14

LESSON 14

Lesson Fairy tales

Review of adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs usually answer the question "How?"
Let’s look at adverbs ending in –ly.
The witch stirred the potion slowly.
The dwarves walked over the drawbridge carefully.
In the first sentence, slowly is an adverb. It describes the verb, to stir.
How did the witch stir the potion? She stirred it slowly.
In the second sentence, carefully is an adverb. It modifies the verb, to walk.
How did the dwarves walk? They walked carefully.
Many adverbs end in –ly. Some examples are cautiously, slowly and quietly. These adverbs often
come at the end of a sentence.

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate adverbs.

Example: The children ran from the witch ________________.

The children ran from the witch quickly.

People must act ____________________ after they are given wishes by a genie.

You should speak _____________ when talking with a wizard.

The goblins ___________________ disappeared.

She _________________ rubbed the magic lamp.

The fairy flew away ______________ when she saw the witch.

Dwarves work ______________ to get their work done.

The wizard __________________ uses his crystal ball.

The witch __________________ flies over the forest.

The prince walks _________________ through the forest looking for the princess.

The dwarves walk out of the house _________________ so they don’t walk up the princess.

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Some words can be both adverbs and adjectives.
Dwarves work hard.
Dwarves are hard workers.
In the first sentence, hard is an adverb. It describes the verb, to work.
In the second sentence, hard is an adjective. It modifies the noun, workers.
Another example of this type of word is fast.
Fairies can fly fast.
Fairies are fast flyers.
Fast is an adverb in the first sentence, modifying fly.
Fast is an adjective in the second sentence, describing flyers.
Adverbs are often used to express time.
The genie will grant Larry’s wish tomorrow.
Yesterday, the witch found her old broom.
Tomorrow and yesterday are adverbs. They are often used at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Adverbs are also used to express frequency. You have seen these before.
A giant usually hides in a cave.
A wizard always uses a staff.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences. Add the adverb of frequency in parentheses.

Example: A princess is looking for a handsome prince. (always)

A princess is always looking for a handsome prince.

The princess sees the outside of the castle. (never)

________________________________________________

The handsome prince rescues her. (always)

________________________________________________

A prince uses his father’s sword. (sometimes)

________________________________________________

A witch is evil. (often)

________________________________________________

Witches fly during the day. (rarely)

________________________________________________

They make love potions for their customers. (frequently)

________________________________________________

They look up spells. (occasionally)

________________________________________________

Is it true that giants eat people? (often)

________________________________________________

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Giants avoid witches. (seldom)
________________________________________________

Werewolves sleep after a hunt. (usually)

________________________________________________

Adverbs are also used to show the order of ideas. These are adverbs of sequence. They include
words such as first, then, or finally.

Exercise 3: Add the adverbs of sequence to these sentences. One has been done for you.

First, the genie cleans the inside of her lamp.

______________________ , she cleans the smoky smell from her clothes.
______________________, she sees what wishes she has left to grant.
______________________, she waits for someone to find and rub her lamp.

______________________, the prince puts on his walking shoes.

______________________, he opens the gate and walks to the forest.
______________________, he whistles as he walks.
______________________, the princesses hear his whistling and see that he’s very handsome.

______________________, the fairy makes sure her wings are always clean.
______________________, when she sees a witch, she flies away quickly.
______________________, she finds a good place to hide.
______________________, she hopes the witch isn’t hungry.

Review of comparative and superlative adverbs

Comparative adverbs compare two actions.
A witch will fly closer to a giant than a fairy will.
A giant walks faster than a dwarf does.
Witches fly the fastest in the sky.
Dwarves work the hardest when they are outside.
In the first sentence, closer is a comparative adverb. It compares the actions of a witch and a fairy.
In the second sentence, faster is a comparative adverb. It compares the actions of a giant and a dwarf.
Superlative adverbs occur in comparisons of three or more things.
In the third sentence, fastest is the superlative adverb. It compares witches to all other things on
earth.
In the fourth sentence, hardest is the superlative adverb. It compares a situation (dwarves working
outside) to all other situations.
Another type of adverb is called a mid-sentence adverb.
The fairy probably won’t go to the forest.
Merlin the Magician already made the magic carpet appear.
In the first sentence, probably is an adverb.
In the second sentence, already is an adverb.

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There are also adverbs of sequence. These are used to describe a process. They usually come at the
beginning of the sentence. They are usually followed by a comma.
First, the witch got on her broom.
Then, she shouted at the black cat.
Next, she screamed at the sky.
Finally, she flew away on her broom.
In these sentences, first, then, next and finally are adverbs of sequence.

Adverb clauses
First, it’s important to remember what a clause is. A clause is a part of a
sentence with a subject and verb. There may be several clauses in a sentence.
An independent clause (main clause) is a complete sentence. A dependent
clause (subordinate clause) is an incomplete sentence.
The wizard knows where the giant lives. The wizard knows is the main clause.
It could be a complete sentence.
Where the giant lives is the dependent clause. It isn’t a complete sentence.
An adverb clause is a kind of dependent clause. It can come in front of a main clause or come
after it. It begins with certain words such as because, after etc. If an adverb
clause begins a sentence, it is usually followed by a comma.

Adverb clauses of time

There are different kinds of adverb clauses. Let’s start with adverb clauses of
time. Adverb clauses of time begin with words such as when or after.
When the crow cawed, the giant woke up.
The fairies came out after the elves went home.
In the first sentence, the adverb clause is when the crow cawed. It begins with the word when. It is
a dependent clause so it is not a complete sentence. It begins the sentence so it is followed by a
comma.
In the second sentence, after the elves went home is the adverb clause. It begins
with the word after. It is a dependent clause so it is not a complete sentence.

Adverb clauses of purpose

There are also adverb clauses which express purpose.
The giant caught the dwarf family so that he could roast them for dinner.
The genie granted the wish so that he could go back to his lamp.
In the first sentence, the adverb clause is so that he could roast them for dinner. So that expresses
purpose. The giant caught the dwarf family for a purpose. The purpose was to roast them for din-
ner.
In the second sentence, so that her could go back to his lamp is an adverb clause. So that
expresses purpose.
So that can also be used to express ability. Can is then used in the adverb clause.
The wizard is going to perform a trick so that he can get rid of the annoying elves.

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Adverb clauses of cause
Adverb clauses of cause begin with because, now that and since.
Because the princess was sleepy, the prince visited the fairy godmother alone.
Now that the giant is dead, the elves can go back to the forest.
Since a witch is evil, she can make potions to hurt people.
In the first sentence, because the princess was sleepy is the adverb clause. The
adverb clause says why the prince went alone.
In the second sentence, now that the giant is dead is the adverb clause. Now that means "because
now." Now that the giant is dead means because the giant is dead. Now that is used for present
and future situations.
In the third sentence, since a witch is evil is an adverb clause. Since means because. It expresses a
known fact -- everyone knows witches are evil. Since can also be used in adverb clauses of time,
but it has a different meaning—it has a time meaning.
Since the princess was born, the castle has been a better place to live.
Exercise 4: Complete these sentences with adverb clauses.
Example: The prince built a new crossbow so
________________________________.
The prince built a new crossbow so that he could protect himself
from the enemy.

The magician turned the man into a frog so_______________________________.

The dwarves can go back to the cave because___________________________________.

Because___________________________________, the children would never grow older.

Since (cause)________________________________________, the people inside the castle will

never fear the giant.

After__________________________________________, the people in Sherwood

Forest knew they would marry.

When_________________________________, the elves were very happy.

The dwarves have been very cautious since(time)_______________________________.

The fairies flew away after________________________________________.

Now that __________________________________, she’ll try to catch them.

The evil stepmother has poisoned the princess so _______________________________.

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Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks. Use adjectives or adverbs.

Example: Hansel and Gretel are walking in the woods looking for berries.

Hansel: This is a _________________forest, Gretel.

Gretel: Yes, that’s why we should walk more ______________. Why do you always walk
_______________?

H: When I’m ________________, I will walk slowly.

G: First, you will listen to me. Then, we will enjoy the forest.

Witch: Accchhhh!

G: Look there is a witch! Now we can walk ___________________.

H: She will ________________ follow us. Let’s see if we can find a cave so that we can hide.

W. Because you are so ____________________, I am going to take you home and make stew.

G: Look. There’s a cave. When she turns her head, let’s hide there.

H: Why is the witch out in the daytime?

G: Who cares? We can talk about that after she leaves.

W: You can’t hide from me. I will ________________ find you!

H: I will throw this rock. Maybe she will turn her head. Then we can enter the cave
__________________.

G: Throw it! You fool! You hit her in the head!

H: And there she goes! She won’t look for us _____________________!

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LESSON 14
Reading
Now read the story and answer the questions.

C inderella is one of the most well-known fairy tales in the world.

There is no figure for how many interpretations of the story exist,
with numbers ranging from 340 to over 1500. The story always evolves
the same way. First, a pleasant heroine always suffers at the hands of
her step-family after the death of her mother. Next, her father is always
absent. Finally, the heroine finds a magical figure who helps her tri-
umph over her persecutors and receive her fondest wish at the end of
the story.
The earliest version of the story comes from China. It was written
down by Tuan Ch’eng-shih in the middle of the ninth century. There is
no fairy godmother in this version. A magical fish and golden shoe are
involved. The next written version of the story comes from Charles Perrault in his Contes de
ma Mere L’Oye in 1697. This version included the now famous fairy godmother, pumpkin
carriage (an animal drawn vehicle), animal servants and glass slippers. This version of the
story ends with Cinderella finding husbands for her stepsisters.
The Grimm version of the tale doesn’t have a fairy godmother. The magical help comes in
the form of a white dove with gifts. At the end, as punishment, the stepsisters’ eyes are
pecked (dug out) out by the birds.
In modern times, more novels, musicals and picture books are being inspired by
Cinderella than ever before. The saga of Cinderella has provided endless fantasies and
dreams for little girls around the world.

.
1). What is an example of a famous fairy tale?

2). How many different versions of the Cinderella story have been written?

3). What always happens at the end of any Cinderella story?

4). From which country can one find the earliest version of the story?

5). What animal was magical in this earliest version?

6). In which language did Charles Perrault write his version of Cinderella?

7). Do the stepsisters in Grimm’s version see a happy ending to the story?

8). What does it refer to? (paragraph 2, line 1)

9). What is a carriage? (paragraph 2, line 5)

10). What is the meaning of pecked? (paragraph 3, line 3)

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ANSWER KEY Lesson 14
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate adverbs. Your answers might be different.
People must act carefully/quickly after they are given wishes by a genie.
You should speak clearly when talking to a wizard.
The goblins miraculously/suddenly disappeared.
She cautiously/quickly rubbed the magic lamp.
The fairy flew away quickly when she saw the witch.
Dwarves work hard/quickly to get their work done.
The wizard frequently/always/usually uses his crystal ball.
The witch silently/quietly/often flies over the forest.
The prince walks hopelessly/hopefully through the forest looking for the princess.
The dwarves walk out of the house quietly so they don’t walk up the princess.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences. Add the adverb of frequency in parentheses.
The princess never sees the outside of the castle.
The handsome prince always rescues her.
A prince sometimes uses his father’s sword.
A witch is often evil.
Witches rarely fly during the day.
They frequently make love potions for their customers.
They occasionally look up spells.
Is it true that giants often eat people?
Giants seldom avoid witches.
Werewolves usually sleep after a hunt.
Exercise 3: Add the adverbs of sequence to these sentences. One has been done for you.
First, the genie cleans the inside of her lamp.
Then, she cleans the smoky smell from her clothes.
After that, she sees what wishes she has left to grant.
Finally, she waits for someone to find and rub her lamp.

First, the prince puts on his walking shoes.

Then, he opens the gate and walks to the forest.
After that, he whistles as he walks.
Finally, the princesses hear his whistling and see that he’s very handsome.

First, the fairy makes sure her wings are always clean.
Then, when she sees a witch, she flies away quickly.
After that, she finds a good place to hide.
Finally, she hopes the witch isn’t hungry.
Exercise 4: Complete these sentences with adverb clauses. Your answers might be different.
The magician turned the man into a frog so that he wouldn’t run away quickly.
The dwarves can go back to the cave because the witches have disappeared.
Because the witch had put a spell on them, the children would never grow older.
Since the dragons protect the castle, the people inside the castle will never fear the giant.
After the prince had saved the princess, the people in Sherwood knew they would marry.

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When the giant left, the elves were very happy.
The dwarves have been very cautious since the witch was seen in the tree.
The fairies flew away after the witch saw them.
Now that the witch knows where the fairies are, she’ll try to catch them.
The evil stepmother has poisoned the princess so that she could be queen.
Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks. Use adjectives or adverbs.
Hansel and Gretel are walking in the woods looking for berries.
Hansel: This is a beautiful forest, Gretel.
Gretel: Yes, that’s why we should walk more slowly. Why do you always walk fast?
H: When I’m older, I will walk slowly.
G: First, you will listen to me. Then, we will enjoy the forest.
Witch: Accchhhh!
G: Look there is a witch! Now we can walk quickly.
H: She will probably follow us. Let’s see if we can find a cave so that we can hide.
W. Because you are so meaty, I am going to take you home and make stew.
G: Look. There’s a cave. When she turns her head, let’s hide there.
H: Why is the witch out in the daytime?
G: Who cares? We can talk about that after she leaves.
W: You can’t hide from me. I will always find you!
H: I will throw this rock. Maybe she will turn her head. Then we can enter the cave carefully.
G: Throw it! You fool! You hit her in the head!
H: And there she goes! She won’t look for us tomorrow!

Reading
1) Cinderella is an example of a famous fairy tale.
2) At least 1500 versions of Cinderella have been written.
3) Cinderella receives her fondest wish.
4) One can find the earliest version of Cinderella from China.
5) A fish was magical in this version.
6) Charles Perrault wrote his version of Cinderella in French.
7) No, their eyes are pecked at the end.
8) It refers to version.
9) A carriage is an animal drawn vehicle.
10) Pecked means dug out.

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vocabulary list
NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS
armadillo caw brave after around
berry chop icy carelessly down
broom disappear grated cautiously for
cave grant magical fast when
crossbow march well-known first from
den perform magical generally why
dig polish modest hard in
eyelash relieve pointed next into
genie sip noisily of
graveyard spot politely on
hunt sprinkle probably out
hut staff second over
lizard whistle sometimes through
lung zap soundly to
necklaces then with
spirit
stew
wand

CONJUNCTIONS QUESTION WORDS

and how
or what

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