ADVANCED STATISTICS

Grade 9 Elective
Module No. 2: Week 2 : First Quarter
Introduction to Statistics

Lesson/s

1. Data Collection and Sampling Technique

2. Summation Notation

Objectives

a. State the different sampling technique

b. Develop an understanding about different sampling method
c. Use the rules of summation to find sums

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

1. Data Collection and Sampling Technique

Data can be collected in different ways. The most common is through survey-telephone,
mailed – questionnaire and personal interview. There are also other methods of collecting
data: surveying records or direct observation.

Four Basic Methods of Sampling

1. Random Sampling
This is done by using chance methods or random numbers. Random sampling technique
used to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample. A random sample is said to be representative of the entire
population.
Example 1: Describe how, among 300 senior students, a random sample of 50 students
could be chosen for survey.
Solution:

Option 1 Option 2
(Lottery Method) (Use of Table of Random Numbers)
Write each name of all 300 senior Assign one number from 1 to 300 to
students on a slip of paper and put the the name of each student. Then,
slips of paper in a box. Mix them generate 50 random numbers from 1
thoroughly and draw 50 of them. to 300 to identify students to survey.

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 2. Systematic Sampling
This is done by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every nth
number, with the starting point determined at random from the first n number.
Example 1: Describe how, among 300 senior students, a random sample of 50 students
could be chosen for survey.
Solution:
1
Get a list of names of the 300 students. Since 50 is 6th of 300, choose the starting
point by picking a name from the first 6 students on the list by lottery method. Then
every 6th student on the list from the starting point will be included in the sample.
3. Stratified Sampling
If a population has distinct groups, it is possible to divide the population into these
groups and to draw SR’s from each groups. The group are called strata (plural of
stratum). Strata are designed so that members in each stratum are more homogenous,
that is, more similar to each other. The results are then grouped together to form the
sample.
Example 2: A university is conducting a survey regarding the uniform policy for the
teachers. A sample of 80- teachers will be obtained by stratified sampling. How large a
sample must be taken from each stratum or level?
Level Number of Teachers
Elementary 50
Secondary 64
Tertiary 450
Solution:
The total number of teachers is 564.
50
For elementary: = 0.089 x 80 = 7.12 or 7 teachers
564
64
For secondary: = 0.113 x 80 = 9.04 or 9 teachers
564
450
For tertiary: = 0.798 x 80 = 63.84 or 64 teachers
564
This gives a total of 80 teachers for the sample.
4. Cluster Sampling
This method uses intact groups called clusters. Each cluster must be mutually exclusive
and together the clusters must include the entire population. After clusters are selected.
No units from non-selected clusters are included in the sample.
Example 3: Suppose a medical researcher wants to study the patients in Metro Manila.
It would be very costly and time-consuming to obtain a random sample since they
would spread over different parts of Metro Manila.
Solution:
Few hospitals could be selected at random and the patients in these hospitals
would be studied in a cluster.

2. Summation Notation
The symbol ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 is read as “the summation of x, i is from 1 to n.” This means
taking the sum of n, number of observations or values of the variable represented by x. The
Greek letter “∑ " sigma means “to sum”. The subscript i = 1 means that we start with the first

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 value of x and the superscript n means that we end with the nth value of x and calculate the
sum of all values from x i to x n.

Example 1: Let x1 = 8, x2 = 9, x3 = 12, x4 = 15 x5 = 6

x6 = 3, x7 = 10, x8 = 5, x9 = 2, x10 = 1

Evaluate a. ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 b. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 c. ∑10
𝑖=6 𝑥𝑖

Solution: a. ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10

= 8 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 6 + 3 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1

∑10
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 71

b. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 c. ∑10 10 5
𝑖=6 𝑥𝑖 = ∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 - ∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖

= 8 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 6 = 71 – 50

∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 50 ∑10
𝑖=6 𝑥𝑖 = 21

Example 2: Using the data in the previous example, suppose before summing the x’s we wish
to multiply each of the first five terms of x i by 8. Evaluate ∑5𝑖=1 8 𝑥𝑖 .

∑5𝑖=1 8 𝑥𝑖 = 8 x1 + 8x2 + 8x3 + 8x4 + 8x5

= 8(8) + 8(9) + 8(12) + 8(15) + 8(6)

= 64 + 72 + 96 + 120 + 48

∑5𝑖=1 8 𝑥𝑖 = 400

Another way to solve :

∑5𝑖=1 8 𝑥𝑖 = 8 ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 8 (50) = 400

Formulas of Summation

Formula 1: For any constant c, ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐 𝑥𝑖 = c ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 (see Example 2)

Example 3: Evaluate: ∑8𝑖=1 10

Solution: This implies that we add 10 by itself eight times.

∑8𝑖=1 10 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 8 (10) = 80

Formula 2: ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐 = nc for any constant c (see Example 3)

Formula 3: ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏(𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒊 + 𝒛𝒊) = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 + ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒚𝒊 + ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒛𝒊

Formula 4: ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏(𝒙𝒊 ± 𝒄) = (x1 ± c) + (x2 ± c) + (x3 ± c) + . . . (xn ± c)

= (∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 ) ± nc

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Example 4: Given: ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 55 ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 = 65 ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑧𝑖 = 165

Evaluate: a. ∑10
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) b. ∑10
𝑖=1(3𝑥𝑖 + 4𝑦𝑖 − 7)
Solution:
a. ∑10 10 10 10
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) = ∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + ∑𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 + ∑𝑖=1 𝑧𝑖
= 55 + 65 + 165
10
∑𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) = 285

b. ∑10 10 10 10
𝑖=1(3𝑥𝑖 + 4𝑦𝑖 − 7) = 3 ∑𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + 4 ∑𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 - ∑𝑖=1 7
= 3 ( 55) + 4 (65) - 10 (7)
10
∑𝑖=1(3𝑥𝑖 + 4𝑦𝑖 − 7) = 165 + 260 - 70 = 355

Example 5: The scores of five students in an English class are 75, 80, 97, 91, and 63. Find the
following if x represents a score.
a. ∑ 𝑥 b. ∑ 𝑥2 c. ( ∑ 𝑥 )2

Solution: a. ∑ 𝑥 = 75 + 80 + 97 + 91 + 63 = 406

b. ∑ 𝑥 2 = 752 + 802 + 972 + 632

= 5,625 + 6,400 + 9,409 + 8,281 + 3,969 = 33,684
c. ( ∑ 𝑥 )2 = (75 + 80 + 97 + 91 + 63)2 = (406)2 = 164,836

Let’s Apply

A. Classify each sample as random, systematic, stratified, or cluster.

__________1. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings are
interviewed to determine whether they believe the students have less homework to do
now than in previous years.
__________2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select his
or her favorite store.
__________3. Nursing supervisors are selected using random number in order to
determine annual salaries.
__________ 4. Every 110th hamburger manufactured is checked to determine its fat
content.
___________5. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups according to
gender (male or female) and according to whether they walk or ride on their routes.
Then 10 are selected from each group and interviewed to determine whether they
have been bitten by a dog last year.

B. Let x1 = 3, x2 = 1, x3 = 0, x4 = 2, and x5 = -2. Calculate the following.

6. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 8. (∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖) 2 10. ∑5𝑖=1(3𝑥𝑖 − 2)2
7. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 2 9. ∑5𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 2)2

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 ADVANCED STATISTICS
Grade 9 Elective
Module No. 2: Week 2 : First Quarter
Introduction to Statistics

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

A. Classify each sample as random, stratified, systematic, or cluster.

_______ 1. Every 12th customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select his or her
favorite store.
_______ 2. In a university, all teachers from three buildings are interviewed to
determine whether they believe the students have higher grades now than in previous
years.
_______ 3. Supervisors are selected using random numbers in order to determine
annual salaries.
_______ 4. A teacher writes the name of each student in a card, shuffles the cards, and
then draws five names.
_______ 5. A head nurse selects 10 patients from each floor of a hospital.

B. Apply the different formulas:

1. ∑1000
𝑖=5 11 2. ∑4𝑖=1 60 3. ∑4𝑖=2 12 𝑥𝑖

4. Given: Find:

x1 = 2 y1 = 0 z1 = 2 ∑3𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖)

x2 = 4 y2 = 2 z2 = -2

x3 = 6 y3 = 4 z3 = 4

5. Given: x1 = 4 Find: a. ∑4𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 5

x2 = 8 b. ∑4𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + 12

x3 = -1

x4 = -3

C. Given: x1 = 2; x2 = 1; x3 = 0; x4 = -1; x5 = -3; x6 = -7; x7 = 10; x8 = 12.

1. ∑7𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 4. ∑5𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 5)2

2. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 2 5. ∑4𝑖=1 4 𝑥𝑖 + 3

3. ∑8𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 2)2
References:
Alferez, M. S., & Duro, M. C. (2018). MSA Statistics and Probability. Cainta: MSA Publishing House.
Nivera, G.C.(2007). Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics: Patterns and Praticalities. Makati:Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press

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 LEARNING PLAN IN ADVANVCED STATISTICS

MODULE 8: WEEK 2
GRADE LEVEL: 9 QUARTER: FIRST
Day No/ Objective/s NOTES TO THE FACILITATOR
Topic/Lesson
Day 1: Data State the 1. Check examine the example and definition of data collection and sampling technique.
Collection and different 2. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about Random
Sampling sampling Sampling and Systematic Sampling on the module.
Technique technique 3. Coordinate with the teacher through FB messenger/ text message for questions/ clarifications.
4. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
Develop an
understanding
about different
sampling method
Day 2: Data State the 1. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about Stratified
Collection and different Sampling and Random Sampling on the module.
Sampling sampling 2. Coordinate with the teacher through FB messenger/ text message for questions/ clarifications.
Technique technique 3. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
4. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Apply” letter A, and “Let’s Try” letter A using the ensure and keep the answer key
Develop an provided.
understanding 5. Submit the Answer Sheet for 1st Lesson to the teacher for rating and feedback.
about different
sampling method
Day 3: Use the rule of 1. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about Summation
Summation summation to Notation on the module.
Notation find sum 2. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.

Day 4: Use the formulas 1. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about Formulas of
Summation of summation to Summation on the module.
Notation find sum 2. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
3. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Apply” letter B, and “Let’s Try” letter B and C using the ensure and keep the answer
key provided.
4. Submit the answer sheet of Let’s Apply, and Let’s Try of Module 1 to the teacher for final rating and feedback.

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