation. Installation mainly consists of the following: siting and mounting the display unit and the scanner unit connection of the signal cable and the power cable establishing the ground connection of optional equipment checking the installation, and adjustments.INSTALLATION Scanner Unit Installation Siting, handling considerations © ‘The scanner unit is generally installed either on top of the wheelhouse or on the radar mast on a suitable platform, Locate the scanner unit where there is a good all-round view with, as far as possible, no part of the ship's superstructure or rigging intercepting the scanning beam. Any obstruction will cause shadow and blind sectors. A mast for instance, with a diameter considerably less than the width of the scanner, will cause only a small blind sector, but a horizontal spreader or crosstrees in the same horizontal plane as the scanner unit would be a much more serious obstruction; you would need to place the scanner unit well above or below it. © Iris rarely possible to place the scanner unit where a com- pletely clear view in all direction is available. Thus, you should determine the angular width and relative bearing of any shadow sectors for their influence on the radar at the first opportunity after fitting. (The method of determining blind and shadow sectors appears later in this chapter.) © Ifyou have a radio direction finder on your boat, locate its antenna clear of the scanner unit, to prevent interference to the direction finder. A separation of more than two meters is recommended. © To lessen the chance of picking up electrical interference, avoid where possible routing the signal cable near other onboard electrical equipment. Also avoid running the cable in parallel with power cables. © The compass safe distance of 3.1 meters (standard compass) and 1.75 meters (steering compass) should be observed 10 prevent deviation of the magnetic compass. © Do not paint the radome, to ensure proper emission of the radar waves. © When this radar is to be installed on larger vessels, consider the following points © The signal cable run between the scanner and the display comes in lengths of 10m, 15m, 20m and 30m, Whatever length is used it must be unbroken; namely, no splicing allowed. ‘* Deposits and fumes from a funnel or other exhaust vent can adversely affect the aerial performance and hot gases may distort the radiator portion. The scanner unit must not be mounted where the temperature is more than 70°C,Mounting ‘Scanner Unit Installation Figure 5-1 Typical scanner unit locations Unpacking the scanner unit 1) Open the scanner unit packing box carefully. Remove hard- ware at the bottom of the radome; four each of M10 bolts, spring washers and flat washers. These bolts, spring washers and flat washers may be discarded; do not use them to fasten the scanner unit to the mounting platform. RADOME FUORWH® = _— RADOME BASE ASSY. — FLAT WASHER [= SPRING WASHER A_ inosort Figure 5-2 Scanner unit, showing location of hardware 2) Unbolt the four MS bolts at the base of the radome to remove the radome cover. Remove the packing material at each end of the scanner radiator. é—- PACKING MATERIALS FIXING BOLT (4 pes.) —* Figure 5-3 Scanner unit, cover removed, showing location of packing materialsINSTALLATION SHIP's BOW (Qo be prepared Tocaty) Mounting platform Holes for scanner uni ‘The mounting surface must be parallel with the waterline and provided with six holes whose dimensions are shown in the outline drawing on page D-1, Four 12 millimeter holes for fixing; one 20 millimeter hole for the vent tube; and one 27 millimeter hole for cable entry. ‘The unit is adjusted so a target echo returned from the bow direction will be shown on the zero degree (heading marker) position on the screen. When drilling holes, be sure they are parallel with the fore and aft line. Vent tube: Moisture can condense inside the radome, causing corrosion, if a means is not provided to keep moisture out of the radome. A vent tube fitted on the base of the radome allows the radome to “breathe” while not allowing entry of water from outside into the radome. Be sure the tube is kept free of foreign materials and is not pinched or kinked. The vent tube extends downward by 27 millimeters from the radome base. Ensure the vent tube extends downward before mounting the radome base. 3) Prepare a platform of S to 10 millimeters in thickness for the scanner unit, See Figure 5-5 for dimensions. (A mounting bracket for mounting the scanner unit on a sailboat mast is optionally available. See page 5-7.) Find the cable entry on the radome base. Next, position the radome base so the cable entry faces the stern direction. This alignment must be as accurate as possible. Drill a hole of 20 millimeters diam- eter through the platform for the vent tube. Making sure the vent tube is in the correct position, fasten the radome base to the mounting platform with four each of M10 x 25 hex bolts, flat washers and spring washers RADOME BASE ‘ASSY, 6mm RO Z ZA—Is-10e ‘CABLE ENTRY FLAT WASHER, ALD PLATFORM ~S ‘SPRING WASHER’ aoe Mi0 x 25 HEX BOLT (027 HOLE FOR CABLE ENTRY (220 HOLE FOR VENT TUBE NOTE: Use 15cm-iong a) torque wrench to tighten bolts, SQ FLAT washer Fixing torque: 200-250 kg em 4S SPRING WASHER M10 x 25 HEX BOLT (4 pcs.) Figure 5-4 How to orient and mount the scanner unitScanner Unit Installation 6610 q 3S m7 | FOUR DII@® J =| T ———F i S ‘SCANNER, BASE PLATE PLATFORM SPRING FLAT WASHER VENT TUBE SHER ON M0 x 25 HEX BOLT Make @ hole of i 1220 mm in piattorm for vent tube. VENT TUBE FITTED AT FACTORY. SHIP'S BOW 225 CABLE ENTRY. 4-M10 FIXING HOLES WEIGHT: 8 kg Figure 5-5 Scanner unit mounting dimensions Wiring and final preparation 4) Drill a hole of at least 20 millimeters diameter through the deck or bulkhead to run the signal cable between the scan- ner unit and the display unit. (To prevent electrical interfer- ence avoid running the signal cable near other electrical equipment and in parallel with power cables.) Pass the cable through the hole. Then, sea! the hole with sealing compound for waterproofing. 5) Remove the shield cover in the radome. (The cover is added from the production in July 1994 for the shield enhance- ment.) 6) Remove the cable clamping plate by unfastening four M4 screws and removing two gaskets.INSTALLATION 7) Pass the cable through the hole at the bottom of the radome base. 8) Secure the cable with the cable clamping plate and gaskets. Ground the shield and vinyl wire by one of the screws of the cable clamping plate and one of the screws of the IF ampli- fier chassis, respectively. 9) Mate plug P801 (9 way) to jack J801 and plug P802 (4 way) to jack J802 on the MD Board. Remove the lid of the IF Board and then connect plug P611 (14 way) to jack J611. See Figure 5-6, W Note:/f the antenna unit comes with a signal cable RW-6537 (larger in diameter), instead of RW-8577-1, replace the gasket with the one supplied. shield cover Above figure shows the inside of the scanner unit with the shield cover removed, The cover has been added from the production in July 1994. Figure 5-6 Cable connection and grounding inside the scanner unit 10) Fix the shield cover. Do not pinch the cables. 11) Put the radome cover on the radome unit, facing the nar- rower recessed part in the direction of the bow.TT oY Optional Mounting Bracket Assembling the mounting bracket M Scanner Unit installation SHIP'S Bow WIDER NARROWER Figure 5-7 How to position the radome cover 12) Loosely fasten the radome fixing bolts. You will tighten them after confirming magnetron heater voltage.INSTALLATION Display Unit Installation Mounting considerations ‘When selecting a mounting location for the display unit keep in mind the following points. © The display unit is carefully constructed to be able to with- stand the humidity and corrosive atmosphere common in a pilothouse, but itis not designed to be used outside, exposed to the environment. © Tthis radar is to be installed on a smal! boat, the display unit, must be mounted inside an enclosed cabinet to prevent cor- rosion of the connectors on the rear of the display unit. For maximum protection against corrosion by salt spray, tape the connectors and seal them with putty compounds. © Provide adequate space behind and around the unit to per- mit circulation of air and to provide convenient access to the rear connectors. ‘© Even though the picture is quite legible even in bright sun- light, keep the display unit out of direct sunlight or at least shaded because of heat that can build up inside the cabinet, © Locate the display unit in a position where you can view and operate it conveniently but where there is no danger of salt or fresh water spray or immersion. © The orientation of the display unit should be so the radar screen is viewed while the operator is facing in the direction of the bow. This makes determination of your position much easier. ® Make sure you allow enough clearance both to get to the connectors behind the unit and to allow you to get your hands in on both sides to loosen or tighten the mounting knobs. Make sure you leave at least a foot or so of “service loop” of cables behind the unit so it can be pulled forward for servic- ing or easy removal of the connectors. © The compass safe distance of 0.8 meters (standard compass) and 0.6 meters (steering compass) should be observed to prevent deviation of the magnetic compass.Display Unit Installation Mounting ‘The display unit is designed to be mounted on a tabletop. 1) Attach anti-vibration pads to the inside of the hanger as shown in Figure 5-8. 2). Use the hanger as a template to mark mounting hole loca- tions. 3) Fix hanger to the mounting location with five each of M6 tapping screws and flat washers (supplied). 4) Fit the knob bolts, washers and gaskets to the display unit Install the display unit in the hanger. Tighten the knob bolts securely. xev08 Bout WASHER — GASKET | a sme games ae "| — tel. ANT BRATION PAD Figure 5-8 How to mount the display unitINSTALLATION Connections 1) Connect the power cable to connector J1351 on the rear of the display unit, 2) Connect the signal cable to connector DJ-1 on the rear of the display unit, 3) Runa ground wire (local supply) between the ground termi- nal on the rear of the display unit and the ship’s superstruc- ture. SCANNER UNIT DISPLAY UNIT Dut FUSE — SIGNAL CABLE (0m max) Figure 5-9 Connections on the display unit Exchange of fuse The display unit is shipped from the factory with a 10A fuse for 24V/32V fitted in the fuse holder on the rear panel. This fuse is for use nen with a 12V DC power supply. For 24V/32V DC power supply, Power supply replace the fuse with the SA fuse (supplied). 5-10Connection of External Equipment Connection of External Equipment Heading sensor Navigator Echosounder With heading sensor connection (for example, FURUNO C- 2000), you can display true bearing for ship's heading, cursor and EBLs, The FURUNO C-2000 Heading Sensor comes with a heading sensor cable. One end of the cable is prefitted with a connector. Connect it to the GYRO connector on the rear panel of the display unit. How to attach a connector to the other end of the cable and connection to the C-2000 are described in the operator’s manual of the C-2000. Ifyour navigator outputs navigation data in NMEA 0183 format, ‘your vessel's position in latitude and longitude, ship’s speed, and range and bearing to waypoint may be output to this radar, and be shown in the bottom text area. The depth data from the echosounder can be connected to JS4 on the SPU Board, using EH Connector assembly supplied. (An optional cable provides connectors at both ends, cut out the connector at the radar end and solder the EH connector supplied; Pins #1 and #2 of B/S are connected to pins #3 and #4 of 154 respectively.) Optional Cables: Type Code no. Remarks MI-AGSPFOOI2-050 000-134-424 For navaid, 5 m, 6P-GP MJ-AGSPFOOI2-100 000-133-817 For navaid, 10 m, 6P.6P MJ-AGSPEOOI1-050 000-132-244 For E/S, Sm, 6P-4P MI-AGSPEOOI1-100 000-132-336 For E/S, 10 m, 6P-4PINSTALLATION Checking the Installation After completing the installation, itis a good idea to recheck it to be sure all steps were correctly done. Use the installation check list below to check the installation. Table 5-1 Installation check list Tick box ‘The radome base is oriented so the vent tube faces toward the stern, ‘The signal cable is waterproofed at the radome base. ‘The signal cable is securely retained against the mast or mounting platform and is free of interference from run- ning rigging. The cable gland or entry on the deck, if provided, is waterproofed. ‘The power connections to the battery are of correct po- larity. ‘The plugs at the rear of the display unit are tightly fas- tened, ‘The fuse on the rear panel of the display unit is 10A (12V DC) or SA (24V/32V DC).Adjustments Adjustments Entering antenna height, aligning heading, adjusting sweep timing This section covers adjustment of the radar after installation. ‘You will need to enter antenna height align heading adjust sweep timing confirm magnetron heater voltage, and measure blind and shadow sectors. ecoee Preparation These adjustments are done through the installation setup menus. 1) Turn off the radar. While pressing and holding down the GAIN control (at least three seconds) press the POWER key. 2) When “ST-BY” appears, press the STBY TX key to trans- mit, 3) Select maximum range and adjust the GAIN control so the 4) Press the [-] key several times to select the minimum range. Adjust the A/C SEA to display nearby radar targets clearly on the screen, Too much A/C SEA action will eliminate small targets, and too little A/C SEA action will cause the sereen to be so full of targets and noise that it is hard to determine which target is which compared to visual sight- ings.INSTALLATION Entering antenna height ‘The STC curve changes with respect to antenna height above the waterline. Enter antenna height above the waterline to optimize the STC curve. 5) Press the MENU key to display the menu, [MAIN MANU] Select item by trackball and press CTRL key. 1. BacklightBriliance 2. P/L & Int/Noise Re} 3. Nav Data ‘4, Mode & Function 5. Tuning MANUAL 6. Self Check 7. Installation Setup 1 Press GAIN to temporarily hide menu. Figure 5-10 Menu 6) Operate the trackball to select “7. Installation Setup 1,” and then press the CTRL key. [INSTALLATION SETUP 1) For adjustment after instal lation by service technician, 1. Key Beep i ON 2. Alm Sensor Lvl MED_HIGH 3. Hdg Sensor 5 4. Anton Tx ‘STOP 5. Ant Height Low HIGH 6. Operation Mode aaa ave 7. Installation Setup 2 Press GAIN to temporarily hide menu, «Press MENU for main menu.> Figure 5-11 Installation setup 1 menu 7) Operate the trackball to select “S. Ant Height.” 8) Operate the trackball to select antenna height above the waterline; low, medium or high. 9) Press the CTRL key._ Adjustments You have mounted the scanner unit facing straight ahead in the direction of the bow. Therefore, a small but conspicuous target dead ahead visually should appear on the heading mark (zero degrees). In practice, you will probably observe some small error on the display because of the difficulty in achieving accurate initial positioning of the scanner unit. The following adjustment will compensate for this error. 10) Identify a suitable target (for example, ship or buoy) at a range between 0.125 to 0.25 nautical miles, preferably near the heading mark. To lessen error, keep echoes in the outer half of the picture by changing the range. Also, be sure the zoom und off center functions are off. 11) Operate the trackball to select “7. Installa then press the CTRL key. ion Setup 2,” and [INSTALLATION SETUP 2 J For adjustment after instal- lation by service technician. 1. Align Heading 2. Adjust Sweep Timing 3. On Hours: 000001.5H 4, Tx Hours 000000.3H Press GAIN to temporarily hide menu, Figure 5-12 Installation setup 2 menu 12) Operate the trackball to select “1. Align Heading,” and then: press the CTRL key. EBL! appears on the display. 13) Operate the trackball to bisect the target selected at step 10 with EBL1, and then press the CTRL key. 14) As a final test, move the boat towards a small buoy and confirm that the buoy shows up dead ahead on the radar when it is visually dead ahead,INSTALLATION Adjusting sweep timing ‘This adjustment ensures proper radar performance, especially on short ranges. The radar measures the time required for a transmitted echo to travel to the target and return to the source. The received echo appears on the display based on this time. Thus, at the instant the transmitter is fired, the sweep should start from the center of the display (sometimes called sweep origin.) A trigger pulse generated in the display unit goes to the scanner unit through the signal cable to trigger the transmitter (magne- tron), The time taken by the signal to travel up to the scanner unit varies, depending largely on the length of signal cable. During this period the display unit should wait before starting the sweep. When the display unit is not adjusted correctly, the echoes from a straight local object (for example, a harbor wall or straight pier) will not appear with straight edges—namely, they will be seen as “pushed out” or “pulled in” near the picture center. The range of objects will also be incorrectly shown, (1) Correct (2) Target pulled inward (3) Target pushed outward Figure 5-13 Examples of improper and correct sweep timings 15) Transmit on the shortest range and confirm that the GAIN and A/C SEA controls are properly adjusted. 16) Visually select a target which forms right angles (harbor wall, straight pier). 17) Press the MENU key. 18) Operate the trackball to select “2. Adjust Sweep Timing,’ and then press the CTRL key. 19) Operate the trackball to straighten target selected at step 16, and then press the CTRL key. 20) Press the MENU key four times to close the menu.Magnetron heater voltage POTENTIOMETER VR8O1 Adjustments Magnetron heater voltage is formed at the MD Board of the scanner unit and preadjusted at the factory for use with any length of signal cable. Therefore no adjustment is required. However, verify heater voltage by following the procedure below. 1) Turn on the radar (if it is not already on) and set it in stand-by. 2) Open the radome cover. Connect a multitester, set to 10V DC range, between #4( +) and #6(-) of test point TP803 on the MD Board in the scanner unit. 3) Confirm that the multitester shows 7.5V +0.1V. if it does not, adjust potentiometer VR801 on the MD Board. 4). Close the radome cover and tighten the radome fixing bolts. ‘TEST POINT TP803 Figure 5-14 Scanner unit, cover removedINSTALLATION Measuring blind In some shadow sectors, there may not be sufficient intensity to and shadow sectors obtain an echo from very small targets even at close range, although a large vessel may be detected at a much greater range in non-shadowed sectors. For these reasons the angular width and relative bearing of any shadow sectors should be deter- mined. For a new vessel this should be done during sea trials. In other ships it should be done at the first opportunity after installing the radar. Even a small shadow sector may hide another vessel if she is on a collision course with your vessel. The bearing will remain constant in the shadow area and the approach of the other vessel may remain undetected until it is too late to avoid a dangerous situation, ‘Two methods of determining the angular width of a shadow sector are: © ‘Turn the boat very slowly through 360 degrees while a small but clearly defined target is observed at a distance of a mile or so. (Do not use a buoy with a reflector as this target is too powerful to achieve the required result.) If the echo disappears while the boat is turning, the target has entered a shadow sector and it will again become visible when the target emerges from the shadow. Very quiet condi- tions of wind and sea are essential to ensure reliable results when this operation is carried out on a small craft since a rough sea can cause a buoy to be lost in the clutter or be temporarily submerged or hidden by waves, An unsteady movernent may cause the boat to swing through a shadow sector before the scanner has completed one revolution. In any case an average of several observations of each shadow sector should be taken, It is a waste of time to attempt the operation in anything other than very smooth water with little wind. © Another method is to observe the shadow sector against a background of sea clutter. Any shadows will show as dark sectors in the clutter. See Figure 5-15. Note that a shadow cannot be fairly estimated in heavy clutter, as echoes from either side of the sector may be spread into it and give an illusion that objectsin the sector are being observed. Nor can it be satisfactorily determined in confined waters, because of the probability of indirect, false or multiple echoes being produced from nearby building or other vessels.Adjustments ‘SHADOW CAUSED BY MAST Figure 5-15 Appearance of a shadow sector on the display ‘The result of the above measurement should be recorded on a blind shadow sector diagram, Figure 5-17 is an example of a n° 30° BLIND SECTOR Figure 5-16 Shadows caused Figure 5-17 Shadow sector by objects diagram for scanner unit sited in Figure 5-17INSTALLATION This page intentionally left blank.List Of Outline Drawings and Circuit Diagrams Table D-1 Outline drawings No. Type Drawing No. Page 1 RDP-104 €3379-G01 D-1 2_ | Radar Scanner Unit RSB-0055-038 [C3319-006 D2 Table S-1 Circuit diagrams No. | Name ~ [Type Drawing No. _ | Page| 1 | Interconnection Diagram MODEL 1831 | C3379-C02 Si : MARK-2 { 2 Display Unit RDP-104 ea C3379-K02 $2] 3. | Radar Scanner Unit RSB-0055-038 | C3379-K01 $-3a 6 eC AL — cee FURUNO S104 ONIX!) GLO-S Qua) S10-3 ters lagitg 378¥0 HaMod WO WOLO3NNO] ‘Tiev) 34001170" Wo WO1O3NNOD SGECNL LF ELL 3 # ONES 90 | gener ‘GuvGNVIS 780 | A-acae ONWISIC 34¥S SSveND MASEL AC ONVENSTO 9NI91AR3S O3QNBANOORY + af ‘JONYNLNIYN WO 3103NN09 SSTEVO 3HL KLUM 190 NAVHO 38. NYO LINN 3H AVHL OS S¥8¥9 NI YOVIS 4NBID|4INS 3AVIT $26 PNA — ARPES P2ISAUGRMEC TAMERS SCN EY AARC CS @ a 310N @ a uF 5 m5 Re Ha 19 EG |e wo 3 1 fejecid| pa ig b sd \o ” $s |e aa ee | #y “2 ae 8% El wo | w SN | af ile S| muy | we 7 3 E [0B ae Feb P2- FD WN, SAITO x BRAWN APPROVED] 1. [fc CDA MODEL 1831/1931 MODEL 1941/1947. FURUNO ELECTRIC Co., LTD.NOTE 1 VENT TUBE BRIT MAKE A FOLE OF 220mm ON PLATFORM 220 oR eM BS BUTBG #25 7-7VBAD 625 CABLE ENTRY FoR-1010 FR-70100 MODEL 1730/1731 /1830/1831 WoDEL 1730/1731/1830/1831 MARK-2 WopeL 841 NOTE 2: COMPASS SAFE DHARSER. SCANNER STecRING z z_% APPROVED | Tuo Auge Provecron ILE = LY) Sach eA TE ef Ro 1/6 RADAR SCANNER UNIT cMecnBo |e uy | Soul tN [fest | 2 4 dad coste-oee- FURUNO ELECTRIC Co. LTD.“17 “OD 31419373 ONNUNS [ecomam i o [ena aaa |_ oar a}“Taser [38H] 108 | yen Le TE bles HW) UU ‘ onnygnFURUNO 7 FF CHASSIS ae 253] NBASET ~ — ~ “| wo-ror0: mover 1891 DISPLAY UNT, MD.7918A: MODEL 1831 M2 Al gue <——_<1 Stay Taso But SS Say Too02| Ses ——S3 Sans Sie S33 Nv © MODULATOR Bi eee ta out SS ex's, reosl gg02E3513, L Suto Son Bie SS Ses DANY 8 2 3 or £3586 Seg HV S33 MODEL 1831 M2: | 2202 HEATER? SV) 45. Out-14 = —_<1 1 pMcos7 aoe seos ‘ono 5 — 25] Encoven our S 3 —t 4a co) HEADINGP. > 1 825) 3 __] HeaoIne p. 53 sar NAS-101-56 it wry! outs ‘tunma wo, AMP. | Bi:s8 <— SPARE —S 3 § spare 53S | oie = SPARE S33 83 [SPARES 3S 3 but-ta—<—___—£ 8 Sano 2 SRMONTOR Ste bute 112GND pirat ¢ VIDEO Dua! SSR SS TuNina com. SPARE burs <— SPARE cy aie SPARES} NO CONNECTION #7 MODEL 1831 MODEL 1831 MARK-2 ae A _—awe > aeBroteo| me ikeba Tino%wete | fm echaReR * APR + 21 Rf 4 RSB-0034,/0055 SCANNER UNIT Had | Pan” | took Fo _C3379-K01-F FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.