ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK Design of Structural Reinforced Concrete Elements in Accordance with ACI 318M-05 ACI SP-17M(09) Editor: Murat Saatcioglu American Concrete Institute® Advancing concrete knowledgeFirst Printing duly 2010 American Concrete Institute” “Advancing concrete knowledge ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK Seventh Edition Copyright by the American Conerete Institute, Farmington Hills, Ml. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of AC! documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions. ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information. Al information in this publication is provided “as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. Itis the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to ‘the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Conerete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA. Phoni 248-848-3700 Fax: 248-848-3701 www.concrete.org ISBN 078-0-87031-252-3ACI SP-17M(09) ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK Design of Structural Reinforced Concrete Elements in Accordance with ACI 318M-05 Editor: Murat Saatcioglu CONTENTS Chapter 1—Design for flexure, p. 3 [Introduction [.2—Nominal and design flexural strengths (M,, and 6M,) 1.3—-Minimum flexural reinforcement 1.4—Placement of reinforcement in sections 1.5—Flexure examples 1.6—Flexure design aids Chapter 2—Design for shear, p. 29 2.1 Introduction 2.2—Shear strength of beams 2.3—Designing shear reinforcement for beams 2.4—Shear strength of two-way slabs $—Shear strength with torsion and flexure }—Shear design examples 1—Shear design aids Chapter 3—Short column design, p. 59 3.1—Introduction 3.2—Column sectional strenath 3.3Columns subjected to biaxial bending 3.4—Column examples 3.5—Column design aids Chapter 4—Design of slender columns, p. 167 4.1 Introduction 4.2—Slenderness ratio 4.3--Lateral bracing and designation of frames as non-sway ACI Commitee Repons, Guides. Manuals, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing. executing, and inspecting construction, This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent t0 evaluate the Significance ad limitations ofits content and recommendations and who will accept responsibilty for the application of the material ic contains. Te American Concrete Instite disclaims ‘ny and ll responsibility forthe sted principles. The Insitute Shall no be lable for any loss or damage arising therefrom, Reference fo this document shall not be made in contract, documents If tems found inthis document are desited by the ‘ArchiteevEingineer tobe apart of the contract documents, they ‘hall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the ArchitecvEnginecr. 44—Design of slender columns. 4.5—Slender column examples 4,6—Slender column design aids Chapter 5—Footing design, p. 189 5.1—Introduction 5.2—Foundation types 5.3—Allowable stress design and strength design 5.4—Structural design .5—Footings subject to eccentric loading 5.6—Footings examples Chapter &—Seismic design, p. 205 6.1—Introduction 6.2—Limitations on materials 6.3—Flexural members of special moment frames 6.4Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load 6.5—loints of special moment frames 6,6—Members of intermediate moment frames 6.7—Members not designed as part of the lateral-force~ resisting system 6.8—Seismic design examples 6.9—Seismic design aids Chapter 7—References, p. 229 7.1 —Referenced standards and reports, 7.2—Cited references Appendix A—Reference tables, p. 231 Appendix B—Analysis tables, p. 237 Appendix C—Sectional properties, p. 251 ‘ACL SP-1749) wan ape ad pbs in Sh Rein Comoe ee Ae rl ng to rip dw yom ot 27 ect Sve rine, write, ora or ecg ers ral epee ‘iver freee ly taoedge oral stom devi tle perma ‘rng robin me Spi risDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI S16M-05 3 CHAPTER 1—DESIGN FOR FLEXURE Professor eel University Research Char, Department of Civil Engncering, University of Onawe, Otte, ON, Canada by Murat Saaciogla 4.1—introduction ‘The design of reinforced concrete elements for flexure involves sectional design and member detailing. Sectional design includes the determination of cross-sectional geom- ctry and the requited longitudinal reinforcement in accor- ance with Chapter 10. Member detailing includes the 28 MPa Fig, 1.1—Ultimate strain profile and corresponding rect- angulae stress distribuion. limiting the amount of reinforcement such that the tension reinforcement yields before concrete crushing. The strain in extreme tension reinforcement shall not be less than 0.004 (ection 103.5). The amount of reinforcement corre- sponding to this level of strain defines the maximum amount of tension reinforcement that balances the compression in the concrete, The ACI Code requires a lower strength reduction factor (¢-factor) for transition zone sections, This allows increased safety in sections with reduced ductility. Figure 1.2 illustrates the variation of $-factors with tensile strain in reinforcement for Grade 420 stecl, and the corresponding. strain profiles at ultimate. ‘ACI 318M-02 changed the traditional load factors of 1.4 and 1.7 for dead and live loads to 1.2 and 1.6 to be consistent ‘with ASCEISEI 7-02, Most of the #-factors were reduced, but the factor for flexure remained 0.90. These ¢-factors, appear in Chapter 9. The p-factors and the corresponding. load factors in earlier editions of ACI 318M have been moved, to Appendix C. The designer can use the @-factors inthe main body of the Code (Chapter 9) or those given in Appendix C, as long as 4-faciors are used with the corresponding load factors, The basic design inequality remains the same, irrespective of which pair of @ and load factors is used: factored (ultimate) moment < reduced (design) strength My SoM, 1.2.1 Rectangular sections with tension reinforcenent— Nominal moment strength of a rectangular section with tension reinforcement is computed from the internal force ‘couple shown in Fig. 1.1. The required amount of reinforce ‘ment is computed [rom the equilibrium of forces. This ‘computation becomes easier for Code-permitted sections where the tension steel yields before the compression ‘concrete reaching its assumed failure strain of 0.003. Design4 ‘ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-1731(09) 0.003 Appendix i 0574676, Reinforcement closest tothe tension face Chapter 9 0.484836, ra controlled $=0.65} = 0.002 ‘minimum permitted for beams 0.004 in, stain permitted for pure flexure Fig, 1.2—-Surengih reduction (@) factors for Grade 420 reinforcement ‘Aids Flexure 1 through Flexure 4, included at the end of the ‘chapter, were developed using this condition. Accordingly, Tec an Achy 08S; Bd (12) osstie os) where pe # 4) ‘The cfd ratio in Eq. (1-3) can be written in terms of the steel strain ¢, illustrated in Fig, I.1. For sections with single layer tension reinforcement, d = d, and €, = ¢, The cld ratio for this case becomes as) a6) ty Equation (1-6) was used to generate the values for einforce- ‘ment ratio p (46) in Flexure 1 through 4 for sections with single layer tension reinforcement. For other sections, where the centroid of tension reinforcement does not coincide with the centroid of extreme tension layer, multiply the p values, ‘given in Flexure I through 4 by dd. Compute the nominal moment strength from the internal force couple as shown as follows an From Eq. (1-2), Ad. : bes sae a8) a9) My =b0K, (1-10) where (ily Flexure 1 through 4 contain 4X, values computed by Bg. (1-11), where the é-factor is obtained from Fig. 1.2 for selected values of g listed in the design aids. Flexure Examples 1 through 4 illustrate the application of Flexure | through 4. 1.22 Reciangular sections with compression reinforce: ‘ment-—Generally, flexural members are designed for only tension reinforcement. Any additional moment strength required inthe section is usually provided by inereasing the section size or the amount of tension reinforcement. However, the erss-sectional dimensions of some applications ccan be limited by architeewral or functional requirements, ‘and the extra moment strength may have to be provided by ditional tension and compression reinforcement, The extra steel generates an internal foree couple, adding. 10 the sectional moment strength without changing the section’s 4fossco, (4-9) cts Figure 1.4 illustrates the components of moment for ‘T-section behavior, Ma = May Map (1-19) Mya Kylb bg 1-20 Myyy = Kb a2 snd ooh 2 PB b)d 2)6 ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP.171(09) Fig, 1.4—T-section behavior. Ave i] 4-23) Moment components Myand My,.can be obtained from Flexure I through 4 when the tables are entered with prand ‘Py Values. For design, pyneeds to be found first and this can be done from the equilibrium of intemal forces for the portion of total tension steel balancing the overhang concrete. This is illustrated as follows. Tyan Gy Ayhy= O85fE lj (b~ by) O85f, fy = Meh oa RY Equation (1-26) was used to generate Flexure 7 and 8. ‘Flexure Examples 6,7, and 8 illustrate the use of Flexure 7 and 8 ‘When T-section flanges are in tension, part of the flexural tension reinforcement is required to be distributed over an effective area, as illustrated in Flexure 6, or a width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller (Section 10.6.6). This requirement is intended to control cracking that can result, from widely spaced reinforcement. When 1/10 of the span is, smaller than the effective width, additional reinforcement, should be provided in the outer portions of the flange to ‘minimize wide cracks in these regions. 1.3—Minimum flexural reinforcement Reinforced concrete sections that are larger than required for strength, for architectural and other functional reasons, may need to be protected against a bite failure immediately afer cracking by « minimum amount of tension reinforcement. Reinforcement in a section is effective only after the cracking of conerete, When the reinforcement area is too small 10 generate & sectional strength that is less than the cracking moment, the section cannot sustain ts strength upon cracking. To safeguard against such brite faiures, ACI 318M requires u minimum area of tension reinforcement in positive and negative moment regions (Section 105.1), 0.28.8 Anta = SE a 2 but not less than 1.Aby.dlf- ‘The aforementioned requirement is indicated in Flexure 1 through 4 by a horizontal line above which the reinforcement ratio p is less than that for minimum reinforcement. For statically determinate members, when the ‘section flange is in tension, the minimum reinforcement required to hhave a sectional strength above the eracking moment is approximately twice that required for rectangular sections, ‘Therefore, Eq, (I-27) is used with by, replaced by 26, or the flange width, whichever is smaller (refer to Section 10.5.2). ‘When the steel area provided in every section of a member is high enough to provide at least 1/3 greater flexural strength, than required by analysis, then the minimum steel require- ‘ment need not apply (refer to Section 10.5.3). This exception prevents the use of excessive reinforcement in very large ‘members that have sufficient reinforcement. For structural slabs and footings, minimum reinforcement in the direction of the span is the same as that used for shrinkage and temperature control (refer to Section 10.5.4), ‘The minimum area of such reinforcement is 0.0018 times the ‘gross area of concrete for Grade 420 deformed bars (refer to Section 7.12.2.1). Where higher grade reinforcement is used, with yield stress measured at 0.35% strain, the minimum reinforcement ratio is proportionately adjusted as (0.0018 420)ff,. The maximum spacing of this reinforcement is limited to three times the slab or footing thickness, or 450 mm, whichever is smaller (refer to Section 10.5.4). 4.4—Placement of reinforcement in sections Flexural reinforcement is placed in a section with due considerations given to reinforcement spacing, crack control, and concrete cover. It is usually preferable t0 use 2 sufficient number of small bars, as opposed to fewer large bars, while respecting spacing requirements AL Minimum spacing of longitudinal reinforcement— Longitudinal reinforcement should be placed with sufficient, spacing to allow proper placement of conerete. Flexure 9 shows the minimum spacing requirement for beam reinforcement. 1.4.2 Conerete protection for reinforcentent—Flexural reinforcement should be placed to maximize the lever arm between intemal forces for inereased moment strength. This implies that the main longitudinal reinforcement should be placed as close to the concrete surface as possible. The reinforcement should be protected against corrosion and aggressive environments by a sufficiently thick concrete cover (refer to Section 7.7), as indicated in Flexure 9. The concrete cover should satisfy the requirements for fire protection (refer to Section 7.7.7)DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3164-05 7 143 Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement and crack control—Beams reinforced with few large bars may experience cracking between the bars, even when the required tension reinforcement area is provided and the sectional strength is achieved. Crack widths in these members ‘may exceed what is usually regarded as acceptable limits of cracking for various exposure conditions. ACI 318M-05 spe fies a maximum spacing limit § for reinforcement closest to the tension face, This limit is provided in Eq, (1-28) to ensure proper crack control 5 = 380(282) -2.52, = 300] 1-28) ih & where ¢, is the least distance from the reinforcement surface to the tension face of concrete, and ; isthe service load stress in reinforcement. f, can be computed from strain compatibility ‘analysis under unfactored service loads. Instead of this analysis, fe may be taken as 2/3f,. Equation (1-28) does not provide sufficient crack control for members subjected to very aggressive exposure conditions or designed to be watertight. For such structures, special investigation is required (refer 10 Section 10.6.5). ‘The maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement for one-way sluibs and footings is limited to three times the slab or footing thickness or 450 mm, whichever is smaller (Section 10.5.4) 1A. Skin reinforcement—In deep flexural members, the cerack control provided by the above expression may not be sufficient to control cracking near the mid-depth of the section, between the neutral axis and the tension concrete. For members with a depth /t > 900 mm, skin reinforcement ith a maximum spacing of s, as defined in Eq. (1-28) and strated in Flexure 10 is needed (refer to Section 10.6.7). In this case, c, is the least distance from the skin reinforcement surface to the side face. ACI 318M does not specify the steel area required as skin reinforcement. Research indicates that No. 10 to No. 16 bar sizes or welded wire reinforcement with a minimum area of 210 mm*/m provide sufficient crack control (Frosch 2002).8 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17§(09) 1.5—Flexure examples Flexure Example 1: Calculation of ension reinforcement area for a rectangular tension-controlled cross section For a rectangular section subjected to a factored bending moment M,, determine the required tension reinforcement area for the dimensions given. Assume interior construction not exposed to weather. b 250 mm 510 mm 28 MPa 420 MPa h d 122 kN-m “ACISISNOS | section Procedure Calculation Design aid TL Estimate d by allowing for clear | Considering a minimum clear cover of 38 mm for | Flexure 9 cover, the radius of longitudinal _| interior exposure, allow 65 mm to the centroid of main reinforcement, and stirrup diameter, | reinforcement, 2510-65 = 445 mm Compute 6K, = MOE. OK, = 122 x 1071250 x (HAS)-] = 2.46 MPa Select p from Flexure 1 For 6X, = 2.46 MPs, Flexure 1 ‘Compute required steel area: Ay= phd. A, = phd = 0.0070 x 250 x 445 = 778 mm Use three No. 19: (A,)proy = (3284) = 852 mi Flexure 9 761 Note: Three No. 19 ean be placed within a 250 mm 332 Determine the provided steel area. | widih 1034 Forreinforcement placement, referto 0.75% 932 Flexure Example 9, Flexure 1DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3184-05 Flexure Example 2: Calculation of nominal flexural strength ofa rectangular beam subjected to positive bending For a rectangular section with specified tension reinforcement and geometry, determine the nominal flexural strength M,. Given: Three No, 19 bars as bottom tension reinforcement b b 250 mm Es d= 460mm fi = 28MPa f= 420MPa h A ACT STEMS} section Procedure Calculation Design aid Compate de area and perceniage fF 52 ma stool provide, 852/(250)(460) = 0.749% Select 6K, from Flenure 1. For p= 0.74%, 6K, = 2.62 MPa Flexare 7 Compute iM, = 44 be 2 x 250 x (460)°/109 = 138.6 KN 932 Select comesponding from Flexure 1. Flexure 1 1034 | Compute M, = 6My/. 1, = 0.01675 > 0.005 (ension-contrelled) M, = 138.6109 = 158 kN-m10 ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17§(09) Flesure Example 3: Caleulation of tension reinforcement area for a rectangular cross section in the transition zone For a rectangular section subjected toa factored bending moment M, , determine the required area of tension reinforcement for the dimensions given, Assume interior construction not exposed to Weather. b 25 mm maximum aggregate size + = 360mm h 660 mm fi = 28MPa h . i = a20mra A My = 660kN-m = |+ ‘ACTSIBNAS section Procedure Calculation Design aid 7H Eniimate by allowing for clear | Considering a minimum clear cover of 40mm forintedor | Flexure 9 cover, the radius of longitudinal | exposure allow 65 mmo te centroid of main reinforcement. reinforcement, and stinrup diameter. 0 - 65 = 595 mm Compule 6K, = MABET. 0K, = 660 10°7360 x 951 =5.18 MPa Select p from Flexure 1 For 6k, = 5.18 MPa, p= 1.59% Fiewurel ‘Compute 4, = phd. ‘Ag= phd = 0.0159 360 x 595 = 3406 mm? Determine the steel area provided. | Try No, 25 bars; 3406/510 = 6.7. 163 [Need seven No. 25 burs ina single layer; but seven No.25 | Fexure 9 332 bars eannot be placed ina single layer within a 360 mm ‘width without violating spacing limits. Try placing in two layers. Allow 90 mm from the extreme tension fiber the centroid of two layers of reinforcement Revise d = 660 - 90 = 570 mm $K,, = 660 x 10°/[360 x (570)") = 5.64 MPa Flexure 1 For bX, = 5.64 MPa, p= 1.77% ‘Ags phd = 0.0177 x 360 x $70 = 3632 m “Try No. 25 bars; 3632/510=7.1 761 Select cight No. 25 bars in two layers (Tour No. 25 bars | Flexure 9 332 in each layer). Note that four No. 25 bars canbe placed Within a 360 mm widkh, A pov = (81510) = 4080 mm? (© pros = 4O8OM(360)(570)] = 0.020 Note: For (Ploy = 0.020, $y Flexure | = 0.0042 1034 4 = 0.0042 < 0.005 (transition zone) 932 @=0.83 and #M,,> My, Flexure |DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3184-05 " Flexure Example 4: Selection of slab thickness and area of flexural reinforcement For a slab subject to a factored bending moment Mf, determine the thickness f+ and required tension reinforcement area, The slab has interior exposure. 2sMPa jam 420 MPa 49 kN i fe 0 0 ‘ACISIBM-O5 section Procedure Calculation Design aid Tinles cerzin slab thickness ib [p=O5 (pare, =0.005) desired, atrial thickness can be 5 «0.018 = 0.0091 selected such that good ductility, stifines, and bar placement charac- | For p= 0.0091, 6X, =3.14 MPa Flexure 1 teristics are obtained. Try p= 50% of pat maximum limit oftension- | @&y = My/(bd?) controlled section, P=MLOK,D) 249 x 106(3.14 x 10°) = 15.605 mm? d= 125mm Select bar size and cover concrete. | A, = phd = 0.0091(1000)(125)= 1138 mmm Forreinforeementplacement,referto Flexure Example 10. No. 16 at 150 mm provides A, = 1327 mm?im OK 244 Cover= 20mm ‘Compute with due considerations [h=d-di/2 + cover= 125+ 162 +20 given o cover and bar radius h= 153mm [Note thatthe slab thickness must also satisfy defleetion contro. Use h = 165 mm 952and | Forreinforeement placement, referto | Note: Check he slab thickness ro satisfy the requirements ‘Table 9.5(a)_| Flexure Example 10. of Table 9.(a) for deflection control.2 ‘ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17M(09) Flexure Example 5: Calculation of tension and compression reinforcement area for a rectangular beam section subjected to positive bending For a rectangular section subjected to a factored positive moment My. determine the required tension and compression reinforcement area for the dimensions given as follows. 360 mm a! 620 mm 65mm 28 MPa qj Zao itm a ‘ACISISMA5 section Procedure Calculation Design aid 77d [Estimate d By allowing for clear | Considering a minimum clear cover of 40 mm forinteror | Flenure 9 cover, the radius of longitudinal ‘exposure, allow 65 mm to the centroid of main reinforcement. reinforcement, and sirup diameter. = 620-65 = 555 mm Compute 0K, = MNO). 786 x 105360 x GSS] = 7.09 MPa ‘Select p from Flexure I (09 MPais outside the ange of Plexure 1. This | Floxure 1 indieates thatthe amount of steel needed exceeds the maximum allowed when only tension steel is provided. Therefore, compression steel is needed, Compute A, ~Ay). Select p= 0.018 (@,= 0.008) Flexure Select a reinforcement ratio close to | A,—A, = phd = 0.018 x 360 x 555 = 3596 mm? the maximum allowed to each the | Try No. 25 bars; 3596/5 10 = 7.05. full sength of compression Select eight No. 25 bars for (Ay~A!), 761 concrete. Select p = 1.8% (slightly | However, eight No. 25 bars cannot be placed ina single | Flexure 9 332 below Pyar = 2.06% 50 that when the | layer. Try two layers. boars are placed, Pag is not exceeded). Allow 90 mm from the extreme tension fiber to the centroid of two layers of No. 25 bars. Revise d = 620-90 = 530 mm O18 x 360 x 530 = 3434 mm? ‘Try No. 25 bars; 3434/510 = 6.73 Select seven No.25 bars for (A,~Aj) 1 be placed in two layers. (A, A) = (7)(510) = 3570 mm? 1570/[(360}(530)) 00206 OK 1034 Compute moment to be resisted 10047, and §=0.87 | Flexure 1 932 by compression conerete and pK, bd corresponding tension stecl (A,~ A). 5.75 x 360(530)7/108 = $81 KN-m Compute moment to be resisted by M,— My, the sce couple (with an equal tension 186 ~ 581 = 205 KN and compression steel area of 4).DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3184-05 ” Compute Ay Note: Ais determined from Flexure 5, which is based on the assumption OK, = Oy lo Kj, =2.05 x 10°1[360 x (530)"] = 2.03 MPa Kj = 2.031087 = 2.33 MPa saecompiteton tal ator near | id= €S830 012 9'= 078% Foxes yield at ultimate. The strain diagram 0.0078 x 360 x 530= 1488 mm Ipdeteteelingocompression wenteee ni : ex c0002 enh comission sl doce en yield (f! Note: For this section, = 0.00460 and $“ ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(09) Flexure Example 6: Calculation of tension reinforcement area for @ T-section subjected 10 positive bending, behaving as a rectangular section For a T-section subjected to a factored bending moment M;, determine the required tension reinforcement area for the dimensi sven, b=760 mm 760 mam ———— SS 4, 68m an by 480 mm d=480mm| 65mm 28 MPa 420 MPa 312 KNam a by =360 mm ‘ACISISM-05 section Procedure Caleulation Design aid ‘Assume tension-contralied section | $4, = 0.9T0.85f Bid —ly/2)1 (= 05). 39[0.85(28)(760)(65480 — 65/2)) Determine i the section behaves as a | = 474. 108 Nemm = 474 KNam > M,=312kNm ‘or rectangular section. ‘Therefore, the neural axis is within the flange and the ‘When M, > 610.85/; bli(d —ii/2)] | section behaves asa rectangular section with width b= ‘section, otherwise rectangular | 760 mm. section behavior. ‘Compute 6K, = M,Mb?) 0K, = B12)1PV760)480)"1 = 1-78 MPa ‘Select p from Flexute 1 For §K, = 1.78 MPa, p = 0.50% Flere Compute A, = pbd. ‘Ag = phd = 0.0050 x 760 x 480 = 1824 mm? Find provided area of ste. Use five No. 22 bars with Ay = (5)(387) = 1935 mm? (p= 1935/{(760\'460)] = 0.0055 For p = 0.0055, ¢,= 0.025 > 0.005 (tension-controlled | Flexure 1 103.4 932 Read ¢,and @ from Flexure 1. section), and $= 0.9DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 318N-05 6 Flexure Example 7: Computation of the tension reinforcement area for a T-section, subjected to positive bending, behaving ‘as a tension-controlled T-section For a T-section subjected to a factored bending moment M,, determine the required tension reinforcement area for the dimensions given, The beam has interior exposure. Given: b= 760 mm 25 mm maximum agere 4 5 om maximum gare sae a thes imm 380mm 600 mm {600 mm] 65 mm 28 MPa 420 MPa ha S42 kN by= 380 mm ‘ACISISN-OS ‘section Procedure Calculation Design aid THA Estimate dy allowing for clear | Considering a minimum clear cover of 40 mm for | Flexure 9 cover, the radius of longitudinal | interior exposure, allow 65 mm to the centroid of reinforcement, and stirrup diameter. | longitudinal reinforcement. d= 600~65 = 535 mm ‘Assume (ension-controlled section | MM, = 09 [0.85f¢blip(d— hy/2)) and determine when the section | = 0.9{(0.85)(28)(760)(65)(535 ~ 65/2)] behaves as a T-section or a = 532 x 10° Nemm = 532 kN-m < M, = 542 KN-m_ rectangular section. ‘Therefore, the neutral axis is below the flange and the section behaves as a T-section. When M, > 10.85f¢ big a ~fy!2)) ‘T-section, otherwise reetangular section behavior. ‘Compute the amount oF steel that | d= 535/65 =8.2 Flexure 7 balances compression conerete in flange overhangs from Flexure 7. Find the moment amount resisted by | For p= 0.09%, §K,,= 2.44 MPa, and p=09 Flexure T from Flexure 1 KD Diol 44(760 ~ 380)535)°/108 Deiermine the amount of steel $M, = M, = 4M = 582 Flexure I required to resist the remaining iy x 1PM, Na moment. This additional moment is_| For @K,= 2.57 MPs, Py = 0.75% to be resisted by the web, Py ‘Compute the total area of tension | Ar= ptb—b,)d = 0.0069(760 — 380\35)= 1403 mar reinforcement required. ‘yp= yb = 0.0075(380)535) = 1525 mm? Al=Ape A, = 1403 +1525 ° ‘Try using No, 29 bars; 2928/645 = 4.54 Use five No. 29 bars ina single layer 761 (Agproy = (S645) = 3225 mm™ Flexure 9 332 Provided area of ste! that balances web concrete: 3225 ~ 1403 = 1822 mm? Note: The gfactor can be computed | (Py)prov = 18221(380X535) = 0.009 1034 using the reinforcement ratio that | This corresponds to ¢,= 0.013 and § = 0.9 Flexure 1 932 Datances web concrete (ension-controlled section)18 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(09) Flexure Example 8: Calculation of the area of tension reinforcement for an L-beam section, subjected to positive bending behaving as an L-section in the transition zone For an L-section subjected to a factored bending moment M,, determine the required area of tension reinforcement for the dimensions given. The beam has interior exposure. Given; b= 900 mm 20 mm maximum aggregate size ae aeccmeernrcone fae ’ ‘900 mm pea f= 75mm bye oS) am h=900mm| f= 900mm ly = 15mm ge 2 Mra = f= f20mPa — My = 2400KNm ty = 550 mm ACT318M-05, section Procedure Caleulation Design aid TH Estimate d by allowing for clear | Considering a minimum clear cover of 40 mm for interior | Flexure 9 cover, radius of longitudinal exposure, allow 65 mmto the centroid of main reinforcement reinforcement, and stirup diameter. 10 65 = 835 mm “Assume tension-controlled section = 0.9[0.854¢ blif{d —hy/2)) and determine when the section -9[(0.85)(28(900)(75)(835 — 75/2)] behaves as an L-section ora 153,065 Nam = 1153 kN-m #10.85f2 Bid ~ hy!2)] L-section, otherwise rectangular section behavior. ‘Compute the amount of steel that | d= 835/75 = 11.13 Flexure7 balances compression concrete inthe 51% flange overhang from Flexure 7. Find the moment amount resisted By Flexure 1 pyfrom Flexure 1 Deiermine the amount of steel v= M,,— $= 2400 — 447 = 1953 KN required to resist the remaining pM yA Bye)6)"] ‘moment, This additional moment is 1953 x 10°%{(550)(835)"] = 5.09 MPa to be resisted by the web, py For dX, = 5.09 MPa, py = 1.56% Flexure 1 Note: $= 0.90 (tension-controlled). ‘Compute the taal area of tension | A= p{B~ bd = 0.0051(900 - 550)(835) = 1490 ma reinforcement. Av Bybydd = 0.0156(550)(835) = 7164 mm y= Apt Ay = 1490 + 7164 = 8654 mm? 761 Flexure 9 332 Select No. 29 bars: fourteen No. 29 bars are needed. Fourteen No, 29 bars cannot be placed in a single layer. ‘Therefore, use two layers of reinforcement and revise the design. Recalculate the effective depth Zand | d= 900-90= 810 mam revise design. Assume cover of 90mm | Note: Reduced ¢ will result in increased area of steel to the centroid of two layers of and the beam will continue behaving as a T-section (no reinforcement. need 10 check again).DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 31EN-05 7 Compute the amount ofseel that] dh, = 81075 = 10.8 Flexure7 balances compression conerete inthe | py= 0.53% fange overhang from Flexure 7. Tind the moment amount by p, from | For p= 0.53%, OK,,= 1.89 MPa, and’ = 0.90 FiexureT Flexure | d= OK (B = by > :89(900 — 550)(810)*/108 = 434 kKN-m Determine treamountof steel required Mi, — 0M, to resist the remaining moment. This MMC, A?) additional moment is to be resisted | 6K, = 1966 x 10%(550)810)"] = 545 MPa by the web, p,. 3.45 MPa, py = 17% Flexure 1 Note: $ = 0.90 ‘Compute the total area of tension [y= pd —b, yd = 0,00531900 — 550810) = 1505 mm reinforeement required. A= Prd = 0.01 70(550)(810) = 7574 mm? 4 1503 + 7574 = 9077 mm? 761 Use sixteen No, 29 bars in two layers (eight No. 29 in | Flexure 9 33.2 each layer, which can be placed within 600 rom width. Ensure $7, 2M, based on provided [A,,=A,— A= 10.320 1503 = 8817 mm= reinforcement. Provided p, tht balances web conereie, ey = 8817/{(550)(810)] = 0.0198 = 1.98% Flexure 1 For py = 1.98%, 6X, = 5.76 MPa, and 6 = 0.84 GM OK yA? NOP = (5.76}550)8 107710 = 2079 kN For the contribution of flange overhang, ‘89 MPa (found earlier) 89(0.84/0.90) = 1.76 MPa Ky(D~ by 1108 £76)(900 ~ 550)(810)"0 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(09) Flexure Example 9: Placement of reinforcement in the rectangular beam section designed in Flexure Example 1 Select and place flexural beam reinforcement in the section provided below, with due considerations given to spacing and cover requirements, Assume interior construction not exposed to weather, Given b 20 mm maximum aggregate size No. 10stups tas 787 mm? b 250 mm h d ho = 500mm A fo D an a RETINAS section Procedure Cateulation Design aid ‘Daernne bar sie and number af ba Selon No-19 bars No. of bars = TE7ABF SEE Use three No. 19 bars, TH Determine bar spacing ‘Considering minimum clear cover of 40 mm on each | Fenare side for interior exposure and allowing two sirup bar diameters, s = [250 ~ 2(40) ~ 2(10) ~ 3(20)/72 = 45 mm_ 76 ‘Check against minimum spacing Flexure 9 a mae | cnt (@bi(14) ys 25 I) = tem (5) 25] = s=50mm>20mm OK 1064 | Chock against maximum spacing as S280) —2.5¢, = 00080) E525) 2/3(420 MPa) ce (40+ 10) = 50 mm mag = 380(1) ~2.5(50) $250mm<300mm OK Final bar placement. Provide three No. 19 as indicated below. Flexure 9 280 MPa ‘governed by crack control.DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI STAM-05 19 Flesure Example 10: Placement of reinforcement inthe slab section designed in Flexure Example 4 Select and place reinforcement in the 150 mm slab shown below. Given: ; 300 mm Ag = 1200 mm%m Sean a 125 mm ra fs OM i Sy : 4 420 MPa ° ‘ACTSIBNES section Procedure Caleutation Design aid Determine bar size and number of | Select No. 16 bars: No. of bars = 1200/199= 6. bars for 1000 mm slab width Use six No. 16 bars per 1000 mm of slab width T.AZ21 | Check for minimum area of reinfowe- |For Grade 420 steel Ay ny = 0.0018, rent needed for temperature and | Ay yg = 00018(125(1000) = 225 mn? shrinkage contol. Note that the same | Ay= 6% 199=1194>225 OK sminimom reinforcement must also be provided inthe wansverse cretion, ‘Check for maximum reinforcement | Six No. 16 bars per 1000 mim results in s= 166 mm. los4 spacing. oF 450 mm, whichever is smaller (166) = 500 ram $2166 mm < 450mm _OK uses = 150 mm 7a Final reinforcement placement Flexare 9 300 mm at = Teoma Note: clear cover = (165 ~ 125) - 192 = 30.5 mm > 20mm OK20 {ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(03) 4.6—Flexure design aids Sry fe conc fr tb ie ire bom oss, 2a, 0M, 6K puadid et]/eeL Jc. ‘where My is in kN: ys fn MPa; ad dare q fen 20MPa AIA be FNP a a = * Bi oss oss x0 07s Pa O08 0033 ao035 03 % a pe [4K MPa [pm | OR MPa 07 as 09 003020 | 007 ons [ost | 00s] om os 09 09 on | 07 | ow on | ca | or | oas on 09 09 an | 039 | ow an | os | ors | 066 ons | a9 09 ow | 02 | oo om | os | o2 | os7 0.0 09 og om | 0% | on ox | so | ox | ia oot 09 09 023 | 092 [034 aao [tas] on] 156 aos | a9 09 029 tow] 038 0s oss | 176 003 | 09 09 033 Ti] oat on oss | 202 ms | a9 09 039 | 140 | os ast oss | 236 om | 03 09 os7 16s | oss on ow | 205 oo | os os oso us | 066 om | 276 | os | 297 aos | a9 oo os | iss | oso ost | 289 | 087 | 310 aor | os os oss | 12 | on os | a0 | on | 325 aos | a8 09 ost | 20 | 76 os | a7 | os | aut aos | os 09 oo | 2 | oxo ost | 333 | im | 359 aos | 09 08 ost | 223 | oss to | 3st tor | 378 aos | 08 09 oc | 236 | a9 toe foam | oa | ann eos | as as a0 | 243 | os to faa oe fae aor | os os on | 250 | ass m3 | ace | ota | als aos | as 09 ans | 238 | 100 rn ee) oo | 09 os on | 266 | 10s ia | ao | 130 | ase ois | 08 08 os | 278 | 107 tos Ja tas | ass oo 09 os oss fae | oun var fa | tao | ae 00s | 08 08 os | ao | 1s 136 | aes | tas | sn oo | 09 08 09 | 305 20 aaa] 4s2 | ise | 520 os? | as os os | 3 124 1s | 493 | tse | 532 oot | 09 08 oss | 319 | 127 oe eee coos | a9 09 os | 327 | 130 iss | sae | toe | a7 oor | a9 09 ror | 337 | 13s 533 1m | 576 ooo | a9 09 tot | 346 | 38 sar us | 590 oon | as 09 tor | 358 fas 561 tao | 608 ocoss | a9 09 un | 368 | tar 535 tas | 622 006s | a9 09 373 391 8 cos: | as 09 ssi] 137 607 637 cos | a9 09 sor] 182 625 676 aos | 09 09 sos | 198 633 636 oss | a9 09 aig fun 682 aT cms | a9 09 430] tat 683 740 coos | oss | oe 431 as 68s at ooss | 0x7 | os7 ax | 190 68s 13 ooo | oss | ose | tae | 43s | tas esr | 2a | tas coos | ost | oss | tas | 43s | 578 6s | 250 | 746 ooo | oss | oss | rar | ass | 200 os 3s | 1 ooo | ase | oss | 15s | ase | 208 eo | 237 | za8 oom | ox |_ox | 15s | ase | 206 60 | 260 | 29 Tales The ae p above fe ee nf ln on iis pede Car Wes Arp Calas of 8S E,W SE oR oo ny ypio2 A lr are emerDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 318M-05 Flexure 2: Flexural coefficients for rectangular boars with tonsion reinforcement; a fpad2o MPa $2 My OM, = OR? Abd ne fin kN: i sin MPa; band aren f= 2OMPa MPa o = hr 070 085 Pai 00 085 (2.0087 0050 * Game |e. | he MPa MPa | ae | eM | ee | Oe Mo 02 39 09 1 | 08 aa | ana | oas om | 03st ous 03 08 os | ox oss | ais | 0 | ors | ase 01 og os 020 | 74 o7 | o2+ | a9 | 027 1.00 oms | 09 as 036 198 tot |_o3t Lay 03s es 005 09 08 038 143 ts [~aas ir 03? 193 oot og 08 0a 175 Tae] 037 210 | oe 237 ons | 09 09 ost 1st 210 | ost 237 | o73 268 003 09 08 06 226 2a at 2n | ost 307 os | as 08 on 265 283 asr | 319 | 099 360 002 09 os ox 320 sar 1.05 385 120 35 oo | a9 08 093 3a 3356 1 402 126 ase os | a9 09 097 349 373 uit | 420 132 474 oor | a9 os 102 36 390 im | 440 tae | 497 oo | 09 09 107 38 410 ww | 40 Las s2i oots | 09 09 13 46 431 135 | 436 153 59 oo | a9 09 120 | 436 435 wa | 53 La 579 oo | a9 09 128 430 432 is | 33 i | 613 ons | 09 oo ts | 464 496 138 539 8 631 oo | 09 09 136 | a8 si 1s | 57 Lae 631 cous | 09 09 Lat 493 528 69 595 st on ott 09 as 146 5.09 545 15 5s L7 694 cows | 09 09 st sar ist 636 205 718 oot 09 09 is | 54s 1.88 638 213 783 os | 09 a9 Le 568 iss | a 22 17 oo | 09 09 70 586 708 230 | 799 coe | os us ia 6.00 13 236 | 8s ooo | 09 ag ou 782 20 | 3s coor | 09 ng 629 7.60 ae | ase com | os as 650 736 258 887 coma | 09 ng eer 805 265 | 810 com | os ng ose 22 | 327 2M 934 con | 09 os 103 2 aso | 28 260) aos | 09 ng am | a8 ass | ans 291 986 mm | oo 09 143 236 2s | a0 300 | ois aos | oo a9 764 2 2 | 935 310 | toas oss | 09 a9 1817 232 aes | ose 3 wor mss | 09 a9 sn | 36 205 | om 33 | inte coms | 09 a9 255 sar | amt sos | wis | 34s | tas coms | oss | oss 202 sao | 278 su} ois | ase | nas ooms | osr | 087 2.68 sa | 286 sz | wm | 36 | ns oo | oss | ose 2m | sas | 293 sa | 2s | 3a | usr ooo | oss | 08s 21 845 297 oi | sas | tas | 378 | 39 oon | oss | oss 283 aa | 301 or | sao | to2 | ass | m6 ooo | ose | ose 287 sae sos | 94 sas | iso | 380 | 1163 ooo | _asz_| ox 291 830 sto_| 916 | 330 | wsr | 395 |_ 165 Tons The abs pave tie sah oy yes aos far oad Caper, When Appenic vaeF wa vales e nson2 ‘ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-1714(08) fig get! cote er ecanadr san hoe entrant by oman, Bay OMe = Kb ht ec. whe My Na in MP band dm {= S20MPs Ler i = 3 @ aa ass a0 ans 30027 ‘am one om = ime [ee [SR | ne ae ne [Oe ne oR oe os | ons [027 | 00s} oss om | ma | 010] on on os | oo | ox» | on | ose | ors | oe | om | 056 ows oo | on | ox | ais | oo | orm | om | ox | ost os oo | oar | ors {om | tm | om | oo | oo | iz 0. os | 020 | os: [ox —\—1as 0 | 143 | 08] 155 os ao | ors | ro | om | ta | 036 | tm | oa | 126 0.03 oo | oa | up | oss | ts | os | ame | oss | 2m 025 9 [oar] ow | tes | cas | 220 | oss | 235 02 ao | os | sae | ost asm | 26 | oo | 285 ow os | om | us | os aa | ar | oo | 207 core oo | oa | um | 56 as | 29 | om | 310 ow oo | oa | is | ose om | 302 | o7 | 325 cote os | oa | 20 | oo | 2 | am | ai J on | 3a aos oo | om | an | oss | 2 | or | 3: | om | 359 aos 09 | ost as | a9 | os | 351 | os | 378 aos os | oss on | am | ass | am | os | 400 ooias ao | 036 ors | 323 | aw | 3m | oss | an ‘12 09 | os on | 3a | am | 300 | ose | 42s oons oo | oe os | sax | ass | aos | io | 38 oot os | oss os | sss | ase | sao | ios | as ooi0s a9 | 06s oss | 36 | 1m | a | 1m | soe on 0 | os oso | 37 | 1 | au | iss | ase 09s 0 | 07 oss | 3m | 110 | aes | sie | sor ‘goo oo | om oxy | aor | ie | aez | um | 520 cos? oo | ov | an | io | aie | tir | 9s | 126 | sae cose 09 319 | um | sae | um | soe | sa | sus aos 09 sar | ios | 436 | aa | sie | ia | ser 0077 09 sar | io | 450 | aa | os | iar | 526 ons oo ais foe | as | ae | ser | aa | 50 aon oo ax | ous | am | ize | se | tae | 60s 0068 09 ao fue | sas | ago | sas] iso | ze ‘ones 09 an | im | ase | nas so | uss | oe 062 09 ase fia [os | aa | oor | too | sr 0039 09 aoe | oist | sae | ass | 2s | tes | 7s 00ss 09 soo | 136 | sar | so | os | am | 36 oo0ss 0 aus fora | ss7 fuss | oe | am our as oo 430 | 14s | sm | um | om | tse | a0 oss 089 a0 | iso | sm | um | oe | 1 | 29 ooois | osr | os7 axe forse [soe form | ae | toe ras coos | oss | oss a3] uss | sz | tas | oer | ty | tas egos | oss | oss azz | 160 | sm | ass | oer | om | 74s goa | oss | oss an] ie | sa | um | ose | 200 | ae ogo | os | ase at | us | sas | uss | oes | 207 | nae ooo | om | oss | 12s | 35 | 1 | se | 19 | 693 | 2m | 752 Tose The wale fp abo th ae i a, vane ae Based on 6st eve Cer: Whew Append © vane 9 ar we aos ine ‘eson ane ay bu 35 Mgt re censorDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH AC stetLOS 2 Forget cesta ae wt ae toca by 100s aay, oem, = pmAind woh: where M, isin kNom; Ki, isin MPa; b and d are in mm, MZ f= 520 MPa AIA) br ra 7 3 @ 7 Bi a 7 oe ss Pa mss a6 oo oa CO eo ‘i ais | 03 | os | om | ox | om | ox | om | aso | ors | one or | 03 | a> | oi | om | os | om | oi | cm | om | 100 ams | os | os | oa | os | om f vom | oa | tr | om | ise os | oo | an | us | om | im [or —[oin 135 os | 09 [~a—Pias for Pas} oae | zo | ase | aor os | 09 | oa | is | ow | 20 | os | 237 | os | 2oe os | o> | os | 2a | om | 2 | o@ | 2m | om | sor os | o> | as | as | os | 2m | on | so | om | 30 os | o> | om | am | or | aa | om | 3a | oor | ass os | as] ars | 334 ge | om | am | to | ase os | a> | an | 30 am | am | san | to | am os | 09 | am | ses a | ox | aan | un | aor oo | as | om | 3s aio | tm | ase | our | sm os | as | am | ao ax | uo | aes | ia | sa os | os das as | ous | oss | in | 39 os | os 40 a | in | se | i | on os | 9 Ast ae | ota | se | ou | om o | o on su fom | osm | ou | en 0 | 0 i sx fois | sus | ie | om os | os 30 sis | it | ois | 139 | aos os | os sn se | tas | eae | tes | 238 os | 05 sis su fois | ee | im | 10 os | os 585 cs | ise | om | im | 120 os | os 85 sx | iss | sm | 186 | 190 os | 05 sin so | is | sa | in | aw oo | 03 sus st | im | rm | ts | ass ar) on ou |oim | rm | 20 | ass ar) oo sor | ts | te | 200 | ar a) so ns | tm | sos | 2s | 210 a | os sas ra | ie | aa | am | os os | os 7 ra | an | an | a2 | 90 os | os rm 15 as | ne oo | 9 18 7 ae | ois 0 | 05 2 rt ast | oss os | os a 6 3 | aon os | 03 se on 29 | ano os | 5 sy oor am | nas om | om on om ass | nuas cas | om | om? as sao an | nse ono | oss | 086 as som | 26 | ros | am fst mss | os | oss sa so | an | ima | ae | sr ome | om | oss sa om | an | ao | am | iss omar | om | om he vo | am | ion | am | iss cam | om | om | 23 | ass v9 | ae | tos | |_u70 THe The values above lk ae ea ha pu i aac ae Beda oeOm vied Caer: When Appel C vale of ew K, vale rns ne ye op 2. ghee conse2 {ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171409) Floxure S:Rertorcemant allo for compression reinforcement b : dni p= th,—Ar hd be Noe le tA eM Ms = edt (rom Flexare 1 though 4) | i Mg = AK P=At Mid q : here Ma nia RN Kyi in MPa band el ei =r “20MPe om oes [or | om | oe [om [om on Dom w ai oo [oor [oor | om [on [om [om [om | oo [ oo | om [om aos | oo | ~007 [007 | oo | “on [aa [as | ~oo6 | aos | 006 | 007 | cnr cat_| 01 [on [or] oor [ars [aos | 009 | 009 | 009 | 0.10 010, ass_[ a1 |o1a_| 01s] 016 | 016 | a7] on] on | am | om | om | ave ano | 017] oat | 019 [019 | 00 on [ai [ais | _0ue | 016] 07 aaa [020 | oai| 022023020 ais_| 0a [as [_ 019 | 020 | a2 ag7[ 0a | 02s| o2s|om7 | om] ax | 019 | aan] amt] 022 | 023] 025 110] 027 oas | aa0|oa1_| oan _|asa_| zz | o23_| oan] 025 | 026 | aa oar} es2[ 035 | 03s |_o37_| oss] 028 | ozs [aa | are | 029] om 1a0_|_o34_|_035_[o37_| 039_| oat_[_oas_|_o21_| 028 | x0_| os] 035 | ae 1s2_|_o37_| 039 | aa1_| 04a | oas_| aa? | 030] 31 | om [om | o36_| aa 14s |_oar| ox|oa_| ov [oa [_ost_| 033] 038] 036 | 037] 039_| oat 1a0_|_0as_|_0x6_[ 048 _|050_| 053 | 056 | 03s 037] 039 | 040 | 0. [ ot 193 | oss ~as0 [a3 |~ose[ 087 [00 | ~o38 | oa | aa 043 [046 | os =10[0st_| 033 os6 | ose csr_| ost_[ oar [043 | _oas_|_oa7_| 00s] as ost_[ ost | 059 | ose | o4s_|_nes_[ ow | oas_| 047 | 050] 052 | 035, aM [ose ass 066 [ao [073 | 04s | oss ~os0” | 083 | 055 [as ze _| ost sr [a7 | 073 | 077_| 049 | 051] 083 | 036059 [ua 26 [06s ‘or0_[ om | 077 | oat | _0s2| 05+] 036059 | 0 [06s 50 [ot ‘om [a7 | oat | 08s [05s] 057] 039] 092 0a | nn 300[ 074 ‘ov ost _| os [090 | os7_| 00 | 062 | o4s_| ose | a72 305 _ [075 a os_[ ase [060 | 062 | 065 | 068 | 072] 075 a7 [ 07 ons ‘as3[ a9 [0a | 045 | 068 | or | 075] 070 sar [om on ase [1306s [06s [a1 [078 | “078 | 0m 350_[_ 08s a9 CT 359 [8 096 105] non [ar [arr [ot [08s [0 ta [00 00 T0—[_—11s—] 07 a77 [080 | os [os | 092 386 09s 4 Li [ 120 | 076] 0708s [087 | a _| 09% “0 107 Tae| 124 | 079] om? | one] o50 a5 | 099 ai TH Ta[ 138 [om |_oas_|om [000] apm | 108 Fa 5 125 [ 132 | 08s | oss] os | 096 [101 | 196 a Te 130_[ 137 [om | on] 095 [059 [1.0 | 1.09 a5 1 1a_[ at] 090] ass [on] eto | 16 16 Ta |1as|_093 [096 va 105 [ta] 16 aa 130 Ta2_| 1s0| 095] on [tar] 109 [ta] 1a 196 135 1a6_| 134098 | tena | 13 310 ar 130_[_138_| 101] asta 13 [129] 126 54 Ta CT 338 Tae 19] 16t| 0s] nna na S50 a 16 [ | ase 130 [7 58 152 A 37 136 [ 1 [e919 | 428 | 190 | | ta 35 19 [467 [ 7s] ae [ nara [nna arDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI918N-05 Flexure 6: T-beam construction and definition of effective flange width Effective flange width < % the beam span length Pee ree eg 5 Effective overhang <8xh % the clear distance to the next web by ‘Tseotions resulting from monolithically built slabs and beams Effective flange width b errr yb Effective overhang |__| ‘$ VI2 the beam span length <6xh 4 the clear distance to the next web bw L-sections resulting from monolithically built slabs and beams, Effective flange width b <4 by b_—$—$< $$ o| The 12 by26 ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-174M(09) Flexure 7: Reinorcoment rato, (%) balancing coneroten overnang() in T= or beams; = 420 MPa Eg Mac My pyeaylid= byl PA Ay Ane = @ 70 z 2 a am rE rm a7 oH Tk Ee 19 236 2 33 3 25 an 4 106 1a 1 2B 2a 2a 39) 330 5 oa 1 1a 198 227 255) 28 & aT ae Tie 165 Tao a 236 7 ar oat Tor Ta 1st 132 5 035 an oo 124 1a 19 3 aa a8 om 0 126 1a 157 10 os as? oi oy 099 13 38 ia ii 03) ax 064 ‘a7 050 103 6 139 2 as ai 039 an 083 a8 106 118 3 033 tt ra 05 076 oat oy 109 i 030 ca) O31 at O71 at oo 101 6 028 038 07 os? 0.6 076 035 a8 16 om 03s as ass 082 ot ‘oxo 0 17 03s 038) a2 030 038 ust os mm ie O78 ast 038 oa 035 nr on 078 1 on 030 ox7 aa ox 60 7 075 x a3 8 035 oa 03 ust Ost on Fl 020 oz 038 oat 038 ost ost 2 a1) 026 ox? a5 os 058 ose z a8 035 031 oa, a9 oss 082 2 a8 024 030 cat oa 53 059 = on aay om a0 O35 ost O57 6 016 oz om 038 oat cas O58 z 016 a2 036, 037 0 oar os 2 015; 20 05 035 030, 06 Or = 015 20 02 O34 039, a4 on, 30 a9 024 038 038 on oa si _om au os ox O37 Oh 036 2 On a1 om oar os 090 ou Ea 0 ar or 030 ox os, oe H ony a7, 021 029 03 ow, ot 3 on 216 030 om O32 a6 ou 36 on ai 20 os oa as 039 Ei ont oe cs ox 031 038 038 38 a aus ars 036 030 os ce 2 our Dis a1 025 03 ox 036 0 or oe ry os ox ox 055DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3184-05 a Flexuro 8: Reiniorcement rato 9,(%) balancing concrate in ovethngls)in T= oF beams; = 520 MPa Bag OM = My oye yl Prem Ay Ayn Ane Use Fleurs 3 or wit py and 0 find ify Use Flex 304 with py ad Do fad P H ” ee MPa 2 35 © = a 0 ay aa 2 170) 28 30 7 7 30) S87 3 Ls 1.89 2a 26 302 340) 378 7 bas 1a 0 198 227 235 3 058 LB 136 139 131 20 6 037 ast Ta 1 131 170 139 7 oa) ost 097 Lis 130 136 1 € oa om 085 099) Le ey 1a 9 038) wa 076 088 ToL 1s 126 ie 03 037 068 079. 09 Tz TB) 7 03 Ox 06 O77 08 095 a3 iz 028 oa 05 0.66 076 as 094 036 ‘ott os? ‘ot 070 O78 oo i O24 0 049 O37 068 073 ost 5 O38 038 045 0338 oo O68 076 6 oat os 043 0507 057 O64 on 17 020 033 040. 00 035 260 067 1s 019 03 038 ou 050) 057 068 o 018 030 036 032, bas Os 060 20 a7 028 034 cr} bas O51 037 3 016 027 032 038 048 a) as 2 015 026 O31 036 oar a6 os B 015 038 030 oa 039 on ow ea on 024 0% 038 038 038) on = on om O27 032 036 ‘oat 045 26 3 om 026 038 035 039 os El 013 02 028 om O38 038 a 2 012 020 Om 028 om 036 040 2 De 020 033 077 D3 038 039 30 ol 09 023 026, 030 om 038 ar om on 026 039 033 037 2 om 018 ey 026 032 035 = 010 om ‘O24 om O31 a3 3 10 oir os 027 030) on 35 010 016 a 0m 026 025) on 36 | 008 016 on om 035 02m 031 ar] 008 015 as 025 028 031 3 2.09 015 a8 oat om 07 030 2 0.09 015 7 020 023 026 22 2 ‘0.09 ou oir 020 028 036 O2820 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(03) Flexure 9: Bar spacing and cover requirements Cover S2} 1A may Amer =Max. aggregate size 25mm Minimum cover for protection of reinforcement (Section 7.7.1) Tiger alin i ed Soe oo ipavearsa ae omoarhe Wala a Tiersuite Winch ine (See oo ta) ou sacra man bus wht ae one les aed ibaa Ul can ennmens or oer severe expos condensin O versal be saab ners (Gentes 173) “Hy Te num covet esse ie protein requiem Seton 77.7 Flexure 10: Skin reinforcement Tension face - Negative bending i c a |? 5 weed ‘Tension face - Positive bendingDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI318N-05 20 CHAPTER 2—DESIGN FOR SHEAR Profesor Emerins, Dept of Chi Aechtectrel, cd Environmental Exgineering, de University of Tea ot Austin Asin TX by Richard Furlong 2.1—Introduetion ‘Shear is the term assigned to Forces that act perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements. Shear forces. ‘on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force at any distance x from a support decreases by the amount of Joad between the support and the distance x. Under uniform, loading, the decreasing amount (Slope) of the shear diagram ‘equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load. Concrete bbearms are expected to crack in flexure, with such cracks forming perpendicular to longitudinal ter force- ‘ment, that is, perpendicular also to a free edge. Principal tension stresses change direction from horizontal at the Tongitudinal reinforcement to 45 degrees at the neutral axis, ‘and vertial atthe location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, eracks in concrete tend to “point” toward the region of maximum compression siress, as indicated by the cracks in Fig. 2 ACI 318M-0S permits the evaluation of shear strength for ‘most beams tobe taken as the combination of strength from ‘concrete without shear reinforcement V_ plus the strength V, provided by shear reinforcement. Shear strength of a slab that resists flexural forces in wo orthogonal directions around a column (flat plates, footings, and pile caps) is eval- uated as the shear strength of a prism located at a distance of half the slab depth d from the column faces. 2.2—Shear strength of beams Equation (113) of Section 113.11 permits the shear strength V_ of « beam without shear reinforcement to be taken as the product of an index limit stess of 0.17, times a nominal area by. With J? expressed in MPa and team dimensions in mm, nominal shear suength V. O17 fff yd in units of N- Shear reinforceent isnot required for slabs considered as very wide beams. When the width of a beam is more than twice the thickness J of the beam, Section 11:5.6.1(2 exempts such beams from the require. ment of shear reinforcement as long asthe shear strength of the concrete greater than the equited shear free. A more complex method for determining. V. is given in Seation 11.321. The method is demonstrated in Shear Example 2. A special type of ribbed floor sab known asa jis system ean be constructed without any shea reinforcement in the joist ribs, Joist system relative dimensions, slab thickness, ib tvidth, and rib spacing are provide in Section 8.11 Section 11.13. pers the maximum rquircd valve of shear V, tobe determined at a distanced from a suppor face when the suppor provides compression resistance atthe (bottom) face ofthe beam opposite the loading (top) face. Maximum required shear shouldbe taken asthe shear athe suppor face when loads are applied near the bean bottom as on tne ledge ofan inverted T-section, o when the spe no deeper han che beam self as strated in ACT 318.05, Fig. 2.]—Reinforced concrete beam in bending, ‘Shear reinforcement for beams TELE Shear cracks are @_plnned together by stirups Y= Adis 2 _ Standard U-stimup a has two legs. A= 2A Fig. 2.2—Shear reinforcement Fig. RILL13.1(@), or when a heavy concentrated Toad is applied within the distance d from a support. ‘The most common shear reinforcement isa set of bars bent into U-shaped stirrups as indicated in Fig. 2.2. When shear cracking at a neutral axis is assumed to occur along lines 45 degrees from the horizontal, the shear eracks ean be pinned together by stirup reinforcement. The simups act as tension hangers with concrete performing as compression struts. Exch vertical stirrup leg has tension strength equal to its yield strength, and the most common stirrup has two vertical legs. The shear strength of vertical stirrups is the tension strength of one stirrup times the numberof stisraps that interrupt potential cracks on approximately a 45-degree angle from the tension steel. Thus, Vs = Ay ys A Ustirup has an area 4, = 2(area of one stirrup leg). Shear strength at any location ‘long a beam is the sum of concrete strength and shear reinforeement strength, thus Vy, = Ve-+ Ve 2.3_-Designing shear reinforcement for beams Shear reinforcement A, should provide the strength required in addition to the concrete strength V,-. Thus, the required amount of Ay = (Vi,~ V_\M@hydis). The strength reduction factor for shear is 0.75. @V), must be greater than Vg. When the quantities Ay, fy, and d are known, stirrup spacing s can be computed as20 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-171(09) = Afr DV ~ Ve) en ‘Te quantity (Vi/@ ~ V,) represents V, the nominal shear strength provided’ by reinforcement. ACI 318M, Section 11.5.6.1 requires the placement af shear reinforcement in all beams for which the required strength is more than half 6V. “The full development of a critical shear erack between sti- rps is prevented by Section 11.5.5, which sts the maximum spacing of stieups at d2 when V, < 0.33.7" byd. Because 17 JF byd, maximum spacing scan be d/2 or < 300 mm. as long as V6. which equals (V.+ V,) <3V, oF 0.5 fF bya. Maximum spacing is dor 150 mm. when Vj/@ 2 3V,.. ACL 318M, Section 1.5.7.9 sets a maximum value on V, a8 4V. ‘0 0.66,” bd. Concrete compression struts cannot sustain more shear when the required amount of V, exceeds 4. = 0.66 Jf bud regardless of additional shear reinforcement. ‘Thus, a beam section must be made larger when V,/ > 0.83.07 bya ‘A Graph in design aid Shear 1 displays limits of nominal shear stress values of V,(Obyd) for concrete strength {2 from 21 MPa to 70 MPs. The graph shows stress ranges for which design requirements change, and is not intended for precise evaluation of member strength, as precise strength values are provided in other design aids. No shear reinforce- iments (stirups) are required when Vay/(byd) is less than 0.08 Jf . The strength V, of concrete in sections reinforced for shearis 0.17 7? byd. Stirrup strength can be added to the conerete strength V- to determine the total strength of a section. Stirrups should be spaced no more than d/2 where Vilbyd) $ O5,/f. Where Vyllbyd) > 05. maximum stirrup spacing becomes dM. The compressive strut strength of conerete is reached when Vyf(byd) = (0.83 Jf? . Additional stirups cannot increase section shear strenBth, as the concrete strength is considered exhausted when V,l(byd) > 0.83 Jf Design aid Shear 2 consists of three tables thet can be used to determine shear strength for rectangular sections of width 1 or by, from 250 to 810 mm and thickness from 250 to 1220 mm. tis assumed that depth dis 65 mm less than thick- ness for fi < 750 mm, but that larger longitudinal bars would make d = hk—75 mim for deeper beams, Table 2a) gives values Kj. =,/(F; 28) to be used as modi- fiors of Kp When members are made with concrete strength different from f= 28 MPa. In conjunction with requieed stirrups, the nominal shear strength of concrete V_= Kk ‘Table 2(6) gives values K,, for determining nominal stirrup strength V, = K,,(4,/5). ‘Table 2(c) gives values K,- in KN. K,: isthe shear strength of concrete when required stirrups are used in members made with {: = 28 MPa conerete. ‘The nominal strength ofa rectangular section is the sum of concrete strength Vand reinforcement strength V, to give V, = Vil = KyKre* KysAds). Shear 316 @ design aid for use when Grade 420 stirrups larger than No. 16 are used and sections must be deep ‘enough for tension strength bar development of larger sti- rups or closed ties. Required thickness of section values are tabulated for concrete strengths from 21 to 70 MPa and for No. 19, No. 21, and No, 25 straps. ACI 318M-05, Section 11.5.2 limits the yield strength of reinforcement bar sirup to no more than 420 MPa. Section 1156.3 sts lower limits on the amount of shear reinforcement used when such reinforcements required for strength. These limits can prevent stops from yielding upon shear crack formation. The limit of A, must exceed 0.062,ff bly > 035b, ff. The first quanity governs ‘when jis greater than 31 MPa Shear reinforcement design includes the selection of stirup size and sirup spacing long the bear. Design aids Shear 4.1 and Shear 4.2 give srength values V, of No. 10 U-stiups and No. 13 Ucstirups (two vertical legs) as shear reinforeementabulate for depth vals d from 20010 1000 mm snd stimup spacing + from 50 mm to maximum spacing 42. Each cbs lists the maximum ection wid for which each stimup size can be used without violating the required minimum shear reinforeement Shear 4.1 applies for Grade 280 stirs, and Shear 4.2 applies for Grade 420 stimups. 2.4—Shear strength of two-way slabs Loads applied toa relatively small slab area create shear stress perpendicular to the edges of the load area, Columns that suppor flat plate slabs and columns supported by footings are the most eoramon examples. Section 11.12.21 provides expressions for determining shear strength in such condi- tions for which shear failure is assumed to occur near the column face(s). Failure is assumed to occur on the prism face(s) located at a distance of d2 from each column Face. “The prism perimeter &, multiplied by the slab depth d is taken as the aren ofthe failure surface, “Three expressions ate given for computing a critical stress on the failure surface. A coefficient , is used to accommo- date columns in different locations: + a, =40 for interior columns; + 0, =30 for edge columns; and + a, =20 for comer columns. ‘The critical (failure) stress may be taken as the east value of either 0.33.72, 0.171 + 2B). , or 0.083(0,Ib, + 2) ffz » The quantity Bis the ratio of long side to shor side of the column, The frst expression governs for centrally loaded footings and for interior columns unless the ratio B exceeds or the quantity 40d, is ess than 2, Shear strength at edge columns and comer columns that support flat plates rust be adequate forthe diect force atthe column and for additional shear forces associated with moment transfer at such columas. Diagrams for the prism at slab sections for columns are shown with Shear Examples 5, 7, and 8. Design aid Shea 5.1 gives shear strength values of two- ‘way slabs at columns as Timed by potential failure around the column perimeter. ‘Table 5.1(a) gives values of Kas a function of sab d and column size band h ‘Table 5.1(b) gives values ofthe shear stress factor K2 as a function of the ratio B, between the longer side and the shorter side of rectangular column sections,DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3184-05, a Definitions Aco = Ay = gross area enclosed by shear flow path. ‘Ay = area enclosed by centerline of closed tie. Pe) = outside perimeter of concrete section. Py = perimeter of centerline of closed tie. Aw rea enclosed by outside perimeter of section. Gor 1 bey Hl Po Closed ev 1 As Aor heh Pos = 2(by +) ' 1 I Aqr=(h~ 90)(bu- 90) py = 2I(b- 90) + (h- 90)] es Ag = 0.85Acy Multiple rectangles Fig. 2.3—Torsion strength definitions of seetion properties. ‘Table 5.1() gives values of nominal strength Ve as function of the product K1X2 and the nominal compressive strength of slab concrete Design aid Shear 5.2 is similar to Shear 5.1 for determining slab shear strength at round columns. For round columns, there is no influence of an aspect ratio as for rectangular ccolumns, and the design aid is less complex. Table 5.2(a) gives, for slab d and column diameter hi, values ofa shape parameter K3 in mnt ‘Table 5.2(b) gives, for K3 and slab concrete f' the value of nominal shear strength Vin kN. 2.5—Shear strength with torsion and flexure ‘Torsion or twisting of a beam creates shear stress that is greatest at the section perimeter. The shear stress due 10 torsion adds to shear stress by flexure on one vertical face, ‘but subiracts from shear stress by flexure on the opposite vertical face. Shear stress due to torsion is minimal near the section center. Section 11.6 provides empirical expressions for torsion strength. It is assumed that stress oceurs only around the section perimeter, and no torsion resistance is attributed to conerete. Refer to Fig. 2.3 for the definitions of section properties. Conerete beams properly reinforced for torsion are ductile ‘and continue to twist without failure after reinforcement yields. For indeterminate beams, Section 11.6.2.2 permits lesign for the torsion force that causes cracking. A member js determinate when torsion forces can be determined from statis equations without considering compatibility relation- ships in the structural analysis. A member is indeterminate when torsion forces are estimated with consideration of compatibility conditions, that is, there exists more than one Toad path for resisting torsion, Figure 2.4 shows two conditions of a spandrel beam supporting a brick ledge. In the upper sketch, the determinate beam must transfer the eccentric load ‘on the ledge to columns only through the torsion ofthe beam. In ‘contrast, the indeterminate beam in the lower sketch supports a slab that extends outward to receive the eccentric oad on the Tedge. The eccentric load can be transferred to columns by torsion of the beam and flexure of the cantilevered slab. Compute eracking torque T;, without consideration of torsion reinforcement. Tog = 0.33 (A Pep 2) ‘Torques smaller than 1/4 of the cracking torque T., will not cause a structurally significant reduction in the shear32 [AGI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-1711(08) strength by bending or by torsion and can be ignored. An upper limit to the torque resistance of concrete functioning as ‘compression struts is taken from ACL 318M-05, Eq, (11-18) as T, 90.0832(4,4)° JEP, (2-3) Torsion reinforcement requires closed ties and longitu- inal bars located in the section periphery. With torsion cracks assumed at an angle @ from the member axis, torsion strength from closed ties is computed as Ty= CAA hn cO10V5 4) ‘The angle @ must be greater than 30 degrees and less than 60 degrees. This chapter uses @ = 45 degrees for design aids. Solid concrete seetions must be large enough to resist flex tural shear V,, and torsion shear 7, within the upper established for each. ACI 318M, Eq. (11-18) gives AVIO.DF + Tal TARY S1V-/0.d) +066.) (2-5) In addition, ACI 318M, Eq. (11-22) requires that longitu- inal bars with an area A, be placed around the periphery of sections. Ap= Apps (2-6) Longitudinal spacing of transverse closed ties must be no greater than p),/200, or 300 mm. The spacing between longi- tudinal bars in the periphery of sections must be no greater than 300 mim, Where torsion reinforcement is required, the area fof two leas of a closed te (A, + 24,) must be greater than 0,062(b,,slf.) Jf but not be less than 0.35b,, sl, Design aid’ Shear 6.1 displays eritical worsion strength values for rectangular seetions made with concrete strength Je =28 MPa, When concrete strength f! is different from ‘28 MPa, multiply the torque values 7, from Table 6.1(a) and T,, from Table 6.1(b) with the corresponding correction factor Kj from Table 22) DETERMINATE TORSION S INDETERMINATE TORSION Fig. 2.4—Determinate torsion versus indeterminate torsion. Table 6.1(a) gives values of K,, the maximum torque fT ‘a section can resist as a function of section thickness fr and ‘width &, Assume that the distance from section surface tothe center of closed tes is 45 mm, ‘Table 6.1(b) gives values Ky of torque T, that will cause sections to crack as a function of section dimensions 6 anh Design aid Shear 6.2 can be used to determine the torsion strength of closed ties. Numbers K,, for width b and thick- ness it in the charts are muiplied by the ratio between tie area A, and tie spacing s to compute the nominal torque 7, resisted by elosed ties. The distance from section surface to tie centerline is 45 mm. Table 6.2(a) applies for Grade 280 ties. Table 6.2(b) applies for Grade 420 tesDESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 3164-05 2.6—Shear design examples Shear Example 1: Determine stirrups required for simply supported beam Determine the required shear V, for which this beam should be designed. Use the simplified method provided in ACI 318M-05, Section 11.3.1-1 to determine the strength ¢V¢ with normalweight concrete, When stirrups are needed, specify the spacing from support face to the No. 10 U-stirrups that may be required. 2040 mm 350mm 495 mm (taken as hr ~65 mm) 360 mm 6.1m 21 MPa four No. 25 longitudinal bars) Live load = 22 kN/m ‘Superimposed dead load = 20.4 kN/m Stirups are Grade 420 (J, 420 MPa) ACISISMAOS section Procedure Calculation Design aid O21 Step I Determine factored (required) load w, ‘Compute beam weight, ‘Compute total dead load = beam ‘self-weight + superimposed DL. Compute w= 12D + 1.6L, DL=47+204=25.1 kNim Thiat Step 2—Determine Vat distance d from face of suppor. Compute Vy = wlG/2—d) Vg=(65.3 KNim)(6.1 mv/2— 495 mm x 10°) = 166.8 KN Tat Step 3—Determine the strength of concrete in shear V_ using the simpli- fied method. Compute V;=0.17( ff Youd. Alierate procedure using design ads: with find Ve= Kye Kye Compute Ve= Ke Koc 17(.{21 MPa)350 mm(495 mm) 135,000 N = 135 kN For) =21 MPa, Kj =0.866 For b= 350 mm and f= 560 mm, Ky. = 153 kN (0,866}(153) = 132.5 kN Shear 2 Table 2a) Table 2c) Step FAV, > O58V,, straps are required Compute 0.56V,- Compare V, and 0.56¥. 5(0.75)132.5 KN Vi, 132.5 KN > 49.7 KN; stirrups are required ‘Step 5—Compute Vainas = Vil — Ve (66.8 KN/O.75 — 132.5 KN= 89.9 EN ‘Step 6—Note that sect enough if V,-<4V.. Section size is adequate. is large Vg = 4132.5) = 530 KN > Vg = 89.9 KN S72 nss ‘Step 7—Deiermine stirrup spacing for maximum V,= 89.9 kN Compute A, for No. 10 U-stirrup Compute s= A, fy dl, ‘Maximum spacing = a2 ‘Alternate procedure using design aids: No. 10 Grade 420 stirrups and 5 = 230 mm 035, byS must equal 737 mm ‘Two legs give Ay.=2(1 mm?) = 142 mm? = (142 mm?)(420 MPay(495 mm) x 10-/89.9 kN = 328 mm Maximum s = 495 mm/2 = 247 mm; use s: Shear strength V, = 128.4 KN 130 mm Ayhy? O3Sby5 Shear 4.2 ‘Table 4.2(a)34 [ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK—SP-17(09) T1363] Sip Determine minimum required shear reinforcement. Us Avywor> Avni? > Aen Avomin = 0.062 ff 170960. f75(3500(230) «63 ayn? <4, = M2 mm? ee emi 0062 (28 FENCED) 3 an? Ay = 2 but not Less than 225% .75€035135010230) 303 mm?< M2 mm? OK T1561 | Step5-—Determine postion beyond ‘which no stirrups are required. No stirrups required if V, < 0.56V.. With zero shear at midspan, the distance = from midspan to V, = 0.5¥, becomes ¢= O.5HVdiy Stirrups are required in the space (8000-762) =2238 mm from face of each support. Compute in mm. Begin with a half space = 100 mm and compute n= number of stirrup spaces required. '(0.75)132.5 KN/65.2 kN/m x 103 = 762 mm. Use ten No, 10 U-stirups spaced at 230 mm starting 100 mm from each support