APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Physical Chemistry I Experiment, which entitle

“System of Three Component Phase Diagram Ternary System“ arranged by:
name : Rafidah Amalia Syahrani
ID : 1813441001
class/group : ICP of Chemistry Education/ II
it has been checked well by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was
accepted.
Makassar, April 2021
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Putri Sarimurti Putri Sarimurti

ID. 1613142009 ID.1613142009

Known by,
Responsibility Lecture

Diana Eka Pratiwi, S.Si, M.Si

ID. 19800614200801 2 016
A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
The three-component system of ternary phase diagram

B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
1. Describe the ternary system phase diagram. The ternary system in question
is a system that forms a pair of liquid which is partially mixed which is a
mixture of chloroform-water and acetic acid.
2. Pay attention to or determine the location of the "Pleit point" or the
intertwining point on the phase diagram.

C. LITERATURE REVIEW
The word phase is derived from the Greek, meaning appearance. If a
system is “unfirom throughout, not only in chemical composition, but also in
physical state,” it is said to be homogeneous, or to consist of only one phase.
Examples are a volume of air, a noggin of rum, or a cake of ice. More different in
shape or in degree of subdivision is not enough to determine a new phase. Thus a
mass of cracked ice is still only one phase. A system consisting of more than one
phase is called heterogeneous. Each physically or chemically different,
homogeneous, and mechanically separable part of a system constitutes a distinct
phase. Thus water with cracked ice in it is a two phase system. The contents of a
flask pf liquid benzene in contact with benzene vapor and air is a two phase
system; if we add a spoonful of sugar (practically insoluble in benzene) we obtain
a thee phase system: a solid, a liquid, and a vapor phase (Moore, 1962:95).
A phase of a substance is a form of matter that is uniform throughout in
chemical composition and physical state. Thus, we speak of solid, liquid, and gas
phases of a substance, and of its various solid phases, such as the white and black
allotropes of phosphorus. A phase transition, the spontaneous conversion of one
phase into another phase, occurs at a characteristic temperature for a given
pressure. Thus, at 1 atm, ice is the stable phase of water below 0°C, but above 0°C
liquid water is more stable. This difference indicates that below 0°C the Gibbs
energy decreases as liquid water changes into ice and that above 0°C the Gibbs
energy decreases as ice changes into liquid water. The transition temperature, T trs,
is the temperature at which the two phases are in equilibrium and the Gibbs
energy is minimized at the prevailing pressure (Atkins, 2005: 117).
Phase equilibrium describes the way phases (such as solid, liquid and/or
gas) co-exist at some temperatures and pressure, but interchange at others. First,
the criteria for phase equilibria are discussed in terms of single-component
systems. Then, when the ground rules are in place, multi-component systems are
discussed in terms of partition, distillation and mixing. The chapter also outlines
the criteria for equilibrium in terms of the Gibbs function and chemical potential,
together with the criteria for spontaneity (Monk, 2004: 177).
The phase diagram is a guide in determining the composition of the alloy
in terms of its transition temperature. The phase diagram also gives an indication
of the areas where the alloy will be thermodynamically stable, so it can be
predicted whether the alloy formed will remain stable at a certain temperature and
over a long period of time. In fact, the result of the alloy that is made will be much
different from the phase diagram, because what is often encountered is a state that
does not match the equation that should be. The alloy results can occur in several
conditions, namely: (1) stable, namely when the object is at the lowest energy
state; (2) metastable, namely a state where more energy is needed in order to reach
a stable state; (3) unstable, this state will stabilize by itself without having to be
given additional energy (Salati, 2014: 138).
The liquid–vapour boundary in the phase diagram summarizes how the
vapour pressure of liquid water varies with temperature. It also summarizes how
the boiling temperature varies with pressure: we simply read off the temperature
at which the vapour pressure is equal to the prevailing atmospheric pressure. The
solid–liquid boundary shows how the melting temperature varies with the
pressure. Its very steep slope indicates that enormous pressures are needed to
bring about significant changes. Notice that the line has a negative slope up to 2
kbar, which means that the melting temperature falls as the pressure is raised. The
reason for this almost unique behaviour can be traced to the decrease in volume
that occurs on melting, and hence it being more favourable for the solid to system
transform into the liquid as the pressure is raised (Atkins and Paula, 2005: 120).
The ternary system is a system that forms a pair of mixed liquids, for
example a mixture of chloroform-water and acetic acid with a diagram

Acetic acid prefers water compared to chloroform because of it, the increase in the
solubility of chloroform in water is faster than the water solubility in chloroform.
Further addition of acetic acid will bring the system into motion to a single phase
area. When the composition reaches a certain point, there are still two layers.
After the addition of acetic acid is continued, one day the solution will become
one phase, namely at point P. Point P is called the "pleit point", which is a kind of
critical point (Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, 2019: 13-15).
Aqueous from the extraction is sulfate solution so it must be converted to
nitrate solution agar can be extracted with TBP. The extracted raffinate is
precipitated first first at a pH of 6.3 for 1 hour. Precipitation at this pH aims to
minimize rare earth metals Based on the deposition obtained sediment recovery
for element Th is 98.73%, RE2O3 65.73%, and U was not detected. The
precipitate was dissolved with 5 N HNO3 with Th 54.22% recovery and 74.63%
RE2O3 (Ferliana, Wasito, and Prassanti, 2016)
Based on its behavior at 1350°C, it is inferred that P does not have
detectable binary or ternary solubility at 1250°C. TEM/EDX results from samples
6 and 7, marked in Fig. 10(a), indicate that h is present in both and has a
maximum ZrO2 solubility of at least ∼5.5% along a line of approximately
constant YO1.5 concentration. The binary solubility of h is adopted from [24], as
both samples 6 and 7 give h phases within the ternary. High aspect-ratio grains,
which are characteristic of h are observed with the lightest contrast in the BSE
images of samples 6 and 7. XRD patterns of sample 6 indicate that M’ and h are
present after heat treatment at 1250°C while M and P are observed after
1500°C (Macauley et al, 2018: 6).
The phase diagram of a substance shows the regions of pressure and
temperature at which its various phases are thermodynamically stable (Fig. 4.1).
The lines separating the regions, which are called phase boundaries, show the
values of p and T at which two phases coexist in equilibrium. Consider a liquid
sample of a pure substance in a closed vessel. The pressure of a vapour in
equilibrium with the liquid is called the vapour pressure of the substance.
Therefore, the liquid–vapour phase boundary in a phase diagram shows how the
vapour pressure of the liquid varies with temperature. Similarly, the solid– vapour
phase boundary shows the temperature variation of the sublimation vapour
pressure, the vapour of the solid phase. The vapour pressure of a substance
increases with temperature because at higher temperatures more molecules have
sufficient energy to escape from their neighbor (Atkins and Paula, 2005: 118).
A phase diagram is a graph showing values of applied pressure and
temperature at which equilibrium exists. The point where the three lines join is
called the triple point. The triple point on a phase diagram represents the value of
pressure and temperature at which three phases coexist at equilibrium. The triple
point for water occurs at T =273.16 K (i.e. at 0.01 ◦C) and p =610 Pa (0.006p). We
will discuss the critical point later. Only a single phase is stable if the applied
pressure and temperature do not lie on a phase boundary, i.e. in one of the areas
between the phase boundaries because three phases coexist at this single value of
p and T. For example, common sense tells is that on a warm and sunny summer’s
day, and at normal pressure, the only stable phase of H 2O is liquid water. These
conditions of p and T are indicated on the figure as point ‘D’ (Monk, 2004: 179).
Water (dipole moment 1.87 D) and acid acetate (dipole moment 1.74 D)
has very high polarity when compared to chloroform (moment dipole 1.01 D).
The interactions that form on between water molecules are hydrogen bonds.
Likewise, the interactions that take place on between acetic acid molecules are
bonds hydrogen which further forms a dimer. Meanwhile, between the chloroform
molecules the interaction occurs through van der Waals forces (permanent
dipoles). Molecularly, hydrogen bonds are stronger when compared to the dipole-
dipole style permanent. The solubility curves of all three substances are resulting
in a more one-sided lean (no symmetrical). This happens because of differences
polarity. Water and acetic acid have value dipole moment not much different
whereas acetic acid and chloroform has a distant dipole moment value different.
As a result, more acetic acid soluble in water by comparison in chloroform. This
is indicated by the solubility curves of all three substances that are not
symmetrical, leaning more to the right (Albaiti, 2016: 117-118).
According to Sun, (2018:313-314), a ternary mixture of CaCl 2·6H2O,
NH4Cl and SrCl2·6H2O was explored as a PCM for used in building applications.
The ternary mixture was compounded with EP and EG to prepare two composites,
respectively. The thermal performances of two composite phase change panels
installed in building envelope and ventilation system were investigated
experimentally. Based on the experimental data, the key findings can be
concluded as follows:
1. With the increase of the NH4Cl content, the melting point of CaCl2·6H2O
decreases gradually. When the NH4Cl content increases from 0 wt% to 5 wt%,
the melting enthalpy of CaCl2·6H2O – NH4Cl mixture has a slight decrease (△H,
max = 7.5 kJ/kg). The ternary mixture with 95 wt% CaCl2·6H2O, 4 wt% NH4Cl
and 1 wt% SrCl2·6H2O has a melting point of 23.46 °C and a high melting
enthalpy of 173.2 kJ/kg.
2. The TM/EP cPCM containing 55 wt% TM exhibits a melting point of 22.98 °C,
a latent heat of 95.2 kJ/kg and a low thermal conductivity of 0.1170 W/(m·K),
showing excellent thermal insulation properties for building envelopes.
3. In addition to the suitable melting point of 22.86 °C and high latent heat of
134.0 kJ/kg, the high thermal conductivity of 9.720 W/ (m·K) makes TM/EG
cPCM more potential for application in building ventilation systems.
Titrimetric analysis methods utilize solution chemistry heavily, and
therefore it should not be surprising that volumes of solutions are prepared,
measured, transferred, and analyzed frequently in this type of analysis. In fact,
titrimetric analysis is often referred to as volumetric analysis for that reason.
Solution reaction stoichiometry lies at the heart of the methods. Thus, methods of
solution preparation, methods of measuring and transferring liquid volumes, and
methods of utilizing solution reaction stoichiometry in analyzing solutions are all
topics with which we will be concerned in our discussion of titrimetric analysis. A
standard solution is a solution that has a concentration of solute known to some
high degree of precision, such as a molarity known to four decimal places. For
example, a solution of HCl with a concentration of 0.1025 M is a standard
solution of HCl. The concentration can be known, in some cases, directly through
the preparation of this solution. It may become known by performing an
experiment (Kenkel, 2003: 65).
One application of the ternary system diagram in the Intermetallic
Compound is the addition of the aluminum composition to the properties of the
Fe-Ni-Al alloy. The heat treatment process is carried out to produce a phase
according to the Terner diagram, which is at a temperature of 9500 ° C. This
process is carried out in order to produce a uniform temperature in the specimen.
If the resulting temperature is uneven, one part of the specimen will expand faster
than the other, causing distortion or cracking. In order to obtain even results,
heating is done by adjusting the heating rate so that it is not too fast. The choice of
this composition can be seen from the Terner diagram at 9500 ° C with certain Fe
and Ni compositions, it remains only to determine the aluminum composition.
After obtaining the desired composition, it is converted into the actual mass of the
metal to be smelted (Salati, 2014: 138-140).

D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1. Apparatus
a. Analytical balance (1 piece)
b. Beaker glass 200 mL (1 piece)
c. Burette 50 mL (2 pieces)
d. Clamp (2 pieces)
e. Drop pipette (3 pieces)
f. Erlenmeyer flask 250 mL (5 pieces)
 g. Funnel (1 piece)
h. Graduated cylinder 10 mL (1 piece)
i. Pycnometer50 mL (2 pieces)
j. Rough cloth (1 piece)
k. Stative and clamp (1 piece)
l. Smooth cloth (1 piece)
m. Spray bottle (1 piece)
n. Stir bar (1 piece)
2. Chemicals
a. Acetic Acid Glacial (CH3COOH)
b. Aquadest (H2O)
c. Chloroform (CHCl3)
d. Labels
e. Tissue

E. WORK PROCEDURE
1. As much as 2 pieces of pycnometer was washed.
2. Each piece of pycnometer was dried carefully. After that, the empty
pycnometers was weighted.
3. The mass of pycnometers was noted.
4. Each piece of pycnometer 50 mL was filled with H 2O and CH3COOH
glacial.
5. Each piece of pycnometer that filled by H 2O and CH3COOH glacial was
weighted again. Then, the mass of each pycnometer was noted.
6. Step 1-5 was repeated for the pycnometer that filled with CHCl3.
7. The density of each liquid was calculated.
8. As much as 2 pieces of burette 50 mL were prepared.
9. Each piece of burette 50 mL was filled with H2O and CH3COOH glacial.
10. As much as 5 pieces of Erlenmeyer flask were prepared.
11. Every piece of Erlenmeyer flask was filled with CHCl 3 by 1.5 mL, 2 mL,
2.5 mL, 3 mL, and 3.5 mL.
 12. This activities was did one by one for every volume of CHCl3.
13. As much as 2.5 mL of H2O were inserted into Erlenmeyer flask that filled
1.5 mL of CHCl3.
14. The mixture solution was titrated with CH3COOH glacial until formed
one phase of solution (homogeneous solution).
15. This activities was repeated for Erlenmeyer flask that filled 2 mL of
CHCl3 and so on.
16. Diagram of ternary phase was maked by the calculation of P
composition.

F. OBSERVATION RESULT
Liquid Mass of Mass of Volume of Density
empty pycnometer + solution
pycnometer solution
Chloroform 30.573 gr 80.600 gr 50 mL 1.0 g/mL
Aquadest 30.575 gr 104.573 gr 50 mL 1.47 g/mL
Acetic Acid 31.193 gr 83.099 gr 50 mL 1.023 g/mL
Glacial

Volume solute (mL)

Liquid I II III IV V
Chloroform 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Aquadest 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Acetic Acid Glacial 3.1 4.5 4,9 7 6

G. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Titration I
Known:
Volume CHCL3 = 1.5 mL
Volume H2O = 2.5 mL
Volume CH3COOH = 3.1 mL
ρCHCl3 = 1,47 gr/mL
ρH2O = 1 gr/mL
ρCH3COOH = 1.023 gr/mL
 Mr CHCL3 = 119,5 gr/mol
Mr H2O = 18 gr/mol
Mr CH3COOH = 60 gr/mol
Asked : a. X CHCl3
b. X H2O
c. X CH3COOH
Solution :
a. m CHCl3 = V CHCl3 × ρCHCl3
= 1.5 mL × 1,47 gr/mL
= 2,205 gr
mCHCl 3
n CHCl3 =
Mr CHCl 3
2,205 gr
=
119,5 g /mol
= 0,019 mol
b. m H2O = V H2O × ρH2O
= 2.5 mL×1 gr /mL
= 2.5 gr
mH2O
n H2O =
Mr H 2 O
2.5 gr
=
18 gr /mol
= 0,139 mol
c. m CH3COOH = V CH3COOH × ρCH3COOH
= 3.1 mL × 1,023 gr/mL
= 3,17 gr
mCH 3 COOH
n CH3COOH =
Mr CH 3 COOH

3,17 gr
=
60 gr /mol

= 0,052 mol
n total = n CHCL3 + n H2O + n CH3COOH
= 0,019 mol + 0,139 mol + 0,052 mol
= 0, 21 mol
So the value of X are:
n
a. X CHCL3 =
n total
0 , 019 mol
=
0 , 21mol
= 0,091
n
b. X H2O =
n total
0,139 mol
=
0 , 21mol
= 0,662 mol
n
c. X CH3COOH =
n total
0,052mol
=
0 , 21mol
= 0,247 mol
2. Titration II
Known: Volume CHCL3 = 2 mL
Volume H2O = 2.5 mL
Volume CH3COOH = 4.5 mL
ρCHCl3 = 1,47 gr/mL
ρH2O = 1,00 gr/mL
ρCH3COOH = 1,023 gr/mL
Mr CHCl3 = 119,5 gr/mol
Mr H2O = 18 gr/mol
Mr CH3COOH = 60 gr/mol
Asked : a. X CHCL3
b. X H2O
c. X CH3COOH
Solution :
a. m CHCL3 = V CHCl3 × ρCHCl3
= 2 mL ×1,47 gr/mL
= 2.94 gr

mCHCl 3
n CHCl3 =
Mr CHCl 3

2,94 gr
=
119,5 gr /mol
= 0,025 mol
b. m H2O = V H2O × ρH2O
= 2.5 mL × 1 gr/mL
= 2.5 gr

mH2O
n H2O =
Mr H 2 O

2.5 gr
=
18 gr /mol
= 0.139 mol

c. m CH3COOH = V CH3COOH × ρCH3COOH

= 4.5 mL × 1.023 gr/mL
= 4,604 gr

mCH 3 COOH
n CH3COOH =
Mr CH 3 COOH

4.604 gr
=
60 gr /mol
= 0,076 mol

n total = n CHCL3 + n H2O + n CH3COOH

= 0,025 mol + 0,139 mol + 0,076 mol
= 0,24 mol
So the value of X are:
 n
a. X CHCL3 =
n total
0,025 mol
=
0,24 mol
= 0,105 mol
n
b. X H2O =
n total
0,139 mol
=
0,24 mol
= 0,580 mol
n
c. X CH3COOH =
n total
0,076 mol
=
0,24 mol
= 0,317 mol
3. Titration III
Known:
Volume CHCl3 = 2.5 mL
Volume H2O = 2.5 mL
Volume CH3COOH = 4,9 mL
ρCHCl3 = 1,47 gr/mL
ρH2O = 1,00 gr/mL
ρCH3COOH = 1,023 gr/mL
Mr CHCl3 = 119,5 gr/mol
Mr H2O = 18 gr/mol
Mr CH3COOH = 60 gr/mol
Asked : a. X CHCl3
b. X H2O
c. X CH3COOH
Solution :
a. m CHCl3 = V CHCl3 × ρCHCl3
= 2.5 mL × 1,47 gr/mL
= 3.675 gr
 mCHCl 3
n CHCl3 =
Mr CHCl 3
3.675 gr
=
119,5 gr /mol
= 0,031 mol
b. m H2O = V H2O × ρH2O
= 2.5 mL × 1 gr/mL
= 2.5 gr

mH2O
n H2O =
Mr H 2 O
2.5 gr
=
18 gr /mol
= 0,139 mol
c. m CH3COOH = V CH3COOH × ρCH3COOH
= 4.9 mL × 1,023 gr/mL
= 5,013 gr
mCH 3 COOH
n CH3COOH =
Mr CH 3 COOH
5,013 gr
=
60 gr /mol
= 0,084 mol
n total = n CHCL3 + n H2O + n CH3COOH
= 0,031 mol + 0,139 mol + 0,084 mol
= 0,254 mol
So, the value of X are:
n
a. X CHCL3 =
n total
0,031 mol
=
0,254 mol
= 0,123 mol
n
b. X H2O =
n total
 0,139 mol
=
0,254 mol
= 0,548 mol
n
c. X CH3COOH =
n total
0,084 mol
=
0,254 mol
= 0,330 mol
4. Titration IV
Known: Volume CHCl3 = 3 mL
Volume H2O = 2.5 mL
Volume CH3COOH = 7 mL
ρCHCl3 = 1,47 gr/mL
ρH2O = 1,00 gr/mL
ρCH3COOH = 1,023 gr/mL
Mr CHCl3 = 119,5 gr/mol
Mr H2O = 18 gr/mol
Mr CH3COOH = 60 gr/mol
Asked : a. X CHCl3
b. X H2O
c. X CH3COOH
Solution :
a. m CHCl3 = V CHCl3 × ρCHCl3
= 3 mL × 1,47 gr/mL
= 4.41 gr
mCHCl 3
n CHCl3 =
Mr CHCl 3
4,41 gr
=
119,5 gr /mol
= 0,037 mol
b. m H2O = V H2O × ρH2O
= 2.5 mL × 1 gr/mL
 = 2.5 gr
mH2O
n H2O =
Mr H 2 O
2.5 gr
=
18 gr /mol
= 0.139 mol

c. m CH3COOH = V CH3COOH × ρCH3COOH

= 7 mL × 1,023 gr/mL
= 7.161 gr

mCH 3 COOH
n CH3COOH =
Mr CH 3 COOH

7,161 gr
=
60 gr /mol
= 0,120 mol

n total = n CHCL3 + n H2O + n CH3COOH

= 0,037 mol + 0,139 mol + 0,120 mol
= 0,296 mol
So, the value of X are:
n
a. X CHCL3 =
n total
0,037 mol
=
0,296 mol
= 0,125 mol
n
b. X H2O =
n total
0,139 mol
=
0,296 mol
= 0,470 mol
n
c. X CH3COOH =
n total
0,120 mol
=
0,296 mol
 = 0,405 mol
5. Titrasi V
Known: Volume CHCl3 = 3.5 mL
Volume H2O = 2.5 mL
Volume CH3COOH = 6 mL
ρCHCl3 = 1,47 gr/mL
ρH2O = 1,00 gr/mL
ρCH3COOH = 1,023 gr/mL
Mr CHCl3 = 119,5 gr/mol
Mr H2O = 18 gr/mol
Mr CH3COOH = 60 gr/mol
Asked : a. X CHCl3
b. X H2O
c. X CH3COOH
Solution :
a. m CHCl3 = V CHCl3 × ρCHCl3
= 3.5 mL × 1,47 gr/mL
= 5.145 gr
mCHCl 3
n CHCl3 =
Mr CHCl 3
5.145 gr
=
119,5 gr /mol
= 0,043 mol
b. m H2O = V H2O × ρH2O
= 2.5 mL × 1 gr/mL
= 2.5 gr
mH2O
n H2O =
Mr H 2 O
2.5 gr
=
18 gr /mol
= 0.139 mol
m CH3COOH = V CH3COOH × ρCH3COOH
 = 6 mL × 1,023 gr/mL
= 6.138 gr
mCH 3 COOH
n CH3COOH =
Mr CH 3 COOH
6.138 gr
=
60 gr /mol
= 0,102 mol
n total = n CHCL3 + n H2O + n CH3COOH
= 0,043 mol + 0,139 mol + 0,102 mol
= 0,284 mol
So, the value of X are:
n
a. X CHCL3 =
n total
0,043 mol
=
0,284 mol
= 0,152 mol
n
b. X H2O =
n total
0,139 mol
=
0,284 mol
= 0,489 mol
n
c. X CH3COOH =
n total
0,102 mol
=
0,284 mol
= 0,360 mol

Table of reaction mol:

Titration XCHCl3 XH O 2 XCH COOH
3

I 0,091 0,662 0,247

XCH3COOH
II 0,105 1 0 0,580 0,317
III 0,123 0.9 0.1 0,548 0,330
IV 0,125 0.8 0.2 0,470 0,405
V 0,151
0.7 0.3 0,489 0,360
Ternary diagram: 0.6 0.4

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.6

0.3 0.7

0.2 0.8

0.1 0.9

0 1

XCHCl3 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 XH2O
H. DISCUSSION
Percobaan ini berjudul sistem tiga komponen diagram fasa sistem terner.
Sistem terner merupakan sistem tiga komponen yang membentuk sepasang zat
cair yang bercampur sebagian, maksudnya larutan 1 dan larutan 2 membentuk dua
fasa tetapi ketika ditambahkan larutan 3 maka larutan 3 ini akan terdistribusi
sebagian di larutan satu dan sebagian lagi di larutan dua sehingga terbentuklah
satu fasa. Fasa adalah bagian yang serba sama dalam suatu sistem yang dapat
dipisahkan secara mekanik, serba sama dalam hal komposisi kimia dan sifat
fisika. Sistem yang hanya terdiri atas wujud cairan-cairan pada kesetimbangan
fasa terdapat suatu fasa atau pada kesetimbangan fasa lebih tergantung pada
kelarutannya (Rohman dan Sri, 2004: 155).
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan diagram fase sistem terner
dan memperhatikan atau menentukan letak “pleit point” atau titik jalin pada
diagram fasenya. Sistem terner yang dimaksud yaitu sistem yang membentuk
sepasang zat cair yang bercampur sebagian yaitu campuran kloroform-air dan
asam asetat. Sedangkan pleit point (titik jalin) merupakan titik pada diagram
triangular tiga komponen dimana kedua larutan konjugat memiliki komposiis
yang sama, sehingga kedua lapisan dapat menjadi satu (Tim Dosen Kimia
Fisik2021: 15). Metode yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah metode titrasi.
Titrasi merupakan proses penentuan konsentrasi suatu larutan dengan
mereaksikan larutan dengan larutan yang tidak diketahui konsentrasinya.
Komponen yang digunakan pada percobaan ini yakni air yang bersifat polar,
kloroform yang bersifat non polar, dan asam asetat yang bersifat semi polar.
 Prinsip dasar percobaan ini adalah hubungan kelarutan dari sistem tiga
komponen yaitu kloroform, air dan asam asetat glasial sehingga terbentuk dua
fasa. Prinsip kerja dari percobaan ini adalah penimbangan, pengukuran,
pencampuran, pengocokan dan titrasi. Percobaan ini terdiri atas dua bagian, yang
pertama ialah penentuan massa jenis air, klroform, dan asam asetat, dan yang
kedua ialah menentukan sistem tiga komponen.
1. Menentukan massa jenis air, kloroform, dan asam asetat
Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk menentukan massa jenis larutan yakni
kloroform, air dan asam asetat glasial. Penentuan massa jenis perlu dilakukan
untuk mempermudah dalam perhitungan fraksi mol setiap larutan. Penentuan
massa jenis larutan dilakukan dengan menggunakan piknometer. Penggunaan
piknometer dalam percobaan ini yaitu karena piknometer merupakan alat ukur
yang digunakan untuk menentukan densitas dari fluida dengan tingkat keakuratan
yang tinggi. Prinsip dasar piknometer didasarkan atas penentuan massa cairan dan
penentuan ruang yang ditempati larutan tersebut. Percobaan ini dimulai dengan
mencuci piknometer terlebih dahulu dengan air. Hal ini bertujuan untuk
membersihkan piknometer dari zat pengotor. Kemudian piknometer dibiarkan
pada suhu ruang agar zat pengotor yang masih terdapat didalamnya menguap
seluruhnya hingga diperoleh piknometer yang benar-benar kering.
Piknometer kosong kemudian ditimbang dan masing-masing diisi dengan
larutan CH3COOH, CHCl3 dan H2O lalu ditimbang kembali. Dari penimbangan
tersebut dapat diperoleh massa yang digunakan dalam penentuan massa jenis.
Untuk mengukur massa jenis dicari selisih antara piknometer kosong dan
piknometer yang berisi larutan kemudian berat tersebut dibagi dengan volume
larutan sesuai dengan kapasitas volume piknometer tersebut yaitu 50 mL. Massa
yang telah diketahui kemudian digunakan untuk mengukur massa jenis. Penentuan
massa jenis ini dilakukan dikarenakan adanya beberapa faktor yang dapat
mempengaruhi massa jenis suatu zat antara lain suhu, dimana ketika suhu tinggi,
senyawa yang diukur massa jensinya dapat menguap, begitu pula ketikas suhu
rendah, senyawa yang diukur massa jenisnya dapat membeku.
 Gambar 1. Massa Kloroform, Asam Asetat Glasial, dan Aquadest
Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh massa jenis tiap-tiap larutan
yaitu, kloroform sebesar 1,47 g/mL, air sebesar 1 g/mL, dan asam asetat glasial
sebesar 1,023 g/mL. Hasil yang diperoleh mendekati teori dimana massa jenis
kloroform yaitu 1,492 g/mL (MSDS, 2017), air yaitu 1 g/mL (MSDS, 2018), dan
asam asetat yaitu 1,049 g/mL (MSDS, 2016). Perbedaan antara massa jenis
praktek dan teori disebabkan karena masih adanya molekul air pada saat
penimbangan piknometer kosong, sehingga mempengaruhi hasil penimbangan.
2. Sistem tiga komponen
Sistem tiga komponen ini larutan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini
adalah kloroform, air dan asam asetat glasial, yang memiliki sifat kepolaran yang
berbeda-beda yaitu air bersifat polar, kloroform bersifat non polar dan asam asetat
glasial bersifat semi polar. Prinsip dasar dari percobaan ini adalah pencampuran
dua komponen zat yang memiliki perbedaan sifat kepolaran dengan menggunakan
suatu larutan yang dapat larut dalam kedua komponen zat tersebut (bersifat semi
polar) sehingga terbentuk satu fasa. Sedangkan prinsip kerjanya yaitu pengukuran
dan penitrasian.
Percobaan ini dimulai dengan memasukkan larutan kloroform ke dalam
lima Erlenmeyer yang berbeda dan masing-masing diisi dengan volume yang
berbeda, hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kloroform terhadap
banyaknya volume asam asetat yang dibutuhkan untuk membentuk satu fasa.
Setelah memasukkan ke dalam Erlenmeyer, Erlenmeyer harus segera ditutup
dengan aluminium foil karena kloroform bersifat volatile atau mudah menguap.
Kemudian masing-masing larutan klorofom diisi dengan air dengan volume yang
sama. Air dan kloroform yang direaksikan membentuk dua lapisan.

Gambar 2. Pencampuran Kloroform dengan Aquadest

Hal ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan sifat kepolaran kedua komponen
tersebut, air bersifat polar dan kloroform bersifat non polar. Perbedaan tersebut
dapat dilihat dari struktur dan besar momen dipol kedua komponen tersebut. Pada
molekul air bersifat sangat polar karena adanya dua pasang elektron menyendiri
muatan negatif yang terkonsentrasi pada atom oksigen dan ikatan O-H yang juga
bersifat polar. Kedua positif terkonsentrasi pada daerah antara kedua atoh
hidrogen, sehingga air memiliki momen dipol yaitu 1,87 D. Sedangkan pada
molekul CHCl3, elektronegativitas atom H lebih rendah dan atom C terkonsentrasi
pada daerah antara ketiga atom d yang berakibat molekul CHCl 3 hanya memiliki
momen dipol 1,01 D. Sehingga CHCl 3 bersifat nonpolar. Selain perbedaaan
kepolaran, terbentuknya dua lapisan juga disebabkan oleh perbedaan massa jenis,
massa jenis air yang telah ditentukan pada percobaan lebih rendah dibandingkan
massa jenis kloroform yaitu 1 g/mL, sedangkan massa jenis kloroform yaitu 1,47
g/m. Oleh karena itu, kloroform berada di lapisan bawah dan air berada pada
lapisan atas.
Tahap selanjutnya ialah titrasi. Masing-masing campuran kloroform-air
tersebut dititrasi dengan menggunakan asam asetat glasial. Penggunaan asam
asetat glasial karena asam asetat tersebut murni, sehingga pada saat ditambahkan
kedalam campuran kloroform-air tidak terlalu mempengaruhi jumlah komposisi
airnya. Asam asetat glasial digunakan karena merupakan larutan yang bersifat
semi polar yang dapat larut dalam air dan kloroform. Asam asetat dikatakan
sebagai larutan yang bersifat semi polar karena memiliki gugus OH yang bersifat
hidrofilik yang dapat berikatan dengan air dan memiliki gugus metil CH3 atau R
yang bersifat hidrofobik yang dapat berikatan dengan larutan non polar seperti
kloroform. Pada percobaan ini yang menjadi indikator kesetimbangan adalah pada
saat terjadinya peruabahan fasa. Setelah penambahan asam asetat glasial larutan
yang mulanya dua fase akan membentuk satu fasa yang ditandai dengan
terbentuknya satu lapisan larutan yang bening. Hal ini menunjukkan telah terjadi
kesetimbangan antara ketiga komponen kloroform-air-asam asetat glasial.

Gambar 3. Titrasi dengan menggunakan Asam Asetat Glasial

Air (momen dipol 1,87 D) dan asam asetat (momen dipol 1,74 D)
memiliki kepolaran yang sangat tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kloroform
(momen dipol 1,01 D). Interaksi yang terbentuk di antara molekul air adalah
ikatan hidrogen. Demikian pula, interaksi yang terjadi di antara molekul asam
asetat adalah ikatan hidrogen yang selanjutnya membentuk suatu dimer.
Sementara itu, antara molekul-molekul kloroform terjadi interaksi melalui gaya
van der Waals (dipol-dipol permanen). Secara molekular, ikatan hidrogen lebih
kuat bila dibandingkan gaya dipol-dipol permanen. Penambahan asam asetat ke
dalam campuran keruh air dan kloroform dapat memperbesar kelarutan air dan
kloroform. Secara submikroskopik, sebagian gaya van der Waals di antara
molekul kloroform, sebagian ikatan hidrogen di antara molekul air serta sebagian
dimer di antara molekul asam asetat akan terputus. Interaksi baru antara molekul
air, kloroform dan asam asetat akan terbentuk. Interaksi yang terjadi antara
molekul asam asetat dan molekul kloroform merupakan gaya van der Waals
(dipol-dipol permanen) serta interaksi antara molekul asam asetat dan molekul air
adalah ikatan hidrogen. Selain itu terjadi ionisasi sebagian asam asetat dalam air
yang menghasilkan ion asetat (CH3COO-) dan ion hidronium (H3O+) (Albaiti, dkk,
2016: 117).
CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) → CH3OO-(aq) + H3O+(a)
Berdasarkan analisis data diperoleh fraksi mol dari kloroform , air dan
asam asetat glasial. Adapun fraksi mol dari ketiga komponen secara berturut-turut
adalah pada titik I adalah 0,091; 0,662; 0,247. Pada titik 2 adalah 0,105; 0,580;
0,317. Pada titik 3 adalah 0,123; 0,548; 0,330. Pada titik 4 adalah 0,125; 0,470;
0,405. Dan pada titik 5 ialah 0,151; 0,489; dan 0,360. Hasil fraksi mol tersebut
dimasukkan kedalam kurva atau diagram sistem tiga komponen atau yang disebut
sistem terner. Titik kritis atau pleit point dapat diketahui dengan menghubungkan
titik-titik tersebut.
Kesetimbangan pada ketiga komponen tersebut dapat digambarkan dalam
bentuk diagram terner. Diagram ini disebut diagram fasa tiga komponen yang
dapat memperlihatkan titik jalin “pleit point” dan biasa pula disebut titik kritis.
Titik kritis adalah titik dimana larutan yang tidak bercamour (terdiri atas beberapa
fasa) akan berubah menjadi larutan yang bercampur (satu fasa). Diagram fasa zat
yang dihasilkan lebih condong ke satu sisi (tidak simetris). Hal ini terjadi karena
perbedaan kepolaran. Air dan asam asetat memiliki nilai momen dipol yang tidak
berbeda jauh sedangkan asam asetat dan kloroform memiliki nilai momen dipol
yang jauh berbeda. Akibatnya, asam asetat lebih mudah larut dalam air bila
dibandingkan dalam kloroform. Hal ini ditandai dengan kurva kelarutan ketiga zat
yang tidak simetris, lebih condong ke kanan. Dari diagram tersebut juga
menunjukkan semakin bertambahnya kadar kloroform (setelah melewati kadar
tertinggi asam asetat dalam campuran), terjadi penurunan kadar asam asetat. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan kloroform dalam air semakin besar sehingga
asam asetat yang diperlukan untuk memperbesar kelarutan kloroform yang tidak
larut dalam air semakin berkurang.
 Gambar 4. Hasil Titrasi

I. CONCLUSSION
Based on the experiments that have been done can conclude:
a. The ternary system phase diagram can be described using equilateral triangles
and a mixture of chloroform-water and glacial acetic acid.
b. The pleit point on the ternary system phase diagram is. Point I is 0,091; 0,662;
0,247. Point 2 is 0,105; 0,580; 0,317. Point 3 is 0,123; 0,548; 0,330. Point 4 is
0,125; 0,470; 0,405. And point 5 is 0,151; 0,489; dan 0,360.

J. SUGGESTION
To the next apprentice, it is expected that when carrying out the weighing,
the picnometer must be in a dry state and be more careful when titrating so that
the results obtained can be in accordance with the theory.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albaiti, Liliasari, and Omay Sumarna. 2016. Kajian Model Mental Sistem Terner
Air-Kloroformasam Asetat (Validasi Prosedur Praktikum Kimia Fisika).
Seminar Nasional Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia VIII. ISBN: 978-602-
73159-1-4.

Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio. 2005. Physical Chemistry: For the Life Science
2th Edition. Pieceed State: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Ferliana. Rida, Bangun Wasito, and Riesna Prassanti. 2016. Ekstraksi dan
Stripping Torium dari Rafinat Hasil Ekstraksi Uranium Monasit Bangka.
Jurnal Forum Nuklir (JFN). Volume 10, Nomor 1.
Kenkel, John. 2003. Analytical Chemistry for Technicians Third Edition. Pieceed States
of America: CRC Press.
Lecturer Physical Chemistry Team. 2019. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Fisik I.
Makassar: FMIPA UNM.

Macauley, Chandra, A., et al. 2018. Phase equilibria in the ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5

system at 1250 °C. Pieceed State America: University of California. Vol.
38(13).

Monk, Paul. 2004. Physical Chemistry. Pieceed Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
Ltd.

Moore, Walter J. Physical Chemistry. London: Longman Green & Co LTD.

Salati, Dianasanti. 2014. Pengaruh Penambahan Komposisi Al Pada Paduan Fe-
Ni-Al.. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen. Vol 12 No. 2.

Sun, Wanchun, et al. 2018. Two types of composite phase change panels
containing a ternary hydrated salt mixture for use in building envelope and
ventilation system. China: South China University of Technology. Vol. 177.