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Introduction To Refrigeration Systems

Refrigeration systems use various thermodynamic cycles and technologies to transfer heat from low to high temperature mediums and lower temperatures. The most common system is vapor-compression, which uses a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Absorption systems use two fluids and a heat source rather than electricity. Other systems include air-standard, steam jet, thermoelectric, and developing thermoacoustic technologies. The history of refrigeration progressed from natural to mechanical methods using various working fluids.

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Christian Breth Burgos
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144 views27 pages

Introduction To Refrigeration Systems

Refrigeration systems use various thermodynamic cycles and technologies to transfer heat from low to high temperature mediums and lower temperatures. The most common system is vapor-compression, which uses a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Absorption systems use two fluids and a heat source rather than electricity. Other systems include air-standard, steam jet, thermoelectric, and developing thermoacoustic technologies. The history of refrigeration progressed from natural to mechanical methods using various working fluids.

Uploaded by

Christian Breth Burgos
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Introduction to

Refrigeration Systems
First Law of Thermodynamics
Provides the basic definition of internal energy associated with
thermodynamic systems and states the rule of conservation of
energy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Clausius Statement: It is important to construct a device which
operates on a cycle and produces no other effect than the transfer
of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.

Kelvin-Planck Statement: It is impossible to devise a cyclically


operating heat engine, the effect of which is to absorb energy in the
form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an
equivalent amount of work.

Entropy Statement: In any cyclic process, entropy will either


increase or remain the same.
Refrigerator
A cyclic device (Kelvin-Planck Statement) used to transfer heat
from a low- to a high-temperature medium (Clausius Statement).
The schematic diagram of MVCR
Using energy balance,
𝑄𝐻 = 𝑄𝐿 + 𝑊
The efficiency for any heat engine,
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
The coefficient of performance for refrigerator,
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
The relationship between the COP of heat pump and refrigerator
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 + 1
Carnot Cycle
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical model that is useful for
understanding a refrigeration cycle. As known from
thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle is a model cycle for a heat engine
where the addition of heat energy to the engine produces work.
Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
Also known as the reversed Carnot cycle. The maximum theoretical
performance can be calculated, establishing criteria against which
real refrigeration cycles can be compared.
The reversed Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
T-s diagram of the Carnot refrigeration cycle
Refrigerating effect,
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑇𝐿 (𝑠1 − 𝑠4 )

Theoretical work (compressor work),


𝑊 = (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 )(𝑠1 − 𝑠4 )

The coefficient of performance for refrigerator,


𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿 (𝑠1 − 𝑠4 )
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = =
𝑊 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 )(𝑠1 − 𝑠4 )
𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
Refrigeration
The process of removing heat from matter which may be a solid, a
liquid, or a gas.
Ways to lower temperature
1. Rapid expansion of gases under reduced pressures.
2. Compressing air then permitting it to expand.
3. Adding certain salts, such as sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate
(hypo), and sodium sulfite to water.
4. Dissolving common salt or calcium chloride in water.
Two methods of refrigeration
1. The natural refrigeration
2. The mechanical refrigeration
History of refrigeration
2nd Century: Evaporation, Egypt (chill jars of water, ancient India (to
make ice)

1755: William Cullen, reduced the pressure on water in a closed


container with an air pump.

1834: Jacob Perkins, constructed and patented a vapor-compression


machine with a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and a cock
History of refrigeration
After 1850:
Faraday & Thilorier liquefied Ammonia and carbon dioxide, which
were more suitable than water and ether

Rumford & Davy provided theoretical background for mechanical


refrigeration

Between 1850 & 1880:


Refrigerating machines appeared such as compressed-air or cold-
air machines.
History of refrigeration
1850: Dr John Gorrie, developed a real commercial cold-air machine

1853: Alexander C. Twining invented vapor-compression machines

1860: Ferdinand P. Edmond Carre invented an intermittent crude


ammonia absorption apparatus

1860: P.H. Van der Weyde patented a compression unit with


refrigerant composed of petroleum products
History of refrigeration
1862: Dr Alexander C. Kirk, commercially developed a closed-cycle
refrigerating machine

1866: T.S.C. Lowe developed refrigerating equipment that used


carbon dioxide.

1870: Franz Windhausen invented a closed-cycle machine

1872: David Boyle made equipment for ice making.


History of refrigeration
1874: Carl Linde established a methyl ether unit

1875, R.P. Pictet introduced a compression machine that used


sulfuric acid

1877-1877: Paul Giffard, Joseph J. Coleman & James Bell invented


open-cycle refrigerating machines theoretically outlined by Kelvin
and Rankine in the early 1850
History of refrigeration
1878:
H.A. Fleuss invented a small, hand operated absorption machine.
F. Windhausen constructed large-scale ice-making absorption unit.

1880 - 1890: Ammonia-compression installations became more


common.

1890: Mechanical refrigeration had proved to be both practical and


economical for the food refrigeration industry.
Main refrigeration systems
1. Vapor-compression refrigeration systems (VCRS)
2. Absorption refrigeration systems (ARS)
3. Air-standard refrigeration systems (ASRS)
4. Steam jet refrigeration systems
5. Thermoelectric refrigeration
6. Thermoacoustic refrigeration
Vapor-compression refrigeration systems (VCRS)

• Most commonly used refrigeration systems, and each system


employs a compressor.
• Four major thermal processes take place as follows: evaporation,
compression, condensation, and expansion.
• Can be improved by subcooling, superheating, multi staging and
cascading.
• Applied in refrigerators, freezers, & air conditioning systems
Absorption refrigeration systems (ARS)
• Refrigerating effect is produced through the use of two fluids and
some quantity of heat input, rather than electrical input as in the
more familiar vapor compression cycle.
• A secondary fluid (i.e., absorbent) is used to circulate and absorb
the primary fluid (i.e., refrigerant), which is vaporized in the
evaporator.
• Elements: evaporator, condenser, generator, absorber, solution
pump, throttling valves
• Applied in large commercial plants such as malls
Air-standard refrigeration systems (ASRS)
• The air-standard refrigeration cycles are also known as the reverse
Brayton cycles.
• Refrigeration is accomplished by means of a non-condensing gas
(e.g., air) cycle rather than a refrigerant vapor cycle.
• Elements: compressor, energy output heat exchanger, expander,
and energy input heat exchanger
• Aircraft cabin cooling
Steam jet refrigeration systems
• Water can be used as the refrigerant.
• Use steam ejectors to reduce the pressure in a tank containing the
return water from a chilled water system. Utilizes the energy of a
fast-moving jet of steam to capture the flash tank vapor and to
compress it. Flashing a portion of the water in the tank reduces
the liquid temperature.
• Elements: boiler, condenser, evaporator, ejector
• Applied in paper mills, breweries, food processing plants, gas
plants, etc.
Thermoelectric refrigeration
• The process of pumping heat energy out of an insulated chamber
in order to reduce the temperature of the chamber below that of
the surrounding air. Thermoelectric refrigeration uses a principle
called the "Peltier" effect to pump heat electronically.
• Applied in computers, portable coolers, climate-controlled jackets,
etc. Microprocessors and power amplifiers. Satellites or space
probes
Thermoacoustic refrigeration
• Thermoacoustic refrigeration systems operate by using sound
waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gas (helium, argon,
air) or a mixture of gases in a resonator to produce cooling.
• Still in developmental stage

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