CE 016 - Hydraulics

Laboratory Report
Activity 4: Orifice and Jet Trajectory Demonstration
4.1. Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Activity
SO d, Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze, and interpret data, and
synthesize information to provide valid conclusions for investigating complex problems.
SO i, Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary setting.
4.2. Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)
At the end of this activity the student shall be able to:
a) Demonstrate the jet trajectory produce by steady state flow in an orifice in tank.
b) Compare the theoretical and actual jet trajectories.
c) Discuss different possible factors that affect disturbance in actual jet trajectory
4.3. Objective/s of the Activity
The aim of this activity is to analyze to demonstration the difference factors affecting the actual jet
trajectory in comparison with theoretical jet trajectory.
4.4. Principle of the Activity
Theoretical Jet Trajectory
When a water-filled tank is discharged through an orifice, the potential energy of the water head is
transformed into kinetic energy of the water jet performed by the orifice.

Without losses the kinetic energy is equal to the potential energy:

1 2
mv =mgh
2

where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h the height of the water. This equation can be
rearranged to give an equation for the velocity v.
v=√ 2 gh

For description of the jet trajectory it is advantageous to introduce Cartesian coordinates. The horizontal
part of the velocity v is dx /dt and the vertical dx /dt . The horizontal part of the velocity is constant and
equal to the velocity in the orifice. The vertical part depends of the acceleration due to gravity.
dx
=√ 2 gh
dy

dy
=¿
dt

Integration over the time gives the position function of the jet trajectory.
x=√ 2 gh t
2
y= ¿
2
Elimination of time gives the y-position dependence on of the width x and the water head h.
x2
y (x )=
4h

4.5. Materials/Equipment
1 unit HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
1 unit HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench
HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench Accessories
1 Set Timer
1 Set Thermometer
Power and Water Supply Supplies
4.6. Procedures
Performing of the Activity
1. Insert orifice into the orifice.
2. Notice: Don’t forget the sealing ring between orifice and fitting.
3. Connect apparatus to the water supply of the Basic Hydraulic Bench HM 150 and start the pump.
4. Adjust the water head to 400 mm by means of the adjustable overflow.
5. Beginning at the right side, adjust the trajectory probes until they get in contact with the jet.
6. Read off the measured y-positions of the jet and note them down in tabular form.

4.7. Activity Report

Course Code: CE 016 Activity No.: 4
Course Title: Hydraulics Section: CEC32S1
Group No.: Date Performed:
Group Members: Date Submitted: March 3, 2021
Instructor: Engr. Christ John Marcos
4.7.1. Data and Results
Plot of the Actual and Theoretical Jet Trajectories

44mm
mmDiameter
Diameter(Rounded)
(Angular)
0
70 140
14 210 280 350 420 490
-20
-50
-40 8 mm Diameter (Angular)
-60
-100 0
-80 70 140 210 280 350 420 490
-150
-100 -50
-120
-200
-140 -100
-160
-250
-180 -150
-300
-200
-200
Theoretical Trajectory Column1

-250

Theoretical Trajectory Column1

8 mm Diameter (Rounded)
0
70 140 210 280 350 420 490
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
-200
y-distance calculated y-distance measured Calculated height, h
x- Distance (mm) Trajectory
Theoretical (mm)
Column1 (mm) (mm)
4 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70 3.0247 6 204.1667
140 12.0988 18 272.2222
210 27.2222 36.5 302.0548
280 48.3951 63.5 308.6614
350 75.6173 95.5 320.6806
420 108.8889 138 319.5652
490 148.2099 183 328.0055
Theor. Velocity, v , ¿ 2.8189 Average Height, h
293.6223
Actual Velocity, v ,( m/s) 4.53 (mm)
4 mm Diameter (Angular)
Measured Height, h (mm)
 70 3.0247 8 153.125
140 12.0988 24.5 200
210 27.2222 48.5 227.3196
280 48.3951 81.5 240.4908
350 75.6173 121.5 252.0576
420 108.8889 177.5 248.4507
490 148.2099 244.5 245.5010
Theor. Velocity, v , ¿ 2.8189 Average Height, h
223.8493
Actual Velocity, v ,( m/s) 5.16 (mm)
8 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70 3.0247 4.5 272.2222
140 12.0988 17.5 280
210 27.2222 36.5 302.0542
280 48.3951 65.5 299.2366
350 75.6173 98.5 310.9137
420 108.8889 138.5 318.4116
490 148.2099 183.5 327.1117
Theor. Velocity, v , ¿ 2.8189 Average Height, h
301.4215
Actual Velocity, v ,( m/s) 1.21 (mm)
8 mm Diameter (Angular)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70 3.0247 6 204.1667
140 12.0988 19 257.8947
210 27.2222 40 275.625
280 48.3951 70 280
350 75.6173 107 286.2150
420 108.8889 155 284.5161
490 148.2099 207.5 289.2771
Theor. Velocity, v , ¿ 2.8189 Average Height, h
263.2421
Actual Velocity, v ,( m/s) 1.24 (mm)
4.7.1. Computations

4 mm and 8 mm Diameter (Rounded and Angular)

y-distance calculated (mm)
x2
y=
4h
x
70 (70 mm)2
y= ; y=3.0247 mm
4(405 mm)
140 (140 mm)2
y= ; y=12.0988 mm
4(405 mm)
210 ( 210 mm )2
y= ; y=27.2222 mm
4(405 mm)
 280 (280 mm)2
y= ; y=48.3951 mm
4(405 mm)
350 ( 350 mm )2
y= ; y=75.6173 mm
4(405 mm)
420 ( 420 mm)2
y= ; y=108.8889 mm
4(405 mm)
490 ( 490 mm)2
y= ; y=148.2099 mm
4(405 mm)

m
Theoretical Velocity, v( )
s
v=√ 2 gh

m
√
v= 2(9.81
s2
)(0.405m)
m
v=2.8189
s

Actual Velocity
Given: V =10 L
t 4 mm (rounded )=4 mins 53 seconds=293 seconds
t 4 mm (angular )=5 mins 16 seconds=316 seconds
t 8 mm(rounded) =1min 21 seconds =81 seconds
t 8 mm(angular)=1min 24 seconds=84 seconds

4 mm diameter (Rounded) 4 mm diameter (Angular)

v v
Q= Q=
t 4 mm rounded t 4 mm angular

0.01m 3 0.01m 3
Q 4 mmrounded = Q 4 mm angular =
293 s 316 s
m3 −5 m3
Q 4 mmrounded =3.4130 x 10
−5
Q 4 mm angular =3.1646 x 10
s s
Q Q
V 4 mmrounded = V 4 mm angular =
A A
m3 −5 m3
3.4130 x 10−5 3.1646 x 10
s s
V 4 mmrounded = V 4 mm angular =
π (
()
4
0.004 m )
2
( π4 ) ( 0.004 m ) 2

V 4 mm(rounded)=2.7160 m/ s V 4 mm(angular)=2.5183 m/s

 8 mm diameter (Rounded) 8 mm diameter (Angular)
v v
Q= Q=
t 8 mm rounded t 8 mm angular
0.01 m 3 0.01 m 3
Q 8 mm rounded= Q 8 mm angular =
81 s 84 s
3
−4 m
Q 8 mm angular =1.1905 x 10
m3
−4 s
Q 8 mm rounded=1.2346 x 10
s
Q Q
V 8 mm rounded= V 8 mm angular =
A A
m3
1.2346 x 10−4
s m3
V 8 mm rounded= 1.1905 x 10−4
π ( s
()
4
0.008 m )
2 V 8 mm angular =
( π4 ) ( 0.008 m ) 2

V 8 mm rounded=2.4561m/s
V 8 mm angular =2.3684 m/ s

4 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Calculated Height, h ( mm )
x2
h=
4y
x y
(70 mm)2
70 6 h= ; h=204.1667 mm
4( 6 mm)
(140 mm)2
140 18 h= ; h=272.2222 mm
4 (18 mm)
(210 mm)2
210 36.5 h= ; h=302.0548 mm
4(36.5 mm)
(280 mm)2
280 63.5 h= ; h=308.6614 mm
4(63.5 mm)
(350 mm)2
350 95.5 h= ; h=320.6806 mm
4(95.5 mm)
 (420 mm)2
420 138 h= ; h=319.5652 mm
4(138mm)
( 490 mm )2
490 183 h= ; h=328.0055 mm
4(183mm)
Average Height, h ,(mm)
204.1667+ 272.2222+ 302.0548+ 308.6614+320.6806+319.5652+328.0055
h=
7
h=293.6223 mm

4 mm Diameter (Angular)
Calculated Height, h ( mm )
x2
h=
4y
x y
(70 mm)2
70 8 h= ; h=153.125 mm
4( 8 mm)
(140 mm)2
140 24.5 h= ; h=200 mm
4(24.5 mm)
(210 mm)2
210 48.5 h= ; h=227.3196 mm
4(48.5 mm)
(280 mm)2
280 81.5 h= ; h=240.4908 mm
4(81.5 mm)
(350 mm)2
350 121.5 h= ; h=252.0576 mm
4(121.5mm)
(420 mm)2
420 177.5 h= ; h=248.4507 mm
4(177.5mm)
( 490 mm )2
490 244.5 h= ; h=245.5010 mm
4(244.5 mm)
Average Height, h ,(mm)
153.125+200+ 227.3196+240.4908+252.0576+248.4507+245.5010+ 223.8493
h=
7
h=223.8493 mm

8 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Calculated Height, h ( mm )
x2
h=
4y
x y
 (70 mm)2
70 4.5 h= ; h=272.2222mm
4(4.5 mm)
(140 mm)2
140 17.5 h= ; h=280 mm
4(17.5mm)
(210 mm)2
210 36.5 h= ; h=302.0542 mm
4(36.5 mm)
(280 mm)2
280 65.5 h= ; h=299.2366 mm
4(65.5 mm)
(350 mm)2
350 98.5 h= ; h=310.9137 mm
4(98.5 mm)
(420 mm)2
420 138.5 h= ; h=318.4116 mm
4(138.5mm)
( 490 mm )2
490 183.5 h= ; h=327.1117 mm
4(183.5mm)
Average Height, h ,(mm)
272.2222+280+302.0542+299.2366+310.9137+ 318.4116+327.1117
h=
7
h=301.4215 mm

8 mm Diameter (Angular)
Calculated Height, h ( mm )
x2
h=
4y
x y
(70 mm)2
70 6 h= ; h=204.1667 mm
4( 6 mm)
(140 mm)2
140 19 h= ; h=257.8947 mm
4 (19 mm)
(210 mm)2
210 40 h= ; h=275.625 mm
4( 40 mm)
(280 mm)2
280 70 h= ; h=280 mm
4 (70 mm)
(350 mm)2
350 107 h= ; h=286.2150 mm
4(107 mm)
(420 mm)2
420 155 h= ; h=284.5161 mm
4(155mm)
( 490 mm )2
490 207.5 h= ; h=289.2771 mm
4(207.5 mm)
Average Height, h ,(mm)
 204.1667+ 257.9647+275.625+280+286.2150+284.5161+289.2771
h=
7
h=263.2421mm
4.7.2. Conclusion/s

Based on my observation, the graph of the Theoretical and Actual Trajectories for the two orifice
sizes are decreasing. The slope of the graph is much higher for the orifice of 4 mm diameter and
8 mm diameter (angular) compared with the orifice size of 4 mm diameter and 8 mm diameter
(rounded).

The graphs also shows that the diameter of the orifice do not greatly affect the trajectory of the
water flowing out from the orifice. The trajectories differ only because of the y-distance
measured and the calculated height.