Linear Algebra

June 9, 2020

1. Find the inverse of A by the Gauss-Jordan Method.

 
1 0 0 0
 
1/4 1 0
 0 
A= 
1/3 1/3 1 0
 
1/2 1/2 1/2 1

2. (20%) Consider the following system of equations Ax = b.

 
  x1      
1 3 1 2   1 1 3 1 2 1
  x2 
      
2 6 4 8    = 3 where A = 2 6 4 8 and b= 
       3
x3 
0 0 2 4 1 0 0 2 4 1
x3

(a) What is the rank of the coefficient matrix A? Explain your answer.

(b) Determine the particular and homogeneous solutions.

3. If A is a unitary matrix, prove that the determinant of A has absolute value 1.

4. The system of differential equations for the current i2 (t) and i3 (t) in the electrical network is
      
i
d  2  −R /L −R /L i E/L
=
1 1 1 1
  2 +  1

dt i3 −R1 /L2 −(R1 + R2 )/L2 i3 E/L2

Solve the system if R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, L1 = 1h, L2 = 1h, E = 60V , i2 (0) = 0, and i3 (0) = 0.

5. (a) Please find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix A

 
2 2
A= 
1 3

(b) Set X = [x1 , x2 ], which is the matrix with a basis of eigenvectors of A(x1 and x2 ) as column
vectors. What is its inverse X−1 .

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 (c) Please solve the following differential equations. Both y1 and y2 are only functions of t.

y1′ = 2y1 + 2y2

3
y2′ = y1 + 3y2 +
2
The initial conditions are

y1 (0) = 0
3
y2 (0) = −
4
     
y1 z1 λ1 0
(Hint: you may set   = X   and try to solve z first. In addition, X−1 AX =  ,
y2 z2 0 λ2
where λ1 , λ2 are eigenvalues of A.

6. Find all eigenvalues of  

4 0 1
 
A=
−2 1 0 

−2 0 1

7. Find the general solution to the following linear system of equations.

x2 + 2x3 = 0
4x1 + 5x2 + 6x3 = 0
8x1 + 9x2 + 10x3 = 0

8. Supply a first column so that the matrix is orthogonal.

 √ √ 
⃝ −1/ 2 1/ 3
 √ 
⃝ 0 1/ 3
 
√ √
⃝ 1/ 2 1/ 3
   
1 −1 cos t t
9. Solve X′ =  X +   e by variation of parameters.
1 1 sin t

(a) Find the fundamental matrix Φ(t).

(b) Solve the general solution of X(t).

10. Let A = [ajk ] be a given square n-rowed matrix and x ̸= 0 be a non-zero vector.

(a) Write out the relationship so that x is an eigenvector of A, and a number λ is its corresponding
eigenvalue.

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 (b) Given an example on the applications of eigenvector and eigenvalue used in mechanical engi-
neering.

(c) Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

 
5 2 2
 
A= 3 6 3 
6 6 9

11. (a) Show that whether or not the following matrix is orthogonal:
 
1 0 0
 
0 0 −1
 
0 1 0

(b) Prove that if Q is orthogonal, then so is both QT and Q−1 .

12. Apply linear algebraic method (e.g., method of diagonalization) to obtain the general solution of the
following system of differential equations:

x′′ = 2x + 4y
y ′′ = x − y

13. Please derive the inverse of a square matrix A which is expressed as follows. It is noted that
determinant A ̸= 0.  
a11 a12
A= 
a21 a22

14. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

 
−3 0 4 2
 
0 1 −2 4
 
 
2 4 −1 −2
 
0 2 −2 3
 
3 2
15. Given A =   find A301 using a proper similarity transformation.
2 3

16. Solve the following equation in t-domain (i.e., using mode-superposition method).
       
1 0 ẍ 5 −2 x1 sin ωt
   1 +    =  
0 1 ẍ2 −2 2 x2 0

Assume zero initial conditions.

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17. Find the general solution for the systems of differential equations.

y1′ = 2y1 + 2y2 + 12

y2′ = 5y1 − y2 − 30

 
2 −1 5 0
 
3 0 −2 0
 
18. For matrix A =  
1 4 0 0
 
0 0 0 2

(a) det A=?

(b) What is the rank of A?

(c) What is the inverse of A?

19. Let A be a symmetric matrix with real entries. Show that the eigenvalues of A are real.

20. (a) Prove that the eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix are real.

(b) Prove that the product of two unitary matrices is unitary.

(c) Prove that the main diagonal elements of a hermitian matrix must be real.

21. Solve the following system of differential equations

        
x 2 −1 −1 x x(0) 1
d     
y  = −1 2 −1 y  ,
   
y(0) = 1
dt         
z −1 −1 2 z z(0) 1

22. Let A be an n × n matrix with eigenvalues λ1 , · · · , λn . Prove that

(a) A−1 has eigenvalues 1/λ1 , · · · , 1/λn .

(b) Am (m = 1, 2, · · · ) has eigenvalues λm

1 , · · · , λn .
m

(c) A − kI has eigenvalues λ1 − k, · · · , λn − k.

23. Find the inverse of matrix A, if it exists.

 
0 1 2
 
A=
1 0 3

4 −3 8

24. Diagonalize the matrices if possible A = PDP−1 for some invertible matrix P and some diagonal
matrix D.

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  
2 2 1
 
(a) 
1 3 1 

1 2 2
 
2 4 3
 
(b) 
−4 −6 −3

3 3 1
 
5 3
25. For a matrix A =  
3 5

(a) Find a nonsingular matrix Q, let D = Q−1 AQ be a diagonal matrix.

(b) Find the inverse of A−1 .

    
y1 5 3 x
(c)   =    1 . If x21 + x22 = 1, find the maximal and minimal values of y12 + y22 .
y2 3 5 x2