The first page is FYI, no need to copy.
From Wikipedia:
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance),
and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity
sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity
sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a
metal target.[citation needed]
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and
lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft
and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-
type bearings.
A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices. When the target is within nominal range, the device lock
screen user interface will appear, thus emerging from what is known as sleep mode. Once the device has awoken
from sleep mode, if the proximity sensor's target is still for an extended period of time, the sensor will then ignore it,
and the device will eventually revert into sleep mode. For example, during a telephone call, proximity sensors play a
role in detecting (and skipping) accidental touchscreen taps when mobiles are held to the ear.[1]
Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations. An array of proximity sensing
elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for hand gesture detection.
• Show all your work in detail and justify your answers.
• Write o paper Big, clear and LEGIBLE. Provide a neat and professional presentation.
• Show all the steps of your work and . Only the numerical answer will get a 0.
• Please understand that I need to understand that you understood the solution
The circuit below is a freezer door alarm which is triggered when the freezer’s door opens. The “door open” reading is
performed by a proximity sensor signal represented by the switch K1. When the door is open at time t0, the switch closes
and when the door closes the switch opens. The expected function of the circuit is:
- at t0, when the door opens, the circuit immediately turn the LED D1 ON
- if the proximity sensor is still active after some time at t1, meaning that the door is still open, the circuit
o turns on the BUZZER represented by the 1 OHM resistor in the emitter of Q1 and
o turns off the LED (at the same time t1)
Write down the last 2 non-zero digits of your student ID. For example, if your student ID is 40221050, the last two non-
zero digits are: Digit1: 1, Digit2: 5. Use Digit1 for the value of the C1 in mF * 0.1, for the above example C1 = 0.1mF. Use
Digit2 for the value of R10 in KΩ, for the above example R10 = 5KΩ .
Known values: VD fwd = 2.34V (assume constant if the LED in forward-biased and, based on the offset model, assume that
LED turns off instantly as the forward voltage on the LED drops below 2.34V and the LED goes in reverse-biased); for
transistor: β = 100, Vγ BE = 0.8V, VCE SAT = 0.4V.
Notes:
- BUZZER can be ignored in all calculations (as 1Ω is very low)
- node B holds a constant voltage VB = 0.8V if the transistor is in amplification or in saturation. If Q1 is OFF, the
voltage in node B is dictated by the capacitor (you have to explain why)
- at t0 = 0s, the initial voltage on capacitor C1 is 0V (C1 is discharged).
- For simplicity, consider the equivalent resistance of the Q1 BEJ to be ∞ (infinite). Also, consider the resistance of
the V+ and V- of the op-amps to be ∞ (infinite) – this is needed to calculate the time constant τ.
- For simplicity, if any of the op-amps behaved as a switch, consider the output of that op-amp to be equal either
to VDD = 0V or to VCC = 6V
Requirements:
1. Identify a valid interval for R9 in KΩ (R9min, R9MAX) which will allow the circuit to perform the intended function:
turn the LED on when the door opens at t0 = 0s, and, at t1, turn the LED OFF and the buzzer ON at the same time.
Explain what happens if the R9 is too large or too small outside the interval.
2. Set R9 = half of the above identified interval, R9 = ½( R9min+R9MAX). Once the door opens at t0 = 0, after how much
time (t1) will the buzzer turn on and for how long will it stay on?
3. Once the door is closed, at which time t2 (t2 = time calculated from the moment the door closes) can the user re-
open it and have the same time t1 to keep it open before the alarm triggers (before the buzzer goes on)? Assume
VP = 0 when the circuit is unpowered. Assume that C1 is fully discharged when VC1 = 5% of the initial voltage.
Expected results:
1. Copy-paste the problem statement
2. Using the large-signal model for transistor and the offset model for the diode, answer the above questions:
a. Explain in plain English the logic of the circuit and of your steps
b. Provide the analytical results (e.g. equations)
c. Provide the numerical results
3. Simulate using LT Spice
4. Comment the results (e.g. LT Spice vs. analytical)
BONUS (100% of the assignment = 4% of the final grade): using exclusively analog components introduced so far, draw
a simpler and completely different circuit that can perform the same function (turn on the LED as the door opens and
triggers an alarm if the door is kept open more than t2 seconds).
Expectations. This is practically a separate (non-mandatory) assignment:
- copy-paste the requirement (function description)
- draw the schematic,
- simulate,
- explain in detail and perform all the necessary calculations to prove that the requirement is met
Reminder:
- The circuit must turn the diode ON (forward biased) immediately as the switch closes the circuit (as the door
opens) at t0
- The circuit must turn the diode OFF (reverse-biased) and simultaneously the buzzer ON at t1
Note 1: provide clear explanation of the logic for each step, e.g.
- The time constant τ is …. because ….
- if the transistor Q1 is in ….. state, then the current in resistor …. and the voltage on ….. For Q1 to be in ….
state, C1 must provide ….
Note 2: use your own words and logic; markers will be instructed to pay special attention to plagiarism.
Note 3: as mentioned in the course outline page 8, Dr. Voiculescu reserves the right to conduct an individual oral
examination on the assignment to verify student’s responses and understanding, on a random basis or if deemed
necessary.
