INTRODUCTION
TO THE
J POLE
ANTENNA
Back to Basics
Radio Waves consist of an
electric field and an magnetic field
One oscillation is called a “cycle”
The length of one cycle is called
the “Wavelength”
The number of cycles that
pass a point (x) in one
second is called the
Frequency
The longer the wave length,
the lower the frequency
The shorter the wavelength,
the higher the frequency
Radio waves travel at a
speed of approx
300,000,000 metres per
second
(in free space)
Wavelength has the symbol λ
λ (m) = Speed (m/sec)
-------------------
Frequency (cycles/sec)
Wavelengths at VHF and UHF Frequencies
At 52 MHz λ = 300,000,000 / 52,000,000 = 300/52 = 5.78 metres
At 146 MHz λ = 300/146 = 2.05 metres
At 438 MHz λ = 300/438 = 0.68 metres
TRANSFORMATIONS
Transformers are commonly used to change
voltage or current. Other applications are
impedance matching and changing frequency(*).
Voltage Transformer
Turns Ratio
Vp Np
--- = ---
Vs Ns
Current Transformer
Turns Ratio
Ip Ns
--- = ---
Is Np
Impedance Zp (Np)2
Transformer --- = -------
Zs (Ns)2
Turns Ratio
Example: Zp = 200 Ohms Zs = 50 Ohms Ns = 1
(Np)2 200 4 Np = √ 4 = 2
------- = ----- = ---
(1)2 50 1 Turns Ratio = 2:1
Di POLE ANTENNA
Antennas are used to transmit and receive radio waves
A commonly used antenna is the half wave Di Pole Antenna
The Di Pole Antenna is so called as the half wavelength
antenna has two electrical poles
Half Wave Dipole antennas are usually fed in the middle
were the impedance is low at 73 Ohms
A Half Wave Di Pole is commonly
used as part of a yagi antenna as
the driven element
A variation of the Half Wave Di Pole
is also used as the popular
¼ Ground Plane Antenna
By placing the Di Pole in the vertical
polarity, converting one of the ¼
wave sections into a ground plane
With the ground plane radials at 40
deg, the feed point impedance is
reduced to about 50 Ohms
What about the J Pole Antenna?
The J Pole Antenna is a vertical ½ wave
length element which is end fed
½ Wave Length
What about the 2300 Ohm end
impedance?
To match the high impedance end with
the 50 Ohm coaxial feed line, an
impedance matching transformer is
used
Z = 50
Z = 2300 Ohms
Ohms Transformer Ratio - 6.8 : 1
The transformer is a ¼ wave
length matching stub, located at
the bottom of the ½ wave length
section, and becomes part of the
antenna, forming the “J” shape
The impedance of the matching
stub is zero at the bottom and
2300 Ohms at the top.
The 50 Ohm coaxial feed line is
connected at the 50 Ohm point.
Radiation Patterns
The radiation pattern for a ½ wave
length (centre fed), is a typical
doughnut shaped,
omni-directional pattern
Comparison of the
radiation patterns
for a ¼ wave ground
plane, ½ wave J pole
and 5/8 wave
vertical antennas
GAIN – Fact or Fiction?
The cross section area of the aperture of a dipole is 1.64 times
that of an isotropic source.
A1 = aperture of a dipole, A2 = aperture of an Isotropic Source:
Gain = 10 LOG(A1/A2) = 10 LOG(1.64/1) = 2.15 dBi
Some also state the gain as 3 dB over a ¼ wave ground plane
Gain can be effected by the mounting height and distance from
other surfaces including mounting support.
Let’s Get
Physical
“J” Pole Antenna Dimensions in metres
Dim “B” = 6.72
Dim “A” = 215
-------
-----
F (MHz)
F (MHz)
Dim “C” = 71.25
-------
Coax inner conductor
F (MHz)
Coax shield
Dim “D” = 7.15
----- BALUN
F (MHz) 4 to 6 turns
Dim “E” = 71.25 NOTE: Lengths may
----- change with respect to
F (MHz) the ratio of material
Minimum dimension diameter to wavelength
Construction Methods
Material is ½ inch copper pipe soldered into a T piece and elbow
SO238 socket soldered onto the side of the pipe
Aluminium Tube
Mounting bracket for
coax socket
Zero impedance point
of matching stub
Suggest the use of
anti corrosion paste
such as Penotrox
Ladder Line or Ribbon
Cable construction
Popular as a portable
antenna
Hang from a tree or
ceiling with string or
fishing line
Tuning your
“J” Pole
Measuring the VSWR does NOT indicate that the antenna is resonate at the
design or test frequency. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is only the
ratio between the impedances of the feed line and the load.
The length of the feed line may influence the impedance of the feed line.
If the feed line impedance matches the antenna impedance,
the VSWR will be 1:1. This does not mean the antenna impedance is 50 Ohms.
A “Dip Meter” should be used to determine the resonant frequency.
The length of the feed line should be a multiple of an electrical ½ wave length(*)
At 146 Mhz the ½ wave length of RG58U coaxial cable = 300/146/2*0.65 =
0.668 metres (0.65 being the velocity factor).
But wait there is more !!
½ wave length
Super top section
“J” ½ wave length
matching
section
Pole
½ wave “J”
Pole
Gain around 3
dB over a
regular J-pole
Radiation Pattern
Adjustable Matching Complete
feed point Stub Assembly
Dual Band “J” Pole
Antenna design by
VK6YSF
Dual Band “J” Pole
Driven
Antenna for 2m & 70cm Element
Inner Conductor
2m ¼ wave 70cm ¼ wave
connected Driven
section section
Element
Advantages of a
“J” Pole Antenna
Broad band coverage
Ground independent
Gain over an Isotropic antenna
Gain over a ¼ wave antenna??
Low angle radiation pattern
Simple construction
Reference Sources
A DISCUSSION OF ANTENNA THEORY by Paul Graham (K9ERG)
J Pole Calculator and drawing by K4ABT G. E. "Buck" Rogers Sr
Practical Antenna Handbook by Joseph J. Carr
Design by G. Forrest Cook WB0RIO.
KF4EOK'S 2 meter super j-pole antenna build
SUPER J-POLE FOR 435MHz by VK6YSF
The World Wide Web
Prepared By Paul Howarth VK2GX
Email: vk2gx@wia.org.au
