Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Definition:

This course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical, intellectual, and
aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in daily life.

The course begins with an introduction to basic mathematics and can be useful in everyday life.
By exploring these topics, students are encouraged to go beyond the typical understanding of
mathematics in presenting a short series of real-world problems.

The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a tool for
understanding and dealing with various aspects of present-day living, such as managing
personal finances and making social choices. These aspects will provide opportunities for
actually doing mathematics in a broad range of exercises that bring out the various
dimensions of mathematics as a way of knowing, and test the students' understanding and
capacity.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Explain and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.

CO2: Use different types of reasoning to solve statements and arguments made
about mathematics and mathematical concepts..

CO3: Discuss the language and symbols of mathematics.

CO4: Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data

CO5: Analyze codes and coding schemes used for identification, privacy, and
security purposes.

CO6: Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and
medicine, business, environment, arts and design, and recreation.

CO7: Evaluate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 1
Course Outline

Week Topics Page

Number Numbers
1-2  Basic Number

3  Fraction

4  Negative Numbers

5  More About Numbers

1. Multiples of whole number
2. Factors of whole numbers
3. Prime Number
4. Square Numbers, Square Root
5. Powers
6. Prime factors
7. Rules of Multiplying and Dividing Powers

6 PRELIM EXAM

7-8  Basic Math for Business

1. Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
2. Determining Percent Increase and Decrease
3. Dealing with Proportions and Basic Algebra
9-10  Mathematics in Work
1. Working with Formulas
2. Reading Graphs and Charts
3. Analyzing Data and Statistics

12 MIDTERM EXAM

13-14  Mathematics of Finance

1. Computing Simple and Compound Interest
2. Investing in the Future
3. Understanding and Managing Investments

15-17  Mathematics used in Goods and Services

1. Pricing with Markups and Discounts
2. Calculating Profit, Revenue, and Cost
3. Accounting for Overhead and Depreciation
4. Keeping Track of Inventory

18 FINAL EXAM

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 2
 Mathematics in the Modern World

WEEK 1 - 2

Basic Number

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. know how to use basic number skills without calculator ;

2. work out the answers to a problem with a number
of different signs;
3. answer problems involving multiplication or division by
a single-digit number;

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 3
BASIC NUMBER

1.1 ADDING WITH GRIDS

In this section you will learn how to:
● add and subtract single-digit numbers in a grid
● use row and column totals to find missing numbers in a grid

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 4
EXERCISE 1A

1. Find the row and column totals for each of these grids.

2. Find the numbers missing from each of these grids. Remember: the numbers missing from each
grid must be chosen from 0 to 9 without any repeats.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 5
EXERCISE 1.2 TIMES TABLE CHECK

In this section you will:

● recall and use your knowledge of times tables (Multiplication Table)

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 6
EXERCISE 1B

1. Write down the answer to each of the following without looking at the multiplication square

2. Write down the answer to each of the following without looking at the multiplication square.

3. Write down the answer to each of the following. Look carefully at the signs, because they are a
mixture of ×, +, – and ÷ .

4. Write down the answer to each of the following.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 7
1.3 Order of operations and BODMAS
In this section you will learn how to:
● work out the answers to a problem with a numberof different signs

Suppose you have to work out the answer to 4 + 5 × 2. You may say the answer is 18, but the correct
answer is 14.

There is an order of operations which you must follow when working out calculations like this.

The × is always done before the +.

In 4 + 5 × 2 this gives 4 + 10 = 14.

Now suppose you have to work out the answer to (3 + 2) × (9 – 5). The correct answer is 20.

You have probably realised that the parts in the brackets have to be done first, giving 5 × 4 = 20.

So, how do you work out a problem such as 9 ÷ 3 + 4 × 2?

To answer questions like this, you must follow the BODMAS rule. This tells you the sequence in
which you must do the operations.

B Brackets
O Order (powers)
D Division
M Multiplication
A Addition
S Subtraction

For example, to work out 9 ÷ 3 + 4 × 2:

First divide: 9÷3=3 giving 3+4×2
Then multiply: 4 × 2 = 8 giving 3+8
Then add: 3 + 8 = 11

And to work out 60 – 5 × 32 + (4 × 2):

First, work out the brackets: (4 × 2) = 8 giving 60 – 5 × 32 + 8
Then the order (power): 32 = 9 giving 60 – 5 × 9 + 8
Then multiply: 5 × 9 = 45 giving 60 – 45 + 8
Then add: 60 + 8 = 68 giving 68 – 45
Finally, subtract: 68 – 45 = 23

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 8
 EXERCISE 1C
1. Work out each of these

2. Work out each of the following. Remember: first work out the bracket.

3. Copy each of these and put a loop round the part that you do first. Then work out the
answer. The first one has been done for you.

4. Work out each of these.

5. Copy each of these and then put in brackets where necessary to make each answer true.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 9
1.4 PLACE VALUE AND ORDERING NUMBERS
In this section you will learn how to:
● identify the value of any digit in a number

The ordinary counting system uses place value, which means that the value of a digit depends upon
its place in the number.

In the number 5348

the 5 stands for 5 thousands or 5000
the 3 stands for 3 hundreds or 300
the 4 stands for 4 tens or 40
the 8 stands for 8 units or 8

And in the number 4 073 520

the 4 stands for 4 millions or 4 000 000
the 73 stands for 73 thousands or 73 000
the 5 stands for 5 hundreds or 500
the 2 stands for 2 tens or 20

You write and say this number as:

four million, seventy-three thousand, five hundred and twenty

Note the use of narrow spaces between groups of three digits, starting from the right. All whole and
mixed numbers with five or more digits are spaced in this way.

EXAMPLE 1
Put these numbers in order with the smallest first.
7031 3071 3701 7103 7130 1730

Look at the thousands column first and then each of the other columns in turn.
The correct order is:
1730 3071 3701 7031 7103 7130

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 10
EXERCISE 1D
1. Write the value of each underlined digit

2. Copy each of these sentences, writing the numbers in words

a The last Olympic games in Greece had only 43 events and 200 competitors.
b The last Olympic games in Britain had 136 events and 4099 competitors.
c The last Olympic games in the USA had 271 events and 10 744 competitors.

3. Write each of the following numbers in words

a. 5 600 000
b. 4 075 200
c. 3 007 950
d. 2 000 782

4. Write each of the following numbers in numerals or digits.

a. Eight million, two hundred thousand and fifty-eight
b. Nine million, four hundred and six thousand, one hundred and seven
c. One million, five hundred and two
d. Two million, seventy-six thousand and forty

5. Write these numbers in order, putting the smallest first

a. 21, 48, 23, 9, 15, 56, 85, 54
b. 310, 86, 219, 25, 501, 62, 400, 151
c. 357, 740, 2053, 888, 4366, 97, 368

6. Write these numbers in order, putting the largest first.

a. 52, 23, 95, 34, 73, 7, 25, 89
b. 65, 2, 174, 401, 80, 700, 18, 117
c. 762, 2034, 395, 6227, 89, 3928, 59, 480

7. Copy each sentence and fill in the missing word, smaller or larger
a. 7 is …… than 5 b. 34 is …… than 29
c. 89 is …… than 98 d. 97 is …… than 79
e. 308 is …… than 299 f. 561 is …… than 605
g. 870 is …… than 807 h. 4275 is …… than 4527
i. 782 is …… than 827

8. a. Write as many three-digit numbers as you can using the digits 3, 6 and 8. (Only use each digit
once in each number).
b. Which of your numbers is the smallest?
c. Which of your numbers is the largest?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 11
1.5 ROUNDING
In this section you will learn how to:
● round a number

You use rounded information all the time. Look at

these examples. All of these statements use
rounded information. Each actual figure is either
above or below the approximation shown here.
But if the rounding is done correctly, you can find
out what the maximum and the minimum figures
really are.
For example, if you know that the
number of matches in the packet is rounded to the
nearest 10,

• the smallest figure to be rounded up to 30 is

25, and

• the largest figure to be rounded down to 30 is

34 (because 35 would be rounded up to 40).

So there could actually be from 25 to 34 matches

in the packet.

What about the number of runners in the marathon? If you know that the number 23 000 is
rounded to the nearest 1000,
• The smallest figure to be rounded up to 23 000 is 22 500.
• The largest figure to be rounded down to 23 000 is 23 499.

So there could actually be from 22 500 to 23 499 people in the marathon.

Round 23 to the nearest 10. The answer is 20

Round 27 to the nearest 10. The answer is 30

If the last number is from 1-4 it will be round down. In this case 23 must be round down to 20
If the last number is from 5-9 it will be round up. In this case 27 must be round up to 30

Round 547 to the nearest 100. The answer is 500.

Round 785 to the nearest 100. The answer is 800.

Since we are looking for nearest hundred, check the tens and not the digit.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 12
EXERCISE 1E

1. Round each of these numbers to the nearest 10.

a. 24 b. 57 c. 78 d. 54 e. 96
f. 21 g. 88 h. 66 I. 14 j. 26
k. 29 l. 51 m. 77 n. 49 o. 94
p. 35 q. 65 r. 15 s. 102 t. 107

2. Round each of these numbers to the nearest 100

a. 240 b. 570 c. 780 d. 504 e. 967
f. 112 g. 645 h. 358 i. 998 j. 1050
k. 299 l. 511 m. 777 n. 512 o. 940
p. 350 q. 650 r. 750 s. 1020 t. 1070

3. On the shelf of a sweetshop there are three jars like the ones below

a. 78 sweets b. 119 sweets c. 84 sweets d. 75 sweets

e. 186 sweets f. 122 sweets g. 194 sweets h.0 115 sweets
i. 81 sweets j. 79 sweets k. 192 sweets l. 124 sweets
m. Which of these numbers of sweets could not be in jar 1: 74, 84, 81, 76?
n. Which of these numbers of sweets could not be in jar 2: 124, 126, 120, 115?
o. Which of these numbers of sweets could not be in jar 3: 194, 184, 191, 189?

4. Round each of these numbers to the nearest 1000

a. 2400 b. 5700 c. 7806 d. 5040 e. 9670
f. 1120 g. 6450 h. 3499 i. 9098 j. 1500
k. 2990 l. 5110 m. 7777 n. 5020 o. 9400
p. 3500 q. 6500 r. 7500 s. 1020 t. 1770

5. Round each of these numbers to the nearest 10

a. 234 b. 567 c. 718 d. 524 e. 906
f. 231 g. 878 h. 626 i. 114 j. 296
k. 279 l. 541 m. 767 n. 501 o. 942
p. 375 q. 625 r. 345 s. 1012 t. 1074

6. Give these cooking times to the nearest 5 minutes. (must end in 0 or 5)

a. 34 min b. 57 min c. 14 min d. 51 min e. 8 min
f. 13 min g. 44 min h. 32.5 min i. 3 min j. 50 s

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 13
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 14
 Week 1

Activity Sheet #1
Numbers

Student’s Name:_________________________ Date:_____________________

Year & Section : _____________________ Instructor: _________________
Write in words the following numbers

1) 106 2) 214 3) 356 4) 597 5) 893

6) 1342 7) 4327 8) 5302 9) 7102 10) 8073

11) 11,345 12) 14,536 13) 27,356 14) 54,362 15) 73,002

16) 163,765 17) 374,305 18) 340,000

19) 4,000,76 20) 7,100,067

Round off the following numbers in the way stated

1) 67 to the nearest 10 2) 93 to the nearest 10

3) 141 to the nearest 10 4) 289 to the nearest 10

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 15
5) 721 to the nearest 100 6) 473 to the nearest 100

7) 846 a) to the nearest 10 and b) to the nearest 100

8) 365 a) to the nearest 10 and b) to the nearest 100

9) 2346 a) to the nearest 100 and b) to the nearest 1000

10) 5876 a) to the nearest 10, b) to the nearest 100 and c) to the nearest 1000

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 16
1.6 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING NUMBERS WITH UP TO FOUR DIGITS

In this section you will learn how to:

● add and subtract numbers with more than one digit

ADDITION
There are three things to remember when you are adding two whole numbers.
• The answer will always be larger than the bigger number.
• Always add the units column first.
• When the total of the digits in a column is more than 9, you have to carry a digit into the next
column on the left, as shown in Example 2. It is important to write down the carried digit, otherwise
you may forget to include it in the addition.

SUBTRACTION
These are four things to remember when you are subtracting two whole numbers.
• The bigger number must always be written down first.
• The answer will always be smaller than the bigger number.
• Always subtract the units column first.
• When you have to take a bigger digit from a smaller digit in a column, you must first remove 10
from the next column on the left and put it with the smaller digit, as shown in Example 3.

EXERCISE 1F
1. Copy and work out each of these additions.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 17
2. Copy and complete each of these additions.

3. Copy and complete each of these subtractions.

4. Copy and complete each of these subtractions.

5. Copy each of these additions and fill in the missing digits.

6. Copy each of these subtractions and fill in the missing digits.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 18
1.7 MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING BY SINGLE-DIGIT NUMBERS
In this section you will learn how to:
● multiply and divide by a single-digit number

MULTIPLICATION
There are two things to remember when you are multiplying two whole numbers.
• The bigger number must always be written down first.
• The answer will always be larger than the bigger number.

Note that the first multiplication, 3 × 4, gives 12. So, you need to carry a digit into the next column
on the left, as in the case of addition.

DIVISION
There are two things to remember when you are dividing one whole number by another whole
number:
• The answer will always be smaller than the bigger number.
• Division starts at the left-hand side

This is how the division was done:

• First, divide 3 into 4 to get 1 and remainder 1. Note where to put the 1 and the remainder 1.
• Then, divide 3 into 11 to get 3 and remainder 2. Note where to put the 3 and the remainder
• Finally, divide 3 into 27 to get 9 with no remainder, giving the answer 139.

EXERCISE 1G
1. Copy and work out each of the following multiplications

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 19
2. Calculate each of the following multiplications by setting the work out in columns.

3. Calculate each of the following divisions.

4. By doing a suitable multiplication, answer each of these questions.

a. How many days are there in 17 weeks?
b. How many hours are there in 4 days?
c. Eggs are packed in boxes of 6. How many eggs are there in 24 boxes?
d. Joe bought 5 boxes of matches. Each box contained 42 matches. How many matches did Joe buy
altogether?
e. A box of Tulip Sweets holds 35 sweets. How many sweets are there in 6 boxes?

5. By doing a suitable division, answer each of these questions.

a. How many weeks are there in 91 days?
b. How long will it take me to save £111, if I save £3 a week?
c. A rope, 215 metres long, is cut into 5 equal pieces. How long is each piece?
d. Granny has a bottle of 144 tablets. How many days will they last if she takes 4 each day?
e. I share a box of 360 sweets between 8 children. How many sweets will each child get?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 20
 Mathematics in the Modern World

WEEK 3

Fraction

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. how to add, subtract, multiply and order simple fractions

2. how to cancel fractions
3. how to convert a top-heavy fraction to a mixed number (and vice
versa)
4. how to calculate a fraction of a quantity
5. how to calculate a reciprocal
6. how to recognise a terminating and a recurring decimal fraction

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 21
VISUAL OVERVIEW

What you should already know

● Times tables up to 10 × 10 ● What a fraction is

Reminder

A fraction is a part of a whole. The top number is called the numerator.

The bottom number is called thedenominator. So, for example, ¾
means you divide awhole thing into four portions and take three of
them.

It really does help if you know the times tables up to 10 × 10. They will be tested in the non-
calculator paper, so you need to be confident about tables and numbers.

Exercise 3A1.What fraction is shaded in each of these diagrams?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 22
2. Draw diagrams as in question 1 to show these fractions

3.2 Adding and Subtracting Simple Fractions

Fractions that have the same denominator (bottom number) can easily be added or
subtracted.

For example:

Just add or subtract thenumerators (top numbers).The bottom number stays the same.

Exercise 3.2A

1. Calculate each of the following:

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 23
2. Calculate each of the following:

3.3 Equivalent Fractions and Cancelling

Equivalent fractions are two or more fractions that represent the same part of a whole.

The basic fraction, ¾ in Example 1, is in its lowest terms. This means that there is no
number that is a factor of both the numerator and the denominator.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 24
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 25
EXERCISE 3.3A

1. Copy and Complete the following statments:

2. Copy and Complete the following statements:

3. Copy and Complete the following statements:

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 26
4. Cancel each of these fractions:

5. Put the following fraction in order with the smallest first:

HINT

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 27
3.4 Top-heavy fractions and mixed numbers

9
A fraction such as is called top-heavy because the numerator (top number) is bigger than
5
the denominator (bottom number). You may also see a top-heavy fraction called an improper
fraction.

4
A fraction that is not top-heavy, such as is sometimes called a proper fraction. The
5
numerator of a proper fraction is smaller than its denominator.

4
This is the mixed number 1
5

(It is called a mixed number because it is a mixture of a whole number and a proper
fraction.)
9 4
Write down the result: =1
5 5
8 2
Write down the result:
4
= 1

Converting mixed numbers

11
This represents the top-heavy fraction
4
3 11
Write down the result. 2 =
4 4
Exercise 3.4A -

Change the top-heavy fractions into a mixed number.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 28
Change each of these mixed numbers into a top-heavy fraction

3.5 Problems in words

In a box of chocolates, quarter are truffles, half are orange creams and the rest are mints.

What fraction are mints?

1
Truffles and orange creams together are
4
+ 12 = 3
4
of the box.

3 1
Take the whole box as 1. So, mints are 1 – = of the box.
4 4

EXERCISE 3.5A

7
1. At a recent First Division football match, of the crowd were home supporters. What
8
fraction of the crowd were not home supporters?

3 1
2. After Emma had taken a slice of cake, of the cake was left. Ayesha then had of what
4 2
was left.

a What fraction of the cake did Emma eat?

b What fraction of the cake did Ayesha have?

c Who had more cake?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 29
3. Three friends share two pizzas. Each pizza is cut into

six equal slices. What fraction of a pizza did each friend get?

1 3
4. In a box of old CDs from a jumble sale, of them were rock music, of them were pop
4 8
music and the rest were classical. What fraction of the CDs were classical?

1
5. In a car park, of the cars were British makes. Half of the rest were Japanese makes.
5
What fraction of the cars were Japanese makes?

1 1
6. A fruit drink consists of orange juice, lemon juice and the rest is pineapple juice.
2 8
What fraction of the drink is pineapple juice?

2 2 3
7. In a hockey team, of the team are French, are Italian, are Scottish and the rest
11 11 11
are English.

What fraction of the team is English?

1 2
8. In a packet of biscuits, are digestives, are bourbons and the rest are jammy dodgers.
6 3
What fraction are jammy dodgers?

1 1
9. Jide pays of his wages in tax and of his wages in National Insurance. What fraction
4 8
of his wages does he take home?

3.6 Finding a Fraction of a Quantity

You simply multiply the quantity by the fraction

3
Example: Find of P196
4

1 3
First, find by dividing by 4. Then find by multiplyung your answer by 3.
4 4

198 divided by 4 = 49then 49 X 3 = 147

The answer is P147.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 30
Exercise 3.6A 1. Calculate each.

2. Calculate the quantities.

3. Find which is the larger number.

2
4. A director was entitled to of his firm’s profits. The firm made a profit of £45 600 in one
15
year. What was the director’s share of this profit?

3
5. A woman left of her estate to her favourite charity. What amount is this if her estate
8
totalled £84 000?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 31
6. There were 36 800 people at Hillsborough to see Sheffield Wednesday play Manchester
3
United. Of this crowd, were female. How many male spectators were at the ground?
8

7. Two-thirds of a person’s weight is water. Paul weighed 78 kg. How much of his body
weight was water?

2
8. a. Information from the first census in Singapore suggests that then of the population
25
were Indian.The total population was 10 700. How many people were Indian?

1
b. By 1990 the population of Singapore had grown to 3,002,800. Only of this
16
population were Indian. How many Indians were living in Singapore in 1990?

1
9. Mark normally earns £500 a week. One week he is given a bonus of of his wage.
10
1
a Find of £500.
10
b How much does he earn altogether for this week?

1
10. The contents of a standard box of cereals weigh 720 g. A new larger box holds more
4
than the standard box.

1
a Find of 720 g.
4
b How much do the contents of the new box of cereals weigh?

1
11. The price of a new TV costing £360 is reduced by in a sale.
3
1
a Find of £360.
3
b How much does the TV cost in the sale?

12. The price of a car in a showroom is given as £8000. Find the price of the car if a discount
1
of of the price is allowed.
5

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 32
3.7 Multiplying Fractions

1 1
What is of ?
2 4

1 1 1 1
In mathematics, you always write of as ×
2 4 2 4

1 1 1
So you know that × =
2 4 8

To multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators together and you multiply the denominators
together.

Exercise 3.7A

Work out each of these multiplications.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 33
3.8 One Quantity as a faction of another

You may often need to give one amount as a fraction of another amount.

Exercise 3.8A

1. In each of the following write the first quantity of the fraction of the second.

2. In a form of 30 pupils, 18 are boys. What fraction of the form consists of boys?

3. During March, it rained on 12 days. For what fraction of the month did it rain?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 34
4. Reka wins £120 in a competition and puts £50 into her bank account. What fraction of her
winnings does she keep to spend?

3.9 Reciprocal and Rational Number

Rational decimal numbers

A fraction, also known as a rational number, can be expressed as a decimal that is either a
terminating decimal or a recurring decimal.

A terminating decimal contains a finite number of digits (decimal places). For example,
3
changing into a decimal gives 0.1875 exactly.
16

A recurring decimal contains a digit or a block of digits that repeats. For example,
5 14
changing into a decimal gives 0.5555…, while changing into a decimal gives 0.518 518
9 27
5… with the recurring block 518

You can indicate recurring digits by placing a dot over the first and last digits in the
recurring block;

for example, 0.5555… becomes 0.5, 0.518 518 5… becomes 0.518· and 0.583 33 becomes
0.583

Converting terminal decimals into fractions

To convert a terminating decimal to a fraction, take the decimal number as the numerator.
Then the denominator is 10, 100 or 1000, depending on the number of decimal places.
Because a terminating decimal has a specific number of decimal places, you can use place
value to work out exactly where the numerator and the denominator end. For example:

7
• 0.7 =
10

45 9
• 0.045 = =
1000 200

234 117 17
• 2.34 = = =2
100 50 50

625 5
• 0.625 = =
1000 8

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 35
Converting fractions into recurring decimals

A fraction that does not convert to a terminating decimal will give a recurring decimal. You
may already know that 1–3 = 0.333… = 0.3· This means that the 3s go on for ever and the
decimal never ends.

To convert the fraction, you can usually use a calculator to divide the numerator by the
denominator.

Note that calculators round off the last digit so it may not always be a true recurring decimal
in the display. Use a calculator to check the following recurring decimals.

2
= 0.181 818… = 0.1·8·
11

4
= 0.2666… = 0.26·
15

8
= 0.615 384 615 384 6… = 0.615 384·
13

Finding reciprocals of numbers or fractions

You can find the reciprocal of a number by dividing that number into 1. So the reciprocal of
1
2 is 1 ÷ 2 = or 0.5
2

Reciprocals of fractions are quite easy to find as you just have to turn the fraction upside
down.

2 3
For example, the reciprocal of is
3 2

Exercise 3.9

1. Write each of these fractions as a decimal. Give them as terminating decimals or recurring
decimals, as appropriate.

2. There are several patterns to be found in recurring decimals. For example:

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 36
3.

4.

5.

Write each
of these fractions as a decimal. Use your results to write the list in order of size, smallest first.

6. Write the following list of fractions in order of size, smallest first.

7. Convert each of these terminating decimals to a fraction.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 37
8. Write down the reciprocal of each of the following fractions.

9. Write the fractions and their reciprocals in question 8 as decimals. Write them as terminating
decimals or recurring decimals, as appropriate.

Is it always true that a fraction that gives a terminating decimal has a reciprocal that gives a recurring
decimal?

10. Multiply each of the fractions in question 9 by its reciprocal. What result do you get every time?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 38
 Week 3

Activity Sheet #1
FRACTION

Student’s Name:_________________________ Date:_____________________

Year & Section : _____________________ Instructor: _________________
Answer the following:

1. a. What fraction of the shape below is shaded? Give your answer as a fraction in its simplest
form.

3
b. Copy out and shade of the shape below:
4

2. Put the following fractions into order, smallest first.

3121
4253

7
3. Work out.
10 - 25 =

3
4. Work out of 290
5

2
5. Work out of P1,800
9

4
6. Work out of 100
5

7. Evaluate the following:

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 39
 1 1
8. A fruit punch was made using lemonade, orange juice with the rest lemon juice. What
2 5
fraction of the drink is lemon juice?

9. The land area of a farm is 385 square meters. One-fifth of the land is used to grow eggplant. How
many square meters is this?

10. What fraction is 13 weeks out of a year of 52 weeks?

11. Convert the following fraction into decimal form.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 40
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc. Mathematics in the Modern World
Diploma in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Prepared by: Ma. Prances A. Pelobello, MM 41