Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words.

They can identity or quantify another person

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. An adverb answers
how, when, where, or to what extent how often or how much.

Study the examples below in Hiligaynon and compare how adverbs are formed in your own language.

In the previous lessons, you have reviewed the basic parts of speech the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,
and adverb. These are word classes that are universal in the grammar of different languages in the
world. They also belong to a category of words called content or open words because they carry
essential meaning in a sentence and interact with other units to form grammatical sentences. You may
have noticed that the content words have different forms and can be inflected or modified according to
their use in a sentence. For example, glory can be inflected into glorious, glorified, or glorifying.

There are other categories of words that do not change their forms but are equally necessary to
complete the meaning in a sentence or between sentences. Here, they will be referred to as the little big
words in the grammar of a language. They are also called function words or closed words because their
forms do not change. These are the conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

Conjunction

A conjunction is that part of speech which includes words like and and or, The label conjunction is
normally only applied to a very small group of words, chiefly and and or, which were

traditionally called the coordinating conjunctions. Most usually, a conjunction conjoins joins) two or
more instances of the same

category. Examples:

Would you like a banana or an apple? (conjoined noun phrases)

Rafael sipped his coffee, sat down on his favorite couch, and opened his book. (conjoined verb phrases)
Traditional grammarians also included among the conjunctions another group of words, the
subordinating conjunctions or subordinators. These are the words like if, whenever, although, and after
which introduce adverbial clauses. Examples

After she finished her essay, she went to the editor.

If you submit your work on time, I will give you extra points.

Traditional grammarians also counted as conjunctions the complementizers like that and whether.
Examples:

He said that he would be here.

Im not sure whether he's here.

Conjunctions are also used in our languages in the Philippines.

For example in the Hiligaynon language, these sentences can be

formed:

Ang bata kag_ang Iya ido naghampang sa plaza.

(The child and his dog played in the plaza.) Pabal-on ta ka sang akon plano karon sa hapon ukon sa
masunod nga adlaw (I will inform you of my plan this afternoon or by tomorrow.)

May dala nga payong si Ada apang nabasa man siya gihapon sang ulan,

(Ada brought an umbrella with her but she still got wet in the rain.)

Preposition

The smallish class of words in the English language which includes words like to, with, and of is called
preposition. A preposition has only one major property: it combines with a following noun phrase its
object-to form a larger syntactic unit -a prepositional phrase. Typical prepositions include
Some prepositions, like under and after, express identifiable meanings. Others, such as of. have a purely
grammatical function: in the noun phrase the end of the year, the preposition of serves merely to

connect the smaller noun phrase the year to the rest of the bigger one,

but of the year is still a prepositional phrase.

Prepositions are analyzed as the realization of image schemas or

basic representations of the physical and spatial movement involved in

through, over, under, into, from, beside, and so on.

Several English prepositions are realized as a single form in the

mother tongue. Examine these examples in the Filipino language:

Pumunta kami sa palengke. (We went to market.)

Lumangoy kami sa ilog. (We swam in the river.)

Sa kalye ang gulo. (The commotion occurred on the street.)

Antayin mo ako sa kanto. (Meet me at the street corner.)

Further, the English prepositions have complex forms like because

of and in spite of. There are coalesced forms such as into and onto.

Certain prepositions co-occur with verbs, adjectives, and nouns to

form clusters, such as: to substitute for, to be afraid of, in favor of and awareness of. These are features
which may not occur in many languages in the Philippines.

Interjection
Another small group of words belong to the class called interjection. Interjections are used mainly in
speaking, not writing. An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions
independently of a sentence. Hence, it does not bear a grammatical relationship with a preceding or
succeeding statement.

Many feelings can be expressed by interjections, such as:

The use of interjections is language specific, personal, and cultural.

The interjections in the English language do not occur in Philippine languages. However, Filipino
speakers may choose to use them, but one has to be cautious because the use of certain interjections,
though common to a native speaker of English, may sound offensive when used in the local context (for
example, darn can be misinterpreted as an

expletive).

Still, there are ways by which Filipinos express strong feelings in the mother tongue. For example, a
Hiligaynon speaker will likely say

Ay sus! Nalipat ko magdala sang libro ko. (I forgot to bring my book.)

Ay abaw! Kataas na sa imo nga bata. (How tall you have grown.)

Hay! Absent na naman si Juan. (Juan is absent again.)

The interjections in the first two sentences translate to Oh no, and Oh my in English but only with
sentences in English. Otherwise, the code switching will sound awkward or unnatural. The last example
Hay!expresses exasperation. As you may have noticed, it will have another form given the same context
in English. A native speaker will likely say:

Goodness gracious! Juan is absent again.