DEPARTMENT OF HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY

DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

A. Lutsyk, O. Nakonechna, A. Sogomonian, O. Smolkova,

O. Dzhura, O. Dudok

Histology Lab Guide

Cytology
Embryology
General Histology
Microscopical Anatomy

LVIV 2019
Lab guide is prepared by prof. A.D. Lutsyk, O.V. Nakonechna,
A.J. Sogomonian, O.V. Smolkova. O.R. Dzhura, O.V. Dudok

Editor-in-chief: M.R.Gzhegotsky, Professor, Vice-rector for Education.

Lab guide is reviewed by: Z.D.Vorobets, Professor of General Biology;

A.A.Tsegelsky, Associate Professor of Anatomy.

Lab Guide is approved and recommended for publication by Educational

Commission of Lviv State Medical University on 22 May 2003 (Reg. Number
2).

2
 Preface

Dear Students:
This is our warm welcoming you to our department and an expression of
a great satisfaction for the opportunity to assist you in gaining the medical
knowledge and skills in Cytology ,Embryology ,Histology and Microscopic
Anatomy. These subjects proved to be a substantial element of the basic
medical sciences.
Using this Lab Guide step by step you will be mastering histological
slides and gain knowledge on the structure and functions of the cell, tissues and
organ systems of human body.
May we express a hope and deep wish to make your work in this
department a pleasant and successful experience? We wish you all the best.

Alexander Lutsyk, M.D., Ph.D.,

Professor and Chairman.
Olga Nakonechna, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor.
Antonina Sogomonian, M.D., Ph.D.,
Associate Professor,
Olena Smolkova, M.D.,Ph.D.,
Associate Professor.
Olga Dzhura, M.D.,Ph.D,
Associate Professor.
Olga Dudok, M.D.,Ph.D,
Assistant Professor

3
 Content

Microscop ..................................................................................................................... 5

1. Cytology .................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. The cell. Organelles and inclusion ............................................................... 6
1.2. Nucleus. Cell reproduction........................................................................... 8
1.3. Embryology (part I). Gametes, fertilization, cleavage,
implantation, gastrulation ................................................................................. 10
1.4. Embryology. Extraembrionic organs ......................................................... 13
2. General histology. Tissues .................................................................................... 15
2.1. Epithelial tissue .......................................................................................... 15
2.2. The cellular composition of the blood ....................................................... 17
2.3. Connective tissue ....................................................................................... 18
2.4. Cartilage ..................................................................................................... 21
2.5. Bone tissue ................................................................................................. 23
2.6. Muscular tissue........................................................................................... 26
2.7. Nervous tissue ............................................................................................ 29
3. Special histology. Microscopical anatomy .......................................................... 31
3.1. Cardiovascular system ............................................................................... 31
3.2. Lymphatic organs and the immune system ................................................ 33
3.3. Endocrine organs ........................................................................................ 37
3.4. Central nervous system .............................................................................. 41
3.5. Peripheral nervous system ........................................................................ 44
3.6. Itergumentary system ................................................................................. 46
3.7. Special senses. The Eye ............................................................................. 47
3.8. Special senses. The Ear ............................................................................. 49
3.9. Digestive system ........................................................................................ 50
3.9.1. Oral cavity. Lip, tongue and palatine tonsils ................................ 50
3.9.2. Salivary glands and teeth .............................................................. 53
3.9.3. Esophagus and stomach ................................................................ 58
3.9.4. Small and large intestine ............................................................... 63
3.9.5. Liver and pancreas ........................................................................ 69
3.10. Respiratory system ................................................................................... 73
3.11. Urinary system ......................................................................................... 79
3.12. Male reproductive system ........................................................................ 83
3.13. Female reproductive system..................................................................... 89

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Microscop and its parts

5
 1. Cytology.
1.1. The cell. Organelles and inclusion
Figure 1. Mitochondria in a liver cells.
Stained with iron hematoxylin. ×400.

Designations:
1. Liver cells
2. Nucleus
3. Mitochondria

Figure 2. Golgi complex in spinal ganglion cells.

Silver impregnation, ×400.

Designations:

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Golgi complex

6
Figure 3. Glycogen inclusions in liver cells of a white rat.
Bests’s staining (PAS-reaction), ×400

Designations:
1. Cytoplasm
2. Glycogen inclusion
3. Nucleus
4. Capillaries

7
 1.2. Nucleus. Cell reproduction
Figure 1. Rat liver cells nuclei.
The Feulgen reaction, ×400

Designations:
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Cytoplasm

8
Figure 2. Mitosis in an onion root.
Stained by OsO4, ×400

Designations:
1. Interphase
2. Early prophase
3. Late prophase
4. Metaphase
5-6. Anaphase
7. Telophase

9
 1.3. Embryology (part I). Gametes, fertilization, cleavage,
implantation, gastrulation

Figure 1. Sperm smear, human. Stain resorcinol-fuxin. Medium magnification.

Designations:
1. Head
2. Neck of spermatozoon
3. Tail of spermatozoon

Figure 2. Sperm smear, guinea pig. Stain: iron hematoxylin. ×400.

Designations:
1. Head of spermatozoon
2. Acrosome
; 3. Neck of spermatozoon
4. Tail of spermatozoon

10
Figure 3. Ovary: Wall of a Mature Follicle. Stain: H&E. High magnification

Figure 4. Blastula of the frog (sagittal section). Stain: hematoxylin-picrofuxin. ×20.

Designations:
1. Blastula tectum
2. Blastula bottom
3. Blastomeres
4. Blastula cavity (blastocele)

11
Figure 5. Transverse section of the chicken embryo in the area of primitive streak.
Stain: H&E. ×270.

Designations:
1.

1.
Primitive streak
2.
Embryonic ectoderm
3.
Embryonic mesoderm
. 4.
Embryonic endoderm
3
1.
2. 2

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 1.4. Embryology. Extraembryonic organs

Figure 1. Human placenta. Stain: H&E ×80.

A. Fetal part of
placenta:
1. Amniotic membrane
2. Blood vessel
3. Chorionic lamina
4. Tertiary chorionic
villi:
a. trophoblast
(trophoblast cells and
syncytiotrophoblast);
b. connective tissue;
c. blood vessel;
d. canalized fibrin;
5. Hemochorial
cavities (lacunas),
filled with maternal
blood
6. Secondary chorionic
villi

B. Maternal part of
placenta:
1. Basal lamina of
endometrium:
a. connective
tissue;
b. decidual cells.
2. Decidua basalis.

13
Figure 2. Umbilical cord (sagittal section). Stain: H&E ×56.

Designations:
1. Amniotic membrane
2. Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly)
3. Umbilical arteries
4. Umbilical vein

14
 2. General histology. Tissues.
2.1. Epithelial tissue
Figure 1. Simple cuboidal epithelium and simple squamous epithelium . Renal
medulla collecting tubules. H&E staining, ×400.

Designations:
1. Apical pole.
2. Cuboidal epitheliocytes
3. Basal membrane
4. Simple squamous
epithelium of thin tubule

Figure 2. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

Cornea, anterior surface. H&E, ×400.

Designations:
1. Flattened cells of the
surface layer
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum basale
4. Basal lamina
5. Connective tissue

15
Figure 3. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
Thick skin. H&E, ×280.

Designations:
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
6. Excretory duct of sweat gland
7. Basal lamina
8. Connective tissue
16
 2.2. The cellular composition of the blood
Figure 1. Human blood smear.
Staining by Romanovsky-Himze method, ×900

Designation:
1. Erythrocytes 2. Lymphocytes(small and big)
3. Monocytes 4. Neuthrophilic granulоcytes (leucocytes)
5. Eosinophilic granulocytes 6. Basophilic granulocytes
7. Blood platelets (thrombocytes) 8. Barr body

17
 2.3. Connective tissue

Figure 1. Loose connective tissue. Film spread. Iron hematoxylin, ×400.

Designations:
1. Fibroblast. 6. Blood vessel
2. Lymphocyte 7. Endothelial cell
3. Macrophage 8. Mast cell
4. Plasma cell 9. Collagen fibers
5. Adventitial cell 10. Elastic fibers
18
Figure 2. Reticular connective tissue (lymph node). H&E, ×400.

Designations:
1. Cells of the reticular
tissue
2. Lymphocytes in
reticular tissue loops

19
Figure 3. Dense regular connective tissue (tendon). H&E, ×80, CS&LS.

.
Designations:
I. Cross section. 1. Bondles of collagen fibers. 2. Fibrocytes
3. Loose connective tissue (endotenonia)
4. Outer loose connective tissue (perytenonia) – with blood vessels
II. Longitudinal section
1. Bondles of collagen fibers.
2. Fibrocytes
3. Loose connective tissue (endotenonia)

20
 2.4. Cartilage
Figure 1. Hyaline cartilage . The cross section of rabbit rib.
H&E, ×400.

Designations:
1 .Perichondrium
2. Chondroblasts
3. Cartilage matrix
4. Chondrocyte in lacuna.
5. Cell nests (isogenous groups)

Figure 2. Elastic cartilage (outer ear). Orcein staining, ×400.

Designations:
1. Perichondrium
2. Cartilage matrix
3. Meshwork of elastic fiber
4. Chondrocyte
5. Lacuna
6. Isogenous group
7. Nucleus of chondrocyte

21
Figure 3. Fibrocartilage. H&E, ×280

Designations:
1. Bundles of collagen fibers
2. Chondrocytes

22
 2.5. Bone tissue
Figure 1. The cross ground section of a long bone diaphysis,
Picric acid stained, ×80.

Designations:
1. Periosteum
2. Outer circumferential
lamellae
3. Haversian canals
4. Anastomoses between
osteon canals.
5. Volkman’s canals
6. Osteocytes
7. Ground substance
8. Osteons
9. Interstitial lamellae
10. Inner circumferential
lamellae
11. Endosteum
12. Bone marrow cavity

23
Figure 2. Endochodral ossification. Phalanx of a finger (embryo),
H&E staining, ×80.

Designanions:
1. Perichondrium
2. Zone of reserve
cartilage
3. Bone collar
4. Periosteum
5. Osteoblasts
6. Epiphysis
7. Epiphyseal plate
8. Diaphysis
9. Zone of proliferation
10. Zone of
hypertrophy
11. Zone of
calcified cartilage &
resorption
12. Zone of
ossification
13. Osteoclasts
14. Bone
trabeculae
15. Primary
ossification center

24
Figure 3. Intramembraneous ossification.The section of the embryo mandible.
H&E, ×400

Designations:
1. Mesenhyme
2. Spicules of woven
bone
(trabeculae).
3. Osteoblasts
4. Osteoclast
5. Blood vessel
6. Osteocyte

25
 2.6. Muscular tissue
Figure 1. Smooth muscle. Urinary bladder. Longitudinal (ls) and cross (cs) section
H&E stained. ×400.

Designations:
1 Smooth muscle cells (ls)
2. Smooth muscle cells (cs)
3. Connective tissue with blood vessels

26
Figure 2. Skeletal (striated) muscle. Tongue.
Stained by iron hematoxylin. ×400

Designations:
1. Muscular fibers(ls)
2. Muscular fibers(cs)
3. Connective tissue (endomysium)
4. Blood vessels
5. Adipocytes
6. Satellite cell
7. Perimysium

27
Figure 3. Cardiac (striated) muscle. Heart.
H&E, Iron hematoxylin stained. ×400

Designations:
I. Endocardium
II. Myocardium
III. Epicardium
IV. Perycardium
1. Endothelium 2. Subendothelial layer 3. Muscular-elastic layer 4. Connective tissue
layer 5. Conducting (atypical) cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers)
6. Contractille (typical) cardiac muscle cells 7. Intercalated discs 8. Connective tissue
with blood vessels and nerves 9. Mesothelium. 10. Lamina propria

28
 2.7. Nervous tissue
Figure 1.Spinal cord. Nissl bodies in the neurons cytoplasm .
Stained by tholuidine blue, Nissl mehod, ×400.

Designations:
1. Neurons with the
Nissl bodies in
cytoplasm.
2. Nucleus with
nucleolus
3. Dendrites
4. Axon
29
 5. Neuroglial cells

Figure 2. Myelynated nerve fiber. Perypherial nerve. Stained by OsO4. ×400.

Designations:
1. Nevrilemma
2. Myelin sheath
3. Node of Ranvier
4. Shmidt-Lanterman
incisures
5. Axon
6. Connective
tissue(endoneuria)

30
 3. Special histology. Microscopical anatomy
3.1. Cardiovascular system

Figure 1. Muscular Artery and Vein. Stain: Elastic stain. Low magnification.

Figure 2. Elastic Artery. Stained by orcein. ×120

Designations:
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media with
elastic membranes
3. Tunica adventitia
4. Vasa vasorum:
a – artery
b – vein
5. Adipocytes

31
Figure 3. Heart. Stain: A – H&E; B – iron hematoxylin ×400.

Designations:
I. Endocardium:
1. Endothelium
2. Subendothelial layer
3. Muscular-elastic layer
4. External connective tissue layer
5. Atypical conducting cardiac muscle cells (Purkinge fibers)
II. Myocardium:
6. Typical (contracting) cardiac muscle cells
7. Intercalated discs
8. Connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
9. Mesothelium
10. Lamina propria of epicardium
IV. Pericardium:
9. Mesothelium
10. Lamina propria.

32
 3.2. Lymphatic organs and the immune system
Figure 1. Thymus Gland (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 1a. Thymus Gland (sectional view). Stain: H&E. High magnification.

33
Figure 2. Thymus. Human infant. Paraffin section. × 14.

Ca capsule
Lo lobule
C cortex
M medulla
Se septum

34
Figure 3. Lymph node (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 3a. Lymph node: reticular fibers of the stroma. Stain: Bielschowsky-Foot
silver method. Medium magnification.

35
Figure 4. Spleen (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 4a. Spleen: red and white pulp. Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

36
 3.3. Endocrine organs

Figure 1. Hypophysis (panoramic view, sagittal section). Stain: H&E. Low

magnification.

Figure 2. Hypophysis (section view). Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

37
Figure 3 . Pituitary gland. Stain: H&E. Low and medium magnification.

PD – pars distalis
PI – pars intermedia
PT – pars tuberalis
PN – pars nervosa
IS – infundibular stalk

Figure 4. Thyroid Gland: Canine (general view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

38
Figure 5. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands: Canine (sectional view). Stain: H&E.
Low magnification.

39
Figure 6. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland. Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

40
 3.4. Central nervous system
Figure 1.The spinal cord. Transverse section.
Silver impregnation. ×80

Designations:
1. Arachnoid
2. White matter
3. Ventral fissure
4. Septum medianum dorsal
5. Grey matter
6. Ventral horns
7. Dorsal horns
8. Grey comissure
9. Central canal
10. Lateral horns

41
Figure 2.The cerebral cortex. Silver impregnation, ×80.

Designation
1. Arachnoid
2. Grey matter
3. Horizontal
neurocytes of the
molecular layer
4. Pyramidal cells
5. Giant pyramidal
cells of the
ganglionic layer
6. Polymorfic
neurocytes
7. Polymorphic layer

42
Figure 3. The cerebellum. H&E staining, ×80

Designations:
A
1. Cortex
a. Molecular
layer
b. Ganglionic
layer
c. Granular
layer
2.White matter

B
1. Ganglionic
cells
2.
Dendrites of
the
ganglioni
c cells
3.
Processes of
the basket
cells
4.
Granular layer
cells

43
 3.5. Peripheral nervous system
Figure 1. Spinal ganglion, H&E,A×200,B ×400.

Designations:
1. Connective tissue capsule.
2. Pseudounipolar neurons.
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Nerve fibers.
5. Connective tissue.

44
Figure 2. Peripherial nerve. Osmium stained. ×100, ×400

Designations:
1.
Axons(myelin
surrounded)
2.
Endonevrium
3.
Perinevrium
4.
Epinevrium
5. Blood
vessels

Figure 3. Pacinian corpuscle. Stain: H&E. ×400

Designations:
1. Pacinian corpuscle
2. Inner core
3. Outer connective
tissue
capsule
4. Dermis of skin
5. Nerve fibers
6. Sweat gland

45
 3.6. Itergumentary system

Figure 1. Thick Skin, Palm: Superficial Layers. Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

Figure 2. Skin: Scalp. Stain: H&E. Low magnification

46
 3.7. Special senses. The Eye
Figure 1. The angle of the eye, H&E, ×40

Designations:
1. Conjunctival pouch 2. Conjunctiva
3. Episcleral vessels 4. Cornea
5. Sclera 6. Canal of Schlemm
7. Iris 8. Ligamentum pectinale
9. Spaces of Fontana 10. Cilliary body with processes
11. Cilliary muscle 12. Ora serrata
13. Zonule of Zinn 14. Lens
15.Vitreous body 16. Anterior chamber
47
17. Posterior chamber

Figure 2. Retina. H&E, ×400

Designations:
1. Inner limiting membrane
2. Optic nerve fiber layers
3. Ganglion cell layer
4. Inner plexiform layer
5. Inner nuclear layer
6. Outer plexiform layer
7. Outer nuclear layer
8. External limiting
membrane
9. Lamina of rods and cones
10. Pigment epithelium
11. Pigment cells processes

Figure 3. Eyelid, H&E, ×40.

Designations:
1. Thin skin
a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. hair follicle
d. sebaceous gland
2. Edge o the eyelid
3. Eyelashes
4. Palpebral
conjunctiva
e. stratified
squamous non-
keratinised
epithelium
f. Meibomian
gland
5. Muscles

48
 3.8. Special senses. The ear
Figure 1. Middle section of the cohlea (the inner ear). H&E, ×80

Designations:
1. Wall of the bony cohlea 10. Spiral ligament
2. Scala tympany 11. Spiral osseus lamina
3. Scala vestibuly 12. Stria vascularis
4. Scala media (Ductus cohlearis) 13. Spiral limbus
5. Reisners membrane
6. Organ of Corti
7. Basilar membrane
8. Tectorial membrane
9. Spiral ganglion

49
 3.9. Digestive system.
3.9.1. Oral cavity. Lip, tongue and palatine tonsils
Figure 1. Lip (longitudinal section). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 2. Tongue: Filiform and Fungiform Papillae. Stain: H&E. ×25.

50
Figure 3a. Tongue (lateral surface). Monkey. H&E. ×55.
3b. Tongue (near the terminal sulcus). Monkey. H&E. ×55. Inset ×640.

CT connective tissue
D ducts
Ep epithelium
Gl serous (von Ebner’s) glands
M striated muscle bundles
TB taste buds
arrowheads (inset) taste buds pore
arrows (top) lymphocytes
asterisk (inset) mitotic figure
51
Figure 4. Palatine Tonsil. Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

52
 3.9.2. Salivary glands and teeth
Figure 1. Salivary Gland: Parotid. Stain: H&E. Upper: medium magnification.
Lower: high magnification.

53
Figure 2. Salivary Gland: Submandibular. Stain: H&E. Upper: medium
magnification. Lower: hight magnification.

54
Figure 3. Salivary Gland: Sublingual. Stain: H&E. Upper: medium magnification.
Lower: high magnification.

55
Figure 4. Tooth development (early stage of development). Stain: H&E x200.

Designations:
1. Epithelium of oral
cavity mucosa;
2. Enamel band;
3. Outer enamel
epithelium;
4. Pulp of the enamel
organ;
5. Inner enamel
epithelium;
6. Dental papilla;
7. Dental sac;
8. Bone trabecula.

56
Figure 5. Dried Tooth (panoramic view, longitudinal section).

Figure 5a. Dried Tooth: Layers of the Crown. Area corresponding to (2) in Fig.5.
Medium magnification.

Figure 5b. Dried Tooth: Layers of the Root. Area corresponding to (15) in Fig.5.
Medium magnification.

57
 3.9.3. Esophagus and stomach
Figure 1. Upper Esophagus: Wall (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

58
Figure 2. Esophageal-stomach junction. Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 3. Esophageal-Stomach Junction. Stain: Mallory-azan. 30x.

59
Figure 4. Stomach: Fundus and Body Regions (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

60
Figure 5. Stomach: Mucosa of the Fundus and Body (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Medium
magnification.

61
Figure 6. Stomach: Mucosa of the Pyloric Region. Stain: H&E. Medium
magnification.

62
 3.9.4. Small and large intestine
Figure 1. Small ntestine: Duodenum (longitudinal section). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

Figure 2. Small Intestine: Duodenum (transverse section). Stain: H&E. 25x.

63
Figure 3. Small Intestine: Jejunum-Ileum (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

Figure 3a. Intestinal Glands With Paneth Cells and Enteroendocrine Cells. Stain:
H&E, plastic section. High magnification.

64
Figure 4. Small Intestine: Jejunum With Paneth Cells. Stain: Mallory-azan. 40X

Figure 5. Small Intestine: Ileum With Lymphatic Nodules (Peyer’s Patch) (transverse
section). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

65
Figure 6. Ileum. l.s. Human. Paraffin section. X14.

CL crypts of Lieberkühn
IC inner circular muscle
L lumen
OL outer longitudinal muscle
Pci plicae circulares
Se serosa
Sm submucosa
V villi

Figure 6a. Ileum. x.s. Monkey. Plastic section. X132.

APD APUD cell

BV blood vessels
CL crypts of Lieberkühn
GC goblet cell
I lacteal
PC Paneth cell
PP Peyer’s patch
V villi

66
Figure 7. Large Intestine: Colon Wall (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Medium
magnification.

67
Figure 8. Large Intestine: Colon Wall (transverse section). Stain: H&E. 30x

Figure 9. Appendix (panoramic view, transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low

magnification.

68
 3.9.5. Liver and pancreas
Figure 1. Liver. Pig. Paraffin section. ×14.

CV central vein
GC Glisson’s capsule
Lo lobule
PA portal area
S septas

Figure 2. Bovine Liver: Hepatic Lobule (transverse section). Stain: H&E. ×30.

69
Figure 3. Portal tract. H&E ×150.

PV portal vein
A hepatic artery
B bile duct
L lymph vessel
H hepatocytes
S sinusoids

Figure 4. Hepatic lobule (sectional view, transverse section). Stain: H&E. High
magnification.

70
Figure 5. Pancreas (sectional view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 5a. Pancreatic Islet. Stain: H&E. High magnification.

71
Figure 5b. Pancreas: Endocrine (Pancreatic Islet) and Exocrine Regions. Stain: PAS
and hematoxylin. ×80

72
 3.10. Respiratory system

Figure 1. Trachea (panoramic view, transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low

magnification.

73
Figure 2. Trachea. I.s. Monkey. Paraffin section. × 20.

CR C-rings
CT connective tissue
Es esophagus
LE lumen – esophagus
LT lumen – trachea
Tr trachea

Figure 3. Trachea. I.s. Monkey. Plastic section. ×270.

BV blood vessels
CR C-rings
E epithelium
GC goblet cells
Gl mucous/seromucous glands
LP lamina propria
Pc perichondrium
SM submucosa

74
Figure 4. Lung (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification

75
Figure 5. Intrapulmonary Bronchus. Stain: H&E. Low magnification

Figure 6. Terminal Bronchiole. Stain:

Figure 7. Respiratory Bronchiole. Stain:

H&E. Low magnification

76
Figure 8. Alveolar Walls: Interalveolar Septa. Stain: H&E. Oil immersion

Figure 9. Intrapulmonary bronchus. x.s. Paraffin section. × 132.

HC hyaline cartilage
L lumen
LT lung tissue
Sm smooth muscle

77
Figure 10. Terminal bronchioles. x.s. Stain: H&E. × 132.

CC Clara cells
E epithelium
RB respiratory bronchiole
TB terminal bronchiole

Figure 11. Alveolar duct. I.s. Human. . Stain: H&E. × 132.

A alveolus
AD alveolar duct
AS alveolar sac
E epithelium

78
 3.11. Urinary system

Figure 1. Kidney: Cortex and Pyramid (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

79
Figure 2. Kidney: deep cortical area and outer medulla. Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

Figure 3. Kidney Cortex: Juxtaglomerular Apparatus. Stain: periodic acid-Schiff and

hematoxylin. Medium magnification.

80
Figure 4. Ureter (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 5. Ureter Wall (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

81
Figure 6. Urinary Bladder: Wall (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

Figure 7. Urinary Bladder: Mucosa (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Medium

magnification.

82
 3.12. Male reproductive system

Figure 1. Testis (sectional view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 2. Seminiferous Tubules, Straight Tubules, Rete Testis, and Ductuli Eferentes
(Efferent Ductules). Stain: H&E. Low magnification (inset: high magnification).

83
Figure 3. Primate Testis: Spermatogenesis in Seminaferous Tubules (transverse
section). Stain: H&E. Medium magnification.

Figure 4. Primate Testis: Stages of Spermatogenesis. Stain: H&E. High

magnification.

84
Figure 5. Ductuli Efferentes and Transition to Ductus Epididymis. Stain: H&E. Low
magnification (inset: medium magnification).

Figure 6. Ductus Epididymis. Stain: H&E. Low magnification (inset: high

magnification).

85
Figure 7. Ductuli efferentes. Human. Paraffin section. ×132.

CT connective tissue
De ductuli efferentes
Ep epithelium
Sz spermatozoa

Figure 8. Ductus epididymis. Monkey. Plastic section. ×132.

DE ductus epididymis
Ep epithelium
N nuclei
SM smooth muscle
Sz spermatozoa

86
Figure 9. Ductus Deferens (transverse section). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

Figure 10. Prostate Gland with Prostatic Urethra. Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

87
Figure 11. Prostate Gland (sectional view, prostatic glands). Stain: H&E. Medium
magnification.

Figure 12. Prostate gland. Monkey. Plastic section. ×540.

PC prostatic concretion
BC basal cell
BV blood vessel
CC columnar cell
Pc prostatic concretion
SM smooth muscle
St stroma

88
 3.13. Female reproductive system

Figure 1. Ovary: Dog (panoramic view). Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

89
Figure 2. Ovary: Ovarian Cortex, Primary and Growing Follicles. Stain: H&E. High
magnification.

Figure 3. Ovary: Wall of a Mature Follicle. Stain: H&E. High magnification.

90
Figure 4. Graafian follicle. Stain: H&E. ×132.

BM basal membrane
CO cumulus oophorus
FL follicular fluid
MG membrana granulosa
PO primary oocyte
TE theca externa
TI theca interna

91
Figure 5. Human Ovary: Corpora Lutea and Atretic Follicles. Stain: H&E. Low
magnification.

92
Figure 6. Uterine Tube: Ampulla (panoramic view, transverse section). Stain: H&E.
Low magnification.

Figure 7. Oviduct. x.s. Human. Stain: H&E. ×14.

BL broad ligament
BV vascular supply
L lumen
M muscularis
Mu mucosa
S serosa

93
Figure 8. Uterine Tube: Mucosal Folds (Early Pregnancy). Stain: H&E. High
magnification.

94
Figure 9. Uterus: Proliferative (Follicular) Phase. Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

95
Figure 10. Uterus: Secretory (Luteal) Phase. Stain: H&E. Low magnification.

96