Fig. 1. The Code and Theme of The Possible Observation
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Yenyen Quirog-PalmesFig. 1. The Code and Theme of The Possible Observation
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Yenyen Quirog-PalmesName: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________
Subject: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Teacher: ____________________SCORE: _______
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson: Quarter 2 Week 6 LAS 1
Activity Title: Identifying Themes and Patterns
Learning Target: Infer and explain patterns and themes from data
Reference(s): Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016
LAS Writer: CHARLLOTE B. SABORNIDO, T-lll, Malalag Cogon National High School
Patterns and Themes
The conclusions done in research are based solely on empirical data (gathered data
through observation or experience). These conclusions based on reasoning and factual evidence
are called inference. Conclusions in qualitative research are based on patterns and themes.
Patterns and themes are words or phrases that collectively describe the experience or thoughts
of every participant. These words and phrases become themes because they appear on several
occasions and are mentioned by many participants. They represent broad categories of
information. In order to identify themes, qualitative researchers use codes. These codes are
simply labels that help qualitative researchers identify similar experiences or thoughts. Codes that
are grouped together are themes.
For example, the codes torn uniform and no school books are seen in the interview
transcripts with working street children. They can be clustered together as ―The Working Street
Children‘s Insufficiency of School Materials (Fig.1).
Code Basic Theme
Lack of Uniform Children lack
school materials
No school textbooks
Fig. 1. The code and theme of the possible observation
ACTIVITY: What’s your theme?
Direction: Fill in the table using the information below.
Mind is elsewhere Children who are exhausted Working street children cannot
Worry Children unable to pay afford to go to school
Headaches school fees Working street children
School charges Children lack school materials are stressed
Lack of uniform Children worry about
No schoolbooks their family
Lack of money for school fees
Tired in school
Code Basic Themes Organizing Themes Global Theme
Struggles
of Street
Children
Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________
Subject: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Teacher: ____________________SCORE: _______
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson: Quarter 2 Week 6 LAS 2
Activity Title: Coding Transcribed Interview
Learning Target: Infer and explain patterns and themes from data
Reference(s): Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016
LAS Writer: CHARLLOTE B. SABORNIDO, T-lll, Malalag Cogon National High School
Coding
Coding is the process of analyzing the data and searching for essential information that
answers the research questions. They are considered essential if they occur or have been
mentioned several times by the informants. In other words, it is a process of filtering the data
(Farber 2006). These essential words are marked or labeled (coded). There are two types of
codes in qualitative research: emergent and preset (Taylor-Powell and Renner 2003). Emergent
codes are those that show up during analysis while preset are codes that have been identified
prior to analysis. Qualitative researchers use codes to easily identify meanings and group similar
patterns or themes that occur or transpire in the interview transcript of each participant. By using
codes, the researcher can easily make an inference. Below is a sample of transcribed interview
consisting of questions based on the interview protocol and answers from the participant (Fig.1).
Codes/Themes
Represented
by letters
Area
of
Focus
Verbatim
Response
Fig. 1 Sample interview transcript and its codes/themes
ACTIVITY:
Instructions: Transcribe the interview of your family member’s life (See fig.1). Arrange the
responses in tabular form such as the one shown below. Make use of letters that will represent
codes. These codes become the themes later on. Please use a separate paper.
Area of Focus Verbatim Response Themes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________
Subject: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Teacher: ____________________SCORE: _______
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson: Quarter 2 Week 6 LAS 3
Activity Title: Presentation of Findings and Discussion
Learning Target: Relate the findings with pertinent literature
Reference(s): Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016
LAS Writer: CHARLLOTE B. SABORNIDO, T-lll, Malalag Cogon National High School
Presentation of Findings and Discussion
This is the second to the last chapter of your research paper. This is the section where you
present the results you gathered through the data gathering techniques (instruments) that you
used. You present the results and discuss them by:
1. Commenting on the results obtained
2. Interpreting what the results mean and
3. Explaining any results which are unexpected
Below is an example of result discussion.
Apart from interpretation of the data gathered, it is essential that findings must be related to
other pertinent pieces of literature which support or refute own findings.
ACTIVITY: Discuss the findings!
1. Using your analyzed data through patterns and themes, discuss your findings about your family
member’s life. Cite related literature to support your findings. Follow the sample format above.
