What is skimming? ‘Skimming is high-speed reading that can save you lots of time. You skim to get the general sense of a passage or a book. What would you do if you found yourself in these situations? 1. You want to find out a little about the recent elections in France. There is a long news- paper article on the subject, but you don’t have time to read it all, 2. You need some information about the theories of Sigmund Freud. You have found, ‘many books about Freud and now you need to know which will be most useful. 3. You went to a movie last night and you thought it was terrible. You notice a review of, that movie in a magazine today. You want to find out quickly if the reviewer agrees with you. 4, You are reading a detective story and you are in a hurry to find out who the murderer is. The answer is the same for all these situations: skim. How do you skim? You should read only the words that will help you get the sense of the text. The following, passage shows what parts you should read. These are the parts that usually give the author’ ideas or opinions. Read the first sentences or paragraph quite carefully. The beginning often contains general information about the rest ofthe text. If the text is long, you might also read the second paragraph. Sometimes the first paragraph is only an ntoduction and he second paragraph contains he mnie. After that, You shoud look tthe beginning of ach paragraph se “maybe read a few words. ain the middle . LUsually the topic sentence is at the beginning. But sometimes it may be at the end... Skip some paragraphs. not important. You should usually read the last paragraph more carefully. The author often summarizes the main idea at the end, These are the general rules about skimming. And this is all the text you need to read when you skim! 132Latches fon EHfctive Shimeniing ‘+ Always work as fast as you can. Don't let details stow you down: Always keep in mind your reason for skimming, * Be flexible when you are skimming. How much you skim in @ passage depends on your pur- pose and on the passage. Skimming Book Reviews ‘One way to find out about a book is to read a review of the book in a newspaper or maga- zine. Book reviewers usually tell something about the subject of the book and give their opinion. However, sometimes they do not state their opinion directly. They give some hints about it and let the reader infer it. exercise 7 Here 1s 2 book review of The Year of the Turtle. Read the questions and then skim the review for ‘the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than 30 seconds for the skimming!) Compare ‘your answers with another student. 1. Is this a good book to give as a birthday present to a six-year-old boy? Why or why not? 2, Would you like to read this book? ‘Why of why not? =H — ‘The Year of the Turtle is the work of an artist of great talent. Itis also the product of a ‘great love for nature in general and turtles in particular, David Carrol’s enthusiasm for turtles began early. When he was only a boy he started ‘catching them in the lake near his home. Since then, his life has been filled with turtles: he has spent 40 years studying them and fighting for thelr protection. He knows turtles as no one else does and he brings us his knowledge in admirable, clear language. ‘The book follows a turtle through the four seasons of the year. In a gentle, but vivid tone, he brings us into the life of the pond and the river. Not only the turtle, but also the other animals of these wetlands take part in his story. The frogs, fish, beetles and beavers all are described with great care and great skill. Carroll also draws a very clear picture of the present situation for the turtle. In fact, ‘many kinds of turtles are disappearing from the United States and other parts of the ‘world. This is happening because their homes in the wetlands are being destroyed. All too often, wetlands are filled in so that houses and factories can be built. This means the loss of turtles and of their whole world, 133134 Hore are eight short descriptions of books on the opposite page. Read the questions and then ‘skim the book descriptions forthe answers. Work as qulckly as you can. (Not more than one ‘minute for the skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Which book do you think would be most useful to you and why? 2. Which book is the most interesting to you and why? 3. Which books would you recommend to someone who is interested in the environment? 4, Which books would you recommend to someone who is interested in health? 'S. Which book would you recommend to someone who is interested in how technology affects our lives?= Books ‘State ofthe World 1993-Loster R Brown t al. Cath vill have 92 rion more naitants a number ecu to ‘he entre population of Mexcoby this tine nox yar, but the planet Is Incapable of supporting them, the autors argue. Over te past decade, State ofthe Wok has Mghghed envionment and economic dlammas S000 to conont the plane's burgeoning population before most peop ever realized these presieanents ‘nist. Tole in Bis anew eatin range rom rng ‘orl rets to supporting Indgenous peop and akg stn water scaretyiesuos so global important that this ection has been transisted into 27 languages. As faye, the sutnors present sollons tothe pebims ‘they describe ar offer forecasts for the fate. Norton, 41903, 268 p., paperback, $10.98. Reversing Memory Loss: Proven Methods for Regaining Svengthening, and Preserving Your Memory—Vernon ¥. ark th Stroy . Mars The suthors, «former chet of neurosurgery st Boston Cty Hospltal an coauthor of Brain Power, outline new tests, dlagnoses, and treat rants fr merry loss. They eihasize thats many 98 50 percent ofthe eases dagrosed as Aureimar's i: fase may Instead trace to other, treatable probiens. 0 ta depression, stess, substance abuse, and ‘rer mediation ss inresingy comm eauses of mom ty loss and dstuse eases of brain domage or deoase that can be helped, if net completa reverse. Ongally publlsned in hardcover in 1992. HM, 1992, 284 9. Paper, $9.85 Whore There Is No Doctor: A Village Health Core Handoook-Deld Werner with Coot Thurman and ane Mawel. A fstald guide writen especialy fr tho vik lager but also usetl for arjone who cannot get immed ‘te hea care. contains basie Westments fr common Tinesses such 85 dlavmea, toothache, cs, and My, 2s well a5 aptie chapers on chlebih, skin diseases Such ab Impetigo and scabies, and rutitiona isorders Such os sol indigestion snd vikets An exenshe che ter on fst ald tals roamerts fr bus, Bos, and laceration. Spocal emphasis is given to chile, te ilossery and extensive Index conclude the book. Hesperian Foun, 1902, 446 p., lus, papevback, ‘$2400. ‘theo: Bad Gones 0 Bad Luck?—David M. Rau. In this thought prvaringovorvew of what we know and font know stout the causes of species extinction, Raub examines Earth's fhe major eplsodes of mass extne ‘ion, investigating several suspects—incudng seatevel "ise, Joba cooing, voaniom, sna meteortes ena pre ening some staring new lama. He conciuos wih & ‘acussion of wnether extinction recut rom some in font fautin te organism (ad genes") or lust Da ck ‘The Boks witten na cea, coversabona sto fr the lay vader Originally published In Rarscover In 1981. Nertan, 1992, 210 p., paperback, $9.95, ‘A Dog Is Listoning: The Way Some of Our Closest Fronds View Us—Rogor A. Caras. Even though Its botoved tobe the fit demesteated animal inthe woe, ‘he dogs behavior, senses, and Interpretations of te wend most elude humans. As the owner of more than 50 dogs rng his ete, Cres has spent gest Jel of tie stuhng te beraior and physolgy of is own ‘imate and has made a carer of wring stout Ns per optons. He cetals the word Uwough a Sq's eyes and ‘vamines the capables of the dog's senses, which can be senate enough to detec human eplepte semures Before thoy Rappon. The history and Rabts of canines ‘rough the ages aro saa dacissed, Orginal published Innardeover i 1992. Freaige, 1993, 239 p., baw abo {os arts, paperback, $11.00 Ent for ie: The Food and Nuttin Boras Gui to Resueng Your Risk of Crone Disease—Cathorne E. ‘otek and Paul R. Thomas, eds. This sunoratve and ‘yt read book for consumers i the pod of 8 com ‘Sengus of nuion semis in th effort to determine eathfl and unteatl eating nabs. Tho heart ofthe ‘ook isa rine point dotary plan to reduce the risk of lotrolted ehvonie diseases, such os heart disease, ancer, osteoporosis, and obesity. The book includ prostoa recommendations for bul heath esting Batters, a6 well 36s on shopping, cooking and eat ing out. Originally pubisned In hardeover in 1902. MorperPerenial, 1093, 179 p., paperback, $10.00. ‘The TwontyFourHour Soeiety: Understanding Human LUmits in 2 Word Tet Never Stops—Martn Moorea. Ae director of the Insitute for Circadian Physiology, Moores has devotes his It's work to examining how the body clock woeks and th effect 24-hour tecolegy has on the prysioogy of humans. Some ofthe Biggest Deedents of moder intial mes have occured at ign, mcluing the Exon Vsier ol spl and those at ‘Tvee Mle Island and Cheroby. Tho authercontonds ‘that this may be because the humans in charge were fering step deprivation and exhaustion, which may have hinéoea thot perrmance, uldalines fer how we tmoy totor organ our work echedulee and monitor lerioss are Included as are way to combat et la and sleep csorders faced by tose wit nec and erat IG sznoaules. Adlson estoy, 1993, 230 p., hadcowr $22.98, Luteapn: Wh Lives Longer ard Why—Thomas J. Moore Many commonly held bolts about Meyer longevity {it deoines here. For exarple, the autor flow at {he Center for Heatth Polley Research at Goorge Washington Unversity, argues thatthe age of you moth fr and father has moro wsvenee on you" Bespan than regulating cholestrol tres and wou watering, Moers {este that the tveat ofthe inuenzavrur—aich hile 100,000 people Inthe United States in bad yes and has lod mon poopie In singe Year ice in tis ‘century should receve more serous atention among opulaons. A dcussion of what people rely need to Concentrate on to ive longer Is intuded, in adn to Updtes on current longevity research. S45, 1003, 318 hardcover, $23.00. 135156 Ing Comprehension Skills exercise > ‘Skim the review of Typical American, @ novel by Gish Jen. Read the questions and then skim the ‘review for the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than two minutes for the skim ‘ming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Is this a good book for an 11-year-old girl? Why or why not? 2. Does this seem like a good book for vacation reading? Why or why not? 3. Is this a good book to read if you are interested in romance? Why or why not? 4, Did the reviewer think this was a good book? How can you tell? TYPICAL AMERICAN by Gish Jen 296 pp. New York: Plume/Penguin Books. $10.00 men Yifeng leaves Shanghai province for graduate study in ‘America, he vows to himself that he will not return home until he has his doctorate. Furthermore, he will do calis- thenics daily, not eat oo much, and have noth- ing to do with girls, since girls, as everyone knows, are the ruin of even the best scholars, who “kissed, got syphilis, and died without get ting their degrees.” ‘This is the humorous, yet heartbreaking tone of a fine first novel about the immigrant experience. From his arrival in. New York, we follow poor Yifeng—who soon becomes Ralph CChang-as he struggles to make sense of the strange and mysterious rites of American life, Short, plump, and with ears that stick out, ‘ne meets his first temptation in the form of the secretary of the foreign students’ office at the university. That proves a disappointment, Ralph fails to keep up with the bureaucratic requirements of being a foreign student, and he takes to a clandestine existence, nearly suc ‘cumbing to loneliness and hunger. However, a lucky coincidence brings him together again with his ambitious sister. ‘Theresa, who has fled before the communist take-over in China, Through Theresa he mocts Helen, also from Shanghai, who has been brought up to be the perfect Chinese wife. They ‘marry and the three of them set out together to ‘conquer the American dream, ‘Theie roller coaster ride through the viciss: tudes of American life suns from the merty, to the absurd, to the pathetic and, finally, very nearly ends with tragedy. Through it all, they try to reconcile their Chineseness with the ‘Americanness all around them, [At times, they aze swept up by enthusiasm: for things American—as when Ralph decides he ‘wants to learn how to drive, ot Helen finds her dream house, a splitlevel with a kitehen nook But their enthusiasm is always quickly tem- pered by their awareness of the cultural dis. tance that separates them from Americans “Typical American” becomes the family’s favorite expression for the “uncivilized” ways they encounter—typical American use-brute: force” or “typical American no-morals". Andwhen they get into trouble—as when they're ‘swindled into building on unbuildable property they fall back on Chinese maxims and Chinese ways of thinking. ‘This book will inevitably be compared with The Joy Luck Club, also about the Chinese- American experience, but it will not suffer from the comparison and in many ways may be a superior novel. Its far more consistent, with a tighter narative construction and a more un formly crafted style. The writing is elegant, ‘hile at the same time extremely witty, and the story is told with a poignancy and sympathy that keeps us involved all the way through. “Though Ralph is not always a likable charac- ‘tet—his plodding obtuseness can sometimes be ‘exasperating—we pity him, trapped as he is in his belief that “a man is what he made up his exezcize ‘mind to be.” We also come to fee affection and. admiration for the wo women in his life, so determined in the way they try to cope with ‘the disasters he brings on them. ‘As with so many novels about the American ‘dream, this one ends with delusion. Even in this land of opportunity, where the possibilities seemed limitless, Ralph finally realizes that “a rman was as doomed here as he was in China.” ""A-man was the sum of his limits; freedom only made him see how much so. America was no “America.” But the bleakness of this realization is offset by the final images of the novel. We close the ook with a smile as we picture Theresa, as Ralph does, wearing an her improbably orange Dathing suit and splashing in the inflatable ‘swimming pool ‘Skim the review of Beastly Behaviors: A Watcher's Guide to How Animals Act and Why on page 138, Read the questions and then skim the review for the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than two minutes for the skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Is this a good book for a friend with two young children who love animals? Why or why not? 2, Is this a good book for someone who wants to know about farm animals? Why or why not? 3, Does the author of this book like 200s? Why or why not? 4. Does this sound like a book you would like to read? Why or why not? 137138 Beastly Behavior: A Watcher's Guide to How Animals Act and Why Janine M. Benyus Mutated by fun Cato Barberis ‘Adason Wesley, $29.95 ‘This book should be in the bookease or tackpack of every nonprofesional Poophlle, amateur ethologist,arm- char naturalist, creature watcher oF feven just fond relative of young 200 fans. Along introductory exay, “Howe ‘Aninals Behave: A Primer” describes sn precise but lively prose the primary activities common to all mammals, Dds and reptiles, among them sep ng, communicating, fighting, yawn- ng grooming, moving courting, cop. ‘lating and parenting. OF course we advanced primates have added a few ‘ourshes, but itis sobering t realize how adequately these few words also describe most human Behavior. The iret diferences between, and some- times within, most species are not in ‘what they do But how they Took, Ths Js one of the great charms of nature, bbuta mystery too since the waltions {net climate, predators, habitat oF hisory do not quite seem to account for the extravagant extremes in size, fincture and omament of moose and ‘mows, flamingo and wren, oF even borat and Chita Tach of the 20 short subsequent chapters Is devoted to a creature of prticular appeal, menace, oddity or beauty, such as the panda, crocodile, penguin or peacock. Every section Is domed with detailed drawing, and a ‘han of "Vital Stats” gives taxonomy, typieal size, weight, longevity, and also habitat, a subject on which Benyus has wetten several guides. A paragraph of two deals with some “unique aspect ofthat animal—ke the Zebra's handsome camouflage, the Crane's courtship dance—as Well 38, ‘with the creature’ role in history oF ‘myth or the talismanic value ofits hors, eats, tuske or tal, A somber theme isthe rapid decline of these ld animals whose ties have been Adecimated by pesticides, hunting, poaching and, most inexorably, shrinking habitat. Benyus often explain the animal's ‘arant on baste behavior patterns: for example, after the male ostrich Scrapes out a shallow nest, both the major hea” and the others in the harem lay thelt eggs. Then the male and the major hen laboriously hate them “while the minor hens walk away scotice” She also notes such olonul pastimes a5 neck wrestling, knuckle walking, mud wallowing ‘whisker stropping and feather paint Ing. Even such variations and diver- sions, however, like the more obvious ly crucial activities, are presented as survival maneuvers or reproductive Steateples-techniques for saving one- Self or perpetuating one's genes, Benyus stresses this bleak socibiology Inher intoduction. But then, moving from the genezl to the specific, she ‘cannot entirely avoid a hint of atfec- tlonate anthropomorphism (who anor should?) in the sections on the gentle elephants and sociable zebras, the playful penguins and sea lons~or the dolphins, those clever creatures who nonetheless seem s0 fond of ws. ‘Any compact compendium of basic animal information provides 3 great service, but it helps to have it Served up 30 attractively. Along with the drawings and witty paragraph Ineadngs, sidebars brighten the pages: for the lion ehapter, “A Mane 1s 3 ‘Mixed Blessing’ and “What do Males do, Anyway?” Small sketches show Inow to read each species’ body lan- ‘uae, to tell» grin from a snarl, The Suthor’s scientific descriptions are ‘often enlivened with colloqlalcom- Inents on the subject of breeding Inaor concer for 2008 and naturally for most animals, as wel—she says of pandas “Females can be picky and, Decause the worlds captive communi: Ay 1 0 limited, finding 3 compatible ‘mate can be like dating n a very small The world’s captive community” of couse means the network of 2008, 4 subject on which Benyus lke £0 ‘many animal loves, is ambivalent. Atter a grim history of early ‘menageres in a preface called “What's New with Zoos?” she moves on to praise some modern 200s, especial {or exhibits designed to duplicate nat- tural habitats. Their animals. 37 Ihealthier and happier than the shab- by, moth-eaten, autistic camels and Lions one emembers fom ety 2008 of the past. At their best, she suggests, suctt 2005 can provide wholesome entertainment and useful education Moreover, lite most modern 200 Aiectors, she wees the 200 a5 a Noa’ ‘Ark: the verr existence of many fendangered species may depend on breeding in captivity for later release ‘There have already Been some success- of thie Kind the vantshing but now established gplden lion tamarin and Arabian oryx Even so, in a conch Ing chapter alled "Zoo Critique,” Benyus laments that many 2008 a inadequate ot worse: she provides 4 detailed checkist for evaluating your Tocal 200, ard a chart of how to reform oF even close down a serous offender ‘ut at lst there is hope of secon ‘lation ameng those who regard 12008 as educational, those who eon ddemn them 35 prisons for animals, ‘those who pre them as nurseries for endangered species, and the many ‘others tho fiad 2008 depressing Dut ‘read the loss af beauty and the lone- Iiness of a mod in oehich one might never See live wild animal laeger than a raccoon, Tis common ground fs the BloPark Michael H. Robinson, ‘irctr of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Pat, who cals the conven- tional 200 "an anachronistic entity,” hhas worked fr years to promote this concept of “a holstic form of bioex Inbitory portaying ie inal sinter connecteiness” A BioPak i 8 Large, patura, protected environment con- taining most ef tne birds, mammals, Insects, tres, flowers and minerals fndigenous tos certain eon, such a8 fn African savsnna-—or even several ‘of these extended “exhibits' in one ‘ast area, The antizoo US. Humane Society last summer urged the estab Hishment of to 12 large regional BioParks conuining native wilde ‘An in November 1992, “Amazonia,” ‘tropical rain forest environment, ‘opened at the National Zoo, and Cleveland opened its own large BioPak Audrey C. Foote Is @ Washington, DC. felance weer and translator.Skimming news stories and magazine articles exercize 5 2 A. Read the questions and then skim the news story for the answers. Work as quickly as you can, (Not more than two minutes forthe skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. What has happened to the three children from South Carver? 2. What do the people in South Carver think about the situation? 3. What do you think will happen to them? THE BOSTON MAIL * Sunday, February 12, 1995 Al-night search for 3 missing children in South Carver ‘by Ele Nashima_ SOUTH CARVER - Several hundred pople—polic,inefighters and volun- {ers—searched a large area of swamp land and woods for three children ‘who disappeared yesterday afternoon The children, Seth and Cindy Erland, 7 and 5, and their cousin ‘Brace MeCafty, 1, were lst seen play ing near the Erland’s home on Kingston Stree t about 330 pam. and were reported missing about four hours later, sald” Carver Police Sgt. Dan Preston “The rescue efforts were hampered by winds of 20 t0 30 mpi and ain ‘mixed with sleet and snow. Tempet- tures Tast night hovered around fteering and police expresed concern about the physical condition of the children ‘The searchers formed human chains to ty to cover all ofthe 4 by Sumi area of the swamp. The search teams included state Police, Civil Defense officials, Carver, Plymouth ‘nd Middleboro police officers and frenighters, Coast Guard officer, and several hundred volunteers from a8 far away a5 Brockton and Attleboro. Up to seven bloodhounds and German, Shepherds were being used in the search, along with floodlights and Infrared lights from the Coast Guard helicopte By late lastnight, there was no sign of the ehildren or their belong Ings. Eales some footprints had been seen in the snow which may have ‘been made by the children, but they ‘were washed away by the ra, Seth is 4 tall and weigh about 160 pounds. He has light brown hai and was wearing @ navy jacket with red stipes, ‘Cindy is 4° and weighs about $5 pounds She has long brown haie and twas wearing 2 purple Jacket with 8 pak hood, ‘Bruce Is about 4°10" and weighs 8S pounds: He has shor, brown hai and ‘was wearing aed jacket and jeans. ‘A fourth child was playing with them in the woods during the after- nnoon, according to the police. The boy reported that they had all allen nto the swamp. He had taken adifer- tent route in getting out and had Dbecome inadvertently separated from the group. “Fe Boy, whom police sid i about 11 years old, managed t find his way home. He arrived at about $:00 pm, fnd reported the other chllzen mise- fing. Though be was wet and cold, he did not require medical attention “The Boy also sald thatthe Eland’s dog had been withthe children when they fell into the swamp. The dog returned home alone at about 6:00 pa. (Carver Police Chief Anthony Marino warned of the danger of searchers geting lost. Some pars of the swamp ae "up to our shoulders,” he said “The chikéren may have headed east towards the beacon from the Plymouth Municipal Aiport. Marino added: "We're looking at trouble here ‘That's the worst part of the swamp ‘they might have gone ito.” Richard Erland, the father of Seth and Cindy, was out with the Searchers. Though all search efforts 50 far had been fruitless, he was still hhopeful: "Those children know the woods well and the two boys have Some wilderness taining from Boy Scouts” He believed thatthe eileen ‘may have found some shelter from the bad weather. However, Paul Mahoney, a neigh bot, sid "Those kids could be prety Tost. Id be impossible to stay on 2 path in the dark I've gotten lost there nyse.” ‘Ken Thatcher, 2, of Plymouth, one of the volunteer searchers, said that the children faced extreme conditions. "Theyre wet, and its real old out there. We've got to get to them soon." 139140 > 8. Now you will skim another news story on the same subject. Raad the questions and then skim ‘the news story for the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than two minutes for the ‘skimeing!) Compare your answers with anothor student. 1. How did the story end? 2. How did the children feel in the night? 3. Was it easy to find them? 4, How did their parents feel in the end? THE BOSTON MAIL * Monday, February 13, 1995 Carver children safe after night in swamp SOUTH CARVER - Cold, wet and scared, the three children who were Tost ll iast night n a remote comer of an Icy swamp were found this mom- Ing by a team of searches. The iseov ery brought an end to a massive res ‘cue operation involving hundreds of Toca and sate offic and volunteers. ‘The children had spent the night ‘on a small mound of high ground, Inugging each other and their dog for warmth and comfort. Seth and Cindy Erland, 7 and 5, and thelr cousin ‘Bruce McCay 11, were found by two Carver police olfiers and a local Inunter a 8:15 am, "Come here, Kids,” shouted John. ‘Haggerty, when he saw them. “Come and give me hug" ‘Haggerty, who fll twice into water ‘over his head, had been out al night Wading through what he called, "3 iious swamp.” twas a very emotional moment,” he said, speaking from his hospital bed where he was being treated for id hypothermia, “We were all 0 happy to see each othe.” "fe rescuers led the chilven back ‘nzougn a mie of swamp, with Cingy In police officer Dave Madetros’ arms, toan ambulance. They were rushed to Plymouth Hospital, where they were lacated for exhaustion, mild hypothe sia. and muscle injures to the legs, the result of exposure to the freezing flr and wate Seth Erland, who was wearing sneakers, had also developed severe Dstrs after giving his dry socks to Ils sister, Cindy Hospital ofcas sad they were to remain there overnight for observa ‘Hon, but added that thelr condition ‘was satisfactory. The children asked for hamburgers and french fries soon after thelr aria ‘The police, who made use of the most sophisticated equipment in thelr 18-hour hunt for the children, were surprised to learn that the Eriand’s dog, Honnle, had broken sway from het leash dung the night and found ‘her way back to the children. ‘Bruce McCaffy’s mother, Paula, ‘commenting on all the hightechnal- ‘ogy fescue equipment, wondered why zno one had ever thought of wsing Bonnie, whois half German shepherd and aif Labrador retviever, to try (0 find the chikden— Lasiestyle rescue ‘The dog had accompanied the children and their frlend, Tom Pritchard, 11, when they ted to take short cut Home through the woods ‘They took the shortcut because they were aia they would be late getting ome, they sia (Only Pritchard and the dog made their way safely home on Sunday. Throughout the night, in the zn, sleet, and snow, the are vas searched, with helicopters, floodlights and tained tacking dogs Paula MeCally sald that she had ‘newer given up hope, but she adait- ted, "we were pretty worried about ‘those kids” There war a chance the lle might not survive the night in the severe weather conditions. In the end, while others searched ‘with their high-technology devices, Gogs , sizens, ete, It was simple Instinct and commen sense that led the thre rescuers to the elden, ‘After taking to Pritchard, the rs- cuers tied to figure out which diee- tion the boys may have taken, and then struggled through some of worst areas ofthe swamp, shouting the chil- Gren’ names unt they got an answer Tt came from Bruce, who came to the edge of some higher ground. He Jed the rescuers back to the other cil- dren, to where they had all spent the ‘ight under some pine tres Bruce sald that they had been very afaid at mes dusing the night, but they had never given up hope. He knew from his scout taining that they should stay in one place after they got lost. At one point they heard Coast Guard helicopter jst overhead, but they had no way of making them selves sen or heard Richard and Sally Erland, though much fatigued trom the night’ strain, expressed thelr ‘hanks forall the efforts to save their tule, Sam Eland, grandfather to all of the children, simmed up the family’ feoing: "We couldnt be happier We're so elated, we'e up therein the clouds”exercise 6 ‘Skim the article from a travel magazine about “et Ig.” (Jet lag Is your body's reaction to a long plane trip across time zones.) Read the questions and then skim the article for the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than two minutes for the skimming!) 1. According to this article, is jet lag worse when you travel eastward or westward? why? 2. What causes jet lag? 3, What can you do to minimize jet lag? 4. Is there any quick cure for jet lag? OVERCOMING JET LAG Experts give recommendations on what works and what doesn't in tryin to escape the effects of crossing time zones. BY MONICA BROOKS ‘The day before a long flight you ae frantically doing last-minute chores and errands, packing, ‘and reading guide books. Then, on the plane, you have several drinks with dinner and stay up fate watching the movie. After a brief nap, i time for breakfast and a morning arrival in let's ‘ay, Paris or Rome. Adrenaline flowing, you spend the entire day sightseeing and taking pic- tures. By evening, exhaustion has set in, and the next morning, you can hardly wake up before noon. Jet lag has taken hold. Most people who travel by air across multiple time zanes fll victim to this affction of mod- fem air travel, They may suffer from any of a ‘number of unpleasant symptoms, including insomnia, fatigue, nausea, sleepiness, and letharey. ‘According to Dr. Harriet Minsky, professor of psychology at Montreal University, the symp- ‘toms of jt lag vary from person to person, and ‘also vary according to how fara traveler has flown. Recovery from jet lg also varies, with some sufferers feeling better gradually and oth ers experiencing alternative days of feeling bet: ter or worse. Dr. Minsky points out that there are three pri ‘mary causes of jt lag, and of these, two are avoidable. First, people often wear themselves cut getting ready fora trip, 0 they are already ‘exhausted when they get on the plane. Second, long-distance travelers often have a couple of ‘rinks to pass the time. The alcohol can cause stomach distress and interfere with getting a ‘00d night's sleep. The third and unavoidable cause of jt ag is the fact that long distance air travel upsets your Internal biological clock. Dr. Alvin Lacy, chief of ‘general medicine at Northern Medical College, {explains that our Inner clock controls our cycle of sleeping and waking. “at1942 The brain takes its cues from the amount of lignt and other fea tures in the environment. Without ‘environmental cues, the brain tends to set its biological clock to ‘a longer day. This means that, for most travelers, the effects of jet lag are less severe on trips toward the west, because the travel is fol lowing the sun. in traveling toward the east, the body must adust by shortening its day, going against ‘the body's natural tendency. This explains why trips from west to ‘east often result in greater suffer Ing trom jet tag. Individuals are not all affected to the same degree by jet lag. For ‘example, “night owls,” people who are usually most alert and lively late at night, are less likely to feel the effects of et lag. Younger people suffer less than older travelers. In terms of personality types, extroverts (people who are sociable and lke to be In groups) tend. to suffer less than introverts. Many people believe that there must be ‘some quick and easy cure for jt la—and, in fact, all kinds of cures have been popularized, from vitamins to special diets, but research has ‘shown that none of these are very effective. However, Dr. Minsky assures travelers that if they follow certain common sense strategies, they wil overcome jet lag more quickly. exercize 7 + Get plenty of rest and eat healthy meals, prior to taking a long ght, + On the plane, set your watch to your dest- nation’s time immediately. Then allow tat time to guide your behavior. During the tip, eat and. sleep according to the new time zone. * Once you arrive, begin to follow a normal routine for that time zone. Try not to take naps. ‘Set an alarm clock to wake you in the morning. ‘Spend time outside during the day, and steep at sight. * Avoid sleeping pils, alcohol, or otrerarugs that you do not normally use. ‘Skim the following essay about the future from Time magazine. Read the questions and then skim the article to find the answers. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than three minutes for the skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Is this writer hopeful or discouraged about the future? How can you tell? 2. What are some negative effects of population growth, according to this author? 3. What does this author say must be done to avoid disaster?THE C NTURY AHEAD Too Many People IF THE ENVIRONMENT I ALREADY THREATENED BY OVERPOPULATION, WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE WITH TWICE AS MANY INHABITANTS? YOU WOULDN'T WANT TO BE THERE. BY EUGENE LINDEN JIE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT in the lat pat ofthe next century will be determined lage Ty by one factor: human population. If the species doubles is mumbers By 2050, to measly 11 Dili, humanity may complete the devastation that accelerated so step in thls century. Such unabated expansion in our numbers would continue to soak up the word's eaptal and prevent the poorer nations from mak- Ing the necessary investments in technological develop ‘ment that right deter continued population growth, TE the worst oceus, countless millions wil become vironmental refugees, swamping the nations that tied ta coneere ther sol water and forests, The gret grand thuldren of today’s young people would have to shate the planet with only a ragaed cohort of adaptable species Alominated by rats, cockroaches, weeds, microbes. The Wworld in which they survived would consist largely of deserts, patches of topical forest, eroded mountains, dead oral refs and barren oceans, al buffeted by extremes of weather. ‘Tae best hope for both humanity and other fe forms would be t cat human propagation in hall so the word's fBumbers 49 not exceed 8 billion by mid-century. (The nly event n which the earth would achleve ero popula: ton growth or even shrinkage would be some environ ‘mental or cal catastrophe) The huge ret-up in human umbers has foreciosed most options and shortened the Amount of time avallable to come to gps with rising threats to the environment, contends systems analyst Donella Meadows, co-author of Beyond the Lins, which updates the controversial 1972 blockbuster The Limits to Growth. Inthe pas, says Meadows, thee were always new frontes fo exploding populations as wel asempey lands to accent wastes No loner: most suitable areas have been Colonize, most easytorind resources are already being ‘exploited, ind most dumping grounds have filed up. “If hhumans manage brillant starting very soon,” Meadows beieves “itis possible the world might look better than i ‘does no. Sl, or centuries humanity has confounded doomsay- cers by finding new supplies of food and enesgy. In the ‘aty 1970esome environmentaliss interpreted temporary "ses An foed and ol prices to mean mankind was again pushing t¥e limits of earthly resources, yet surpluses returned in later years, Julian Simon, among otter econo. Imists angud that this revealed basi problem withthe Tmits-orgrowah argument rice nse cused by scarce, he argued, will always simulate human ingenulty €0 Improve eficiency and find new resoures, nthe intervening year, however, there has been evi- dence that the market often fais to react as quickly as problems demand. The work tock 15 yeas to respond © figs of ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, But because ozone-destroying chemicals take 15 yeats to inigrate to that stratum, the real delay amounts to 30 years. Moreover, these chemicals san remain i the atmos [here as long as 100 years. In addition, market forces Dften work perversely to hasten the demise of species and ‘resources, The increasing appetite for Bluefin tuna among sushi lovers and health-conscious diners has vastly Increased the market price ofthe fish. But Instead of dampening demand, the principal effec has been to encourage further ishing 0 the point that the total ber of the magnificent pelagic fish In the Atlantic has roped 94% since 1970, DDemographers refer to such collisions between rising demand and diminishing resoures as tain wrecks." AS ‘the world adds new illo of people ln even shorter pei fds, such potential conficts Nappen almost everywhere ‘With most of the world’s good land alteady under the plow,» population of 11 billion human beings would probably have to make do with less than haf the arable find per capita that exists todsy. That would set the stage for disaster, a farmers stripped nutrients from the soi, ‘exacerbated erosion and gobbled up water and wild ands TE population keeps building atthe current rate, the most ominous effect is that milions of life-forms will, become extinct Humans, no matter how well behaved, cannot Help cowding out natural systems. A survey of $0 counties by environmental researcher Paul Hazzison Showed that habitat loss, the mest important factor lead- lng to extinctions, ies in cnet proportion to the density of the individuals that make up various species. Big an ‘mals often range over hundreds of square miles and increasingly collide with settlements. Smaller spectes, whlch make up most of nature’ dives, ae affected by Fhuman aclvtes in countess ways. Frog, for example, ae sradually disappearing around the word, pechaps because arbome polltants are destroying their eggs. The eruia {question is whether humankind can aford to exterminate Tnige numbers of other species witout ruling the cosy tems that also sustain us “The word could avoid this question by reducing the ‘burden placed on the bosphere y Hsing human numbers 4nd the lifestyles of rich nations. To do so, however, would require countries to teat these Uneats far more Sevionsly than they di atthe Somimit in Bra at June, ‘The afluent nations must move thelr economies more rapidly toward patterns of prodvction and consumption that recognize the limits of what the earth can provide 143144 and what wastes it can accommodate. The pooter nations ‘must make monumental efforts to remove incentives for people to have lage families. This will requite massive Social change, including better education and improved access to family planning. with each passing year, t tecomes more likely thatthe fastest growing nations wll be foreed to adopt coercive measures, 88 China has i hey F NONE OF THIS TAKES PLACE, what might the each Took lke? Author Meadows predicts that at its best, the typical landscape might resemble the Netherlands: a crowded, monotonous tableau in which no aspect of nature se from human manip ‘lation, Other analysts look tothe history of island i tures Because they tend to revel hove the environment !nd biumans respond when burgeoning populations put Stress on an isoated ecosystem aster land in the Pacific provides a cautionary exam: ple, When Europeans fist landed there In 1722, they found 3,000 Polynesians living in extremely primitive conditions on the island amid the remnants of 2 once Fourishing culture. The story of aster Island is one of ecological collapse that began around the year 1600, when 2 swollen population of 7000 stripped the island of tes, fepriving inhabitants of building materials for fishing boats and housing. As the populace eteated to eves, var tous clans wared over resources, then enslaved and later ‘annibatized the vanquished. By the time Europeans brcved, the beleaguered survivors had forgoten the pt pose ofthe gret stone heads erected during Easter Island's ory days ‘The topical island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean resents a more hopeful case study, according to environ ‘ental historian Richard Grove of Cambdge Univesity. ‘Mauritius i nearly as densely peopled as Rangladesh, yet ‘manages to support heathy ecosystems and a booming economy. Nearly 200 yeas ago, the sland’ French settlers became alasmed by the cutting of ebony forests that ‘dodo bird. Hy the end of the 16th century the locals had {developed a full et of environmental contol, including Strict limits on tre cutting, Im recent Yeas, Maurits has Taunched a sucessful edation effort to stabilize populs- tion growth. The country now ranks among the most prosperous in Aftica 1 would be much lese pessimistic bout the future ifthe rest of the World could act like ‘Mauritius, says Grove “The would no longer has the llsure of the two cen turies Mauris took to develop a conservation ethic. In the past, natural forces shaped the environment. Now, tunis a new round of volcanism erupts worldwide or & comet coutses in fiom outer space, Buman activites Wil over the destiny of earth's ecosystems. It may soon be ‘within human power to proce the republics of grass and Insects that walter Jonathan Schell believed would be the bere legacy of aucleat war. If humanity falls to seek an accord with nature, population contol may be imposed Involuntary by the environment itself. I there room for optimism? Yes, but only if one can imagine the people of 2050 looking back at the mad spasm of consumption and thoughtless waste inthe 20h century as an aberration in human history. Skimming encyclopedia entries exercise & > ‘Skim the articles about Eleanor Roosevelt from two alfferent encyclopedias. Read the questions ‘and then skim both articles to find the answars. Work as quickly as you can. (Not more than three minutes for the skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Which article tells you more about the personal life of Eleanor Roosevelt? 2. ‘The author of one of these articles has written a book about Eleanor Roosevelt. Which ‘one do you think itis? 3. Does Eleanor Roosevelt sound like the typical woman of her time? Why or why not? 4. What effect did Franklin Roosevelt’ illness have on Eleanor’ life?- .?._———“ ROOSEVELT, ANNA ELEANOR [16°29 volt) (1884 1962), wife of Fanklin Delano Roosevelt, thiny-second president of the United States, and a poitial personality fn her own rght. Se influenced not only domestic legis: lation but also the activites of other nations as U.S. Gelegate to the United Nations id 38a goodwill ambassador abroad. Fleanor Roosevelt was bom in New York Cty on Oct. 11 1884, Eliot, her father, was the younger. broth: Roosevelt and her mothes, Anna Hall, was a dlrect descendant of ‘Chancellor Robert R._ Livingston, who administered the oath of office to George Washington. Eleanor was ‘orphaned at age ten and raised by her grandmother, Mary Hall im upstate New York. She ew to be almost 6 feet (218 meters tll with brown har and bie eye, For a short time she studied with tutors, then at fifteen the painfully shy gil went to England where she spent thc years at Allenswood, «private schoo! outside London. On her return home in 1902, she made her debut, joined the Junior League, and taught ealisthenis and dancing a 2 Settlement house in the sums of New York City Her father was a godfather to her distant cousin, Franklin D. Rooseelt of Hyde Patk, NY, with whom she played as a child. They met occasionally as they were ‘growing up, formed a serious attachment foreach other 1903, when Franklin was at Harvard, and maried in 1905 despite his mothers opposition. Her wae, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, gave the bide awa. During the ealyyeats of her husbands political career, she had six children: five sons anda daughter. Her second son died at sx months of iniuenza, ‘Mrs. Roosevelt fist became aware of politics ia 1911 when her husband served in the New York State Senate, She found it distasteful, though she Inter enjoyed the social and charitable activities that went into being the wife of the assistant Secretary of the US. Navy during President Wilson's administration. It was only ater her Inasband was paralyzed by poliomyelitis in 1921 that she developed an interest in polite. Tutored by Louls Howe, Franklin D. Roosevelspoital mentor, she became polit seally active and participated in several women's oganiza- tons involved with socal legislation. i was Howe’ inten- tion to use her to reavaken her rippled husband's interest in the outside world He taught Ms. Roosevelt to speak in public and analyze politcal situations, and helped her to trite magasne articles on womens problems However, once her husband retired to the political arena, she didnot fae ito the background fn 1926, she ‘arte a furniture factory at Hyde Park to elp te unem- ployed. The next year she became assistant prindpal and {aught American history and literature at Todbunter School in New York. in 1928, when her husban ran for governor in New York, she served as director of Nomen's cities for Alfed E. Smith in his presidental campaign against Herbert Hoover During Franklin's two terms as governor, Eleanor Roosevelt served as his "legs and eyes," and made many Inspections of state institutions at his request. She expanded this activity after he became president fx March 41953, For this and several other activigs, Mrs, Roosevelt ‘beeame known as the most contovetsial fis lad in his tory. Not content with restricting her zoleto that of White House socal hostess, she advised he husband, helped fo ter legislation, such a the National Youth Adminatatin, spoke her mind publely on issues, and prodded ll levels (of government to improve housing, education, heatth, and the status of minority groups. She aso wrote My Dey, 4 syndicated column running in 140 papers, a monthly ‘magazine column, and several books, 35 well 2s making Jectue tours that covered 80,000 miles a yea. All te prot 1 from these ventures were donate to char During World Wa I, Mrs. Roosevelt continued inspec- tlons for her husband and made goodwill tour at bis request to England, the South Pati and the Caribbean fone, She aso visited dozens of military camps inside the United States and reported her findings to the President For a shot time, 1981-1942, she held er only official government job, a8 asstant director ofthe offic of i lan defense under Fovello La Guardia, ‘When her husband dled on Apr. 12, 1945, fleanor Roosevelt told reporters: "The storys ovet” However, she accepted an appointment from President Truman later in the year to serve asa member ofthe US. delegation to the United Nations. During this period she took special inter- cst in refugee matters and was chairman of the Human Rights Commission of the UN Economic and Social CCounel. Fellow American delegates to the UN General Assembly's fit session at London in January 1946 eredit- ft her with winning the ight to save 1,000,000 eruges from being forcibly returned to Communist counties. Mis. Roosevelt was instrumental in writing and passing the Declaration of Human Rights ‘she left the United Nations in 1952, but etumed in 1961 when Pres. John F Kennedy appointed he: a US. delegate to the ISth session of the UN General Asembiy In the intervening years she became active agen Democratic Party politics, During the presidental elec- tions of 1952 and 1956, she campaigned for Adlai E, Stevenson, at the 1960 Democratic convention, she pressed for a Stevenson-Kennedy ticket. In 1939, she joined in a drive to consolidate the Democratic reform ‘movement in New York City. Her supesabundant energy found many outs, inchuding newspaper and magazine columns, radio and television appearances, and lecture tous. She died on Nov. 7, 1962, in New York Chy, and ‘as buried next to hee husband at Hyde Pak "ALFRED STEINBERG 145146 ROOSEVELT [10'r0 volt] Eh (1884-1962), one of America’s great reforming leaders, who had a sus tained impact on national policy toward youth, blacks, women, the poor, and the United Nations. As the Wife of President Franklin D. she was the country’s most active Fist Lady. But she was aso an Important public personality in her own right Early Lie. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on Oct. 1, 1884. Her parents Eliott and Anna Hall Roosevelt, were members of Socially prominent families, and she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. She hiad an intensely unhappy childhood. Her mother, widely known for her beauty, called Eleanor “granny,” and her father, whom she adored, was banished from the family because of alcoholism. Her parents died when she was young, find she was rased strictly by her srandmother Hall Her childhood and ‘Molescent experiences left her with a feep sense of insecurity and inade- quacy and a craving for praise and tfecton, She fist attended private classes and at the age of 13 was sent t0 ‘Allenswood, a finishing sehool near London, With the encouragement of the headmistress, Matte Souvestr, the shy gir emerged as a school leader She reed to New York in 1902 to make her debut in society, but soon sought to escape its rituals through work with the city’s poor ata stte- rent house. On March 17, 1905, she rmartied her distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was sven in marrage ‘by President Theodore Roosevelt. Wife and Mother. Inthe next 11 years Eleanor Roosevelt gave birth to Six children, one of whom died in infancy. In the bringing up of her ilden, she submitted to the domi nation of her formidable mother-in law. After her husband's election to the New York state Senate in 1910, she performed the social role expected of the wie of @ public official. As the ‘wile ofthe assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, she pitched into war work with the Rel Cros ersnal Independence. The end of the war coincided with a grave per Sonal criss, the discovery of her hus band’s love for another woman. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt were reconciled but when they returned £9 [New York in 1921 she determined to build 4 life of her own. She had become active in the League of ‘Women Voters, the Women's Trade Union League, and the women’s dv: son of the Democratie party. Her per sonal emancipation was completed ater Roosevelt was stricken with polio. inva leanor Roosevelt was determined to keep alive her husband’ interest In public affairs. Encouraged and tutored by Louis Howe, Roosevelt's close adviser, she became her husband's political stand-in. By 1928, when Roosevelt returned to the political wars asa candidate for governor of New York, she had become a public figure in her own right. In 1926 she helped found a furniture factory in Hyde Pack to ald the unemployed, In 1927 she became part owner of the Todhunter School in Nev York City, serving as vce principal and teaching history and government First Lady. When her husband became president in 1933, she feared the move to the White House would rake her a prisoner ina gilded cage. But a Fiest Lady, she broke many precedents. She initisted weeky press Conferences with women reporters, Jectured throughout the county, and had er own radio program. Her syn Glcated newspaper columa, My Day, ‘vas published dally for many years. Traveling widely, she served as her husband’ eyes and eas and became a ‘major vole in his administation for ‘measures to ald the underrivileged and rail minors, In 194] she made her one venture ile her husband was present into holding public office herself, as co- director of the Otice of Civilian Defense. But she resigned tollowing criticism of some of her appoint ‘ments. During World War Iishe vst- ed troops in England, the South Pacific, the Caribbean, ane on US, ‘When her husband ‘died on April 12, 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt assumed thatthe “tary was over” However, she went on to 17 more years of notable publ service, Pethaps the most satistacory of her ‘ateer. She was appointed a member fof the US. delegation to the United Nations by President Harry Tuman in December 1985. As chaitmin of the ‘Commission of Human Right she was ‘nstrumental in the deafting of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. she resigned from the United Nations in 1982, but was reappointed by President fol Kennedy in 196. She emained active in Democratic party politics and was a strong supporter of Adlai Stevenson in the presidential campaigns of 1982 and 1956 and at the Democratic convention in 1960. In her later years Heanor Roosevelt ptesided over he large fam at Val: ull, her home at Hyde Park She kept tp a voluminous comespondence and 2 busy social fe. “I suppose I should Slow down,” she said on ker 77th birthday. She died the next year on Nov. 7, 1962, in New York ly, and eas buried in the rose garer at Hyde Park next to her husband, Her many books ince This I My Sty (1937), This I Remember (1948), an On My Onn (1958), Jost Plast ‘Author of “Beano an Franklin” Further Reading: Hansen, Vall and llaney, Joon ee Flanar Boole (Chetsen House To4?); Lash, fos ‘lonr and fronln (Norton 31h sept FEanor The Ye ale (Noro 19Skim the articles about AIDS from two different encyclopedias. Read the questions and then skim both articles to find the answers. Work as quickly 28 you can. (Not more than three minutes for the skimming!) Compare your answers with another student. 1. Which article begins with a brief history of AIDS in the United States? exercise 2 2. Which article gives more information about the transmission (spreading) of AIDS? 3. Ifyou were writing a report atout AIDS, which of these articles would be more useful to you? why? 4. Do these articles give any hope that a cure will be found soon for AIDS? Explain: 5. In skimming the articles, did you find out something about AIDS that you did not know before? Explain; 147148 ‘0s, acronym for acquired Immune deficiency syndrome, « progressive, degenerative disease of se ‘ral major organ systems, including the immune and ‘ental nervous systems. The dlsease ls caused by the hhuman immunodeficiency ius type 1 (HIV.1) AIDS was ist idee in 1981 "The initial symptoms of infection often resemble Jnluenza or mononucleosis and appear days or weeks alter exposure. These symptoms usually dsappe ter several weeks. A prolonged symptom-free period ‘may last ten or more years after initial infection. Progressive fllure of the immune function, evidence fof substantial and increasing damage othe brain and Spinal column, and profound weight los characterize Infections that occur once the lnumune sytem falls ‘ot fom wasting cancer, of destucion ofthe bai. Infection in infants follows one or two courses. About one-half of the elem infected birth fll 0 thrive, experience multiple severe Infections during the fits several months of life and die within the first year, Othe infants exhibit ony minor symptoms and survive for six to ten yeas or more “The virus can be transmitted sexually from men to women, from women to men, ad from men to men. “The wse of condoms redices the frequency of hetero: sexual transmission by greater than 99%. "The virus can be trnsmited from mother to child before birth, at birth, and possibly by breast feeding ater birth, About onecthied of children born to Infected mothers ae infected by age thee months. ‘The AIDS virus can also be transmitted by blood transfusions, organ transplants, and artificial insem- nation. The virus Is very efficiently transmuted by ‘means of shared needles or syringes, ad it remains Active in dried blood for many weeks. The vieus is ‘ery rarely Hf ever transmitted by means other than {hose described above, including saliva Infection Is commonly dagnosed by the detection of an immune rection to the virus, determined by ‘measuring antibodies, Antibodies often appear within slx weeks of infection, and they persist throughout the course of the disease. A very small number of fnfected people remain fee of antiviral antibodies for ‘more than a year after infection, Infection can ako Be dlagnosed by detection of viral proteins or vir face acids T's estimated that a ofthe ear 1990s between 10 and 20 mllion people are infected workdvide. The ‘most severely Infected region Is central Africa. The epidemic Is well established in North and South ‘America, Europe, Australia India, and Southeast Asia, HIV belongs to a family of viruses called retro- viruses, These small RNA virses convert thelr genetic Information fom RNA to DNA on infection and Insert the DNA form of the genetic material into the senetic material in the chromosomes ofthe hast cell. ‘The virus’ genetic material cannot be removed fom these chromosomes. Consequently, a person infected With HIV-1 remains infected for life. In addition to {he information required to make new virus particles, HIV makes atleast seven alditional proteins. Some gover the rate of virus refiction. Others increase the infectious nature ofthe virus. ‘Several features of the vrus's Ife cycle render it sesintan to vnccnes, The vis com infect cels a the ‘mucosal suiface, whlch mates prevention difficult. Infected cells may harbor the viru’ genetic Informa: tion without prodcing viral proteins; such cells can. not be recognized by the inimune system. The sur- face of the virus particle Is Feaily coated with sugar molecules that ae identical to those of the host cell and cannot be recognized Sy the Immune system. Moreover, HIV-1 viruses iobted from different ind viduals vary in thelr immuaologsal properties, and ‘hey may even vary within a single infected person. Although stempes to create vacenes that overcome such dificulties are in progess, no vaccine has yet been shown to prevent infecon, “AIDS treatments include the use of ativial drugs to slow the rate of HIVe1 replication. Other treat- ‘ments are designed to prevent or teat opportunistic Infections and cancets that result from a deficient ‘Immune system Nucleoside analogues, including azidothymidine (AZD, dideoxyinosine (DDI), and Aideosyeytosine (DDC), show some promise for ‘delaying onset of terminal smptoms. Genetic thera pies a5 well a8 new antiviral drugs tected against pecifc vical proteins such asthe protease, the tat poten, the envelope glycoprotein, and DNA poly- ‘erase ae currently being eraluated Viruses similar to HIV-1 have been slated from humans and nonhuman primates. The human ‘mmunodeiclency vis type 2 (HIV-2), prevalent in some West African countrics, induces an AIDS-ke fisese, although with a longer latent period and lower probabil of dlsease. simian immunodeficien- cy viruses (S1V3) have been isolated from some ‘Afrcans, but not Aslan or New World, nonhuman primates, ‘Wan A. Hac, Dana-Farber Cancer Insitute ‘ne Harvard Medial SchoolACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYN- DROME (AIDS), a human disease that ravages ‘the immune system, undermining the body's capacity to defend itself against certain micro- bial organisms. it usually leads to death trom multiple infections in a few months to several years from the time of onset. The disease was first identified in 1980 among homosexual men in New York and California, and by mid-1993 it had stricken more than 318,000 persons in the United States alone, causing nearly 195,000 fatalities. There were growing numbers of cases In Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America as well, and about 14 million people worldwide were believed to be symptomless carriers of the disease. Although male homosexuals continue to constitute a major portion of the victims in ‘many countries, the risk groups also include a growing number of both male and female intra venous drug abusers and infants of mothers afflicted with the disease. In addition, there is some heterosexual transmission of AIDS. The disease has also occurred among hemophiliacs, who receive clotting factor derived from the pooled blood of many donors. ‘Signs and Symptoms. The chief manifesta- tlons of AIDS are the presence of rampant opportunistic" infections that do not cause dis- ‘ease in normal individuals, and the appearance ‘of a skin neoplasm, or abnormal growth, known as Kaposi's sarcoma, which until recently in the United States and Europe was a rare, relatively benign, condition in elderly men. The most com mon early symptoms of AIDS include fever, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, skin erup- tlone, and chortneee of breath. As the disease progresses, there may be drastic wasting, nau: ‘sea, diarthea, neurological and visual impair- ‘ment, and mental disturbances. These symp. toms are the result of the infection caused by ‘any of a number of different viruses, bacteria, fungl, and protozoa. For example, one fungus, Pheumocystis carn, causes a type of preumo- fla that is common among AIDS patients but is otherwise rare. Diagnosis. Abnormalities of cellular immunity in AIDS typically include a change inthe distibu- tion of certain types of thymus-derved (T) iym phooytes, those white blood cells that modulate the immune response. (See also Iywunry; The Immune Response.) While characteristic of ANIDS, this disturbance can be seen in other dis- ‘eases and thus cannot be used as a diagnostic test by itself. Many other blood tests point to widespread disruption of immune function in ADs. ‘Treatment. While no effective treatment for the underiying immune deficiency has been developed, management of some of the sec- ondary infections, neoplastic processes, and other complications is possible and may Improve longevity and qualty of lfe. The drug azidothymidine, or AZT, has been shown to pro- long the lives of some AIDS patients. ‘Transmission. The transmission of AIDS ‘occurs through infected blood or body fluids by ‘sexual contact or the use of contaminated nee- dles inthe intravenous injection of drugs. ‘Transmission of the disease through blood transfusions has caused alarm. However, atest hhas been developed that has enabled blood banks to screen their supplies of blood from Contamination wth the AIDS virus. The possibil- ty that AIDS could be transmitted through casu: ‘al contact, such as by sharing dining utensils or bathroom feclties has causes widespread pub- lic alarm despite reassurances to the contrary ‘rom public health professionals Cause. The cause of AIDS is a virus called ‘human immunodeficiency virus, or HV. The origin of the disease and the nature of its appearance in the United States are uncertain. It has been ‘suggested that the causative agent of AIDS ‘might have been introduced from Haiti or Aftce, locations in which numerous other infectious diseases, euch as malaria and amosble dysen- tery, are endemic. In 1992 and 1993, a small ‘number of AIDSike illnesses occurring without ‘evidence of HIV infection were under study. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, the National Institutes of Health, the Pasteur Institute in Pars, and inde- pendent investigators are working to find a drug fr drugs to combat the AIDS virus, and are con ducting studles to clarify the immunology and epidemiology ofthe disorder. Scientists are also testing vaccines that may eventually be effec: tive in preventing the AIDS infection. See also £000: Blood Transfusion; HovosenALmy. Feepemck P. Seca. aN MARTA SIAL 149