World Literature Exam 1

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1. Dharma the guiding principle of proper human 20. Roman founded in 753 BC
conduct, prescribed program at sacred duty, Empire
the basis for the social and moral order of the
21. Aeneid written 10 years after the fall of troy and was
world
written in 20 BC
2. Visnu The preserver
22. Heroic ancient ideal of excellence to which all
3. SIva The destroyer Code aristocratic male members. involves courage,
heroism in Battle, complete loyalty, wisdom, and
4. Brahma The creator
strength
5. Daiva ancient indian word for divine will. It is the
23. Aidos is the sense of responsibility
collective will of the gods.
24. Hubris overwhelming pride or insolence that results in
6. Vedas hindu's primary sculpture of few books of
the misfortune of the protagonist.
sacred hymns
25. Kudos individual glory
7. Laksmi Situ is the avatar for which spouse of
Vishnu?? 26. Ate greek word for "ruin"or "falling" it is the clouding
of the mind results from excessive pride.
8. Homosocial the intense personal bond between men. Ex.
Bond Gilgamesh and Endiku share this. 27. Devices -Statement of the Theme
used in -in media res- in the middle of things
9. Ishtar Mesopotamian goddess of love, fertility, and
Epic -Catalogues of warriors, armies, and ships
war
Poetry -extended formal speeches by the main character
10. Grantas seriousness of purpose and devotion to duty -invocation of the muse
(Qualities of -Describing a Simile in 2-14 lines
a Roman
28. Greek Gods do not dictate human destiny, humans
Hero)
Concept determine their own fate.
11. Pietas Devotion to the gods of rome of Fate
(Qualities of
a Roman
Hero)
12. Fugalitas Idealizing of the simple life free from
(Qualities of distractions of vanity
a Roman
Hero)
13. Anachronism out of time, out of place
(Literary
Strategies)
14. Amplification rhetorical device used to emphasize intensity,
(Literary or enlarge elaborations with details. Ex:
Strategies) Homers description of Achillies Shield
15. Apostrophe when a speaker turns directly to address an
(literary absent person
Strategies)
16. Appropriate to adopt or alter a pattern or style. Romans
appropriate greeks stones in 4 major ways
17. Refocusing Changing Greek names to romans and
reflecting romans attitude towards war.
18. Historicizing romans insisted in trying real names and
myths to specific places on certain dates.
Romans were proud of their history.
19. Reinterating changing the myth to reflect a particular and
linear universe directed at one. the subjection
of all the eorlf to roman laws and views
 Titles and Authors to know
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1. unknown Beowulf 24. Robert "My Last Duchess"

Browning
2. Thomas Le Morte d'Arthur
Malory 25. Matthew Arnold "Dover Beach"
3. unknown Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 26. Alfred, Lord "Ulysses"
Tennyson
4. Geoffrey The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer 27. Charlotte Jane Eyre
Bronte
5. William Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, The
Shakespeare Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, A Winter's 28. Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights
Tale, Cymbeline, Twelfth Night, Measure for
29. George Eliot Middlemarch
Measure, Much Ado about Nothing
30. James Joyce Ulysses
6. John Donne Holy Sonnets, "A Valediction: Forbidding
Mourning", "The Flea," "Meditation XVII" 31. W.B. Yeats "The Second Coming"

7. Christopher "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" 32. Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse
Marlowe 33. T. S. Eliot The Waste Land, "The Hollow Men"
8. Andrew "To His Coy Mistress" 34. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness
Marvell
35. George Orwell 1984, Animal Farm, "Shooting an Elephant"
9. John Milton Paradise Lost
36. D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley's Lover, "The Rocking
10. Alexander The Rape of the Lock Horse Winner"
Pope
37. Dylan Thomas "Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night"
11. Daniel Robinson Crusoe
38. George Bernard Pygmalion, St. Joan
Defoe
Shaw
12. Johnathon A Modest Proposal
39. A. E. Housman "To an Athlete Dying Young", "When I was
Swift
One-and-Twenty"
13. William "The Lamb", "The Tiger"
40. Ted Hughes "Hawk Roosting", "The Horses"
Blake
41. Philip Larkin "The Explosion", "An Arundel Tomb"
14. William "The World is Too Much with Us", "London,
Wordsworth 1802" 42. Seamus Heaney "Two Lorries"

15. Samuel "Kubla Khan" 43. Ian McEwan Atonement, Saturday

Taylor 44. Tom Stoppard Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead
Coleridge
45. Salman Rushdie Midnight's Children
16. John Keats "Ode on a Grecian Urn"
46. John le Carre The Russia House
17. George "She Walks in Beauty"
Gordon, 47. Nick Hornby High Fidelity, About a Boy
Lord Byron 48. Craig Raine "The Onion, Memory"
18. Percy "Ozymandias" 49. Kazuo Ishiguro The Remains of the Day, Never Let Me Go
Bysshe
50. Zadie Smith White Teeth
Shelley
51. Neil Gaiman The Ocean at the End of the Lane
19. Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice
52. Kate Atkinson Life after Life, A God in Ruins
20. Mary Frankenstein
Shelley 53. Hilary Mantel Wolf Hall

21. Charles A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, 54. Chris Cleave Little Bee
Dickens Bleak House, A Christmas Carol, David
Copperfield
22. Thomas Tess of the d'Urbervilles, The Mayor of
Hardy Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure
23. Oscar Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest
 Greek Mythology and Literature
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1. 1) What is Mythology- is a body of stories about 14. 14) Describe his story. He fought monsters. One of
mythology? gods and heroes that try to explain how the monsters would grow two
the world works more heads each time he had
cut one off.
2. 2) Why did the They believed the gods made these
Greeks believe things happen. 15. 15) What kind of writing did They produced long epic
thunder, early Greek writers poems, romantic poetry,
earthquakes, etc. produce? some of the world's longest
happened? most famous stories.
3. 3) Why did the To explain events around them. 16. 16) What are the two great The Odyssey and Iliad.
Greeks create epic poems?
myths?
17. 17) Describe Homer and his Homer was a famous poet
4. 4) Name 3 of the Zeus- who was the king of all gods and poems. that wrote about love and
most important also king of sky, Poseidon- god of Sea, epic adventures.
gods and what Hades- god of the underworld
18. 18) Describe the Iliad. It was about the end of the
they were the
Trojan War, deeds of the
god of.
Greeks, and Achilles (The
5. 5) Greeks saw the They used this god as an example of greatest warrior).
work of the gods how they used the gods
19. 19) Describe the Odyssey. It describes the challenges of
in events all
a hero who is on his way
around them.
home from war.
Describe the
book's example of 20. 20) Both the Iliad and the They are both great tales of
this. Odyssey are tales of? adventure.

6. 6) Did all gods No 21. 21) What was central to the Literature
cause disasters? Greek education system?
. 22. 22) Why are Homer's works They are great symbols of the
7. 7) Give an They created the seasons, helped you to considered some of the History of Greece.
example of your fall in love greatest literary works ever
answer to #6? produced?

8. 8) How did the The Greeks built temples, they provided 23. 23) What is lyric poetry? They are poems that are set
Greeks keep the offerings, and they communicated with to music.
gods happy? them 24. 24) Were most poets men Most of them were men
9. 9) What did they The expected favors from the Gods. or women?
expect in return? 25. 25) Who was the most Most of them were men
10. 10) Were all Not all myths were about gods. Many of famous woman poet?
myths about them told about adventures and heroes. Sappho
gods? Explain. Some of these heroes were real people, 26. 26) What were her poems Love ad relationship with her
while others weren't. The Greeks loved to about? friends and family
tell stories especially about having to
27. 27) What are fables? Fables- are short stories that
face terrible monsters.
teach the reader lessons
11. 11) Were heroes Some of them. about life or give advice on
real people? how they live.
12. 12) Describe the He went to Crete and killed the Minotaur. 28. 28) Who was Aesop? Aesop was famous writer of
hero Theseus. fables.
13. 13) Who is the Hercules 29. 29) Who are the main Animals
most famous of characters in most of his
all Greek heroes? fables?
.
30. 30) What is the most obvious way we see Greek influence today? Language
31. 31) What comes from Greek mythology? Many English words and expressions
32. 32) What has been used as the subjects for painters and sculptors? Gods and heroes
33. 33) How have sports teams used mythological references? By their names and mascots
 mythology: literary terms
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1. folk stories that have been handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation
tales
2. myth a folk story that transmits the beliefs and values of a culture- most often tells about gods and goddesses, thus carrying
religious meaning- also may tell about heroes who symbolize the aspirations of that culture
3. epic a long narrative poem in grand style that tells the story of a folk hero
4. saga a long prose narrative that tells the story of a folk hero- the term is limited almost exclusively to the hero stories of norway
and iceland
5. theme an observation of life which serves as the controlling idea in literary work- usually a universal abstract concept made
immediate and concrete through representation in work
6. plot the progression of events in a literary work- each part is so essential that if one part is removed the whole structure will be
disturbed
7. conflict results from the struggle between two opposing forces- one of the forces is usually a person who confronts one or more of
five basic kinds of forces (such as other people, nature, society, fate, and self)
 Final Exam English Grammar
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1. noun names a person, place, or thing, or idea 20. intransitive a verb that does not have a direct object
verb
2. common noun noun that refers to any group of a person,
place, or thing, or idea 21. adverb •a word that describes a verb, adjective, or
adverb
3. proper noun noun that refers to particular person, place,
•(go to verb and ask "where, when, how, to
or thing, or idea
what extent" if it answers it, it is one)
4. concrete •noun that refers to person, place, or thing,
22. preposition •a word that shows the relationship of a noun
noun or idea perceived by senses
or pronoun to another word in the sentence
•(e.g. you can see it, hear it, feel it, touch it,
•(by, with, from, in, on, at)
taste it)
23. conjunction •a word that joins other words or groups of
5. abstract noun •noun that refers to an idea, a feeling, a
words
quality, or a characteristic
•(FANBOYS)
•(e.g. bravery, peace)
24. correlative •pairs of conjunctions
6. collective •noun that names a group
conjunction •(both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not
noun •(e.g. class, teen)
only...but also, whether...or)
7. compound •noun that refers to two or more words that
25. subordinating •begins a subordinate clause and connects to
noun together name a person, place, or thing, or
conjunction the independent clause
idea
•(although, since, because, until, when)
•(e.g. stairway, bookcase, The Buckley
School) 26. interjection expresses emotion and has no grammatical
relation to the sentence
8. Pronoun takes the place of one or more nouns
27. subject •a word that tells whom or what the sentence
9. personal pronoun that refers to first person (I, me, my,
is about
pronoun mine) (we, us, our, ours); second person
•(go to verb and as yourself: "who" or "what"
(you, your, yours), third person (he, him, his,
to find it)
she, her, hers, it, its) (they, them, their, theirs)
28. sentence a group of words with a subject and verb,
10. reflexive/ •pronoun that refers to subject/ pronoun that
expressing a complete thought
intensive emphasizes its antecedent
pronouns •(myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, 29. predicate the verb and everything that goes with it
him/herself, itself, themselves)
30. simple the one main word that tells whom or what
11. demonstrative •pronoun that points out a noun or another subject the sentence is about
pronoun pronoun
31. complete contains the simple subject and everything
•(this, that, these, those)
subject that goes with it
12. interrogative •pronoun that introduces a question
32. simple the one main word that tells the action for
pronoun •(who, whom, whose, which, what)
predicate the subject in the sentence
13. relative •pronoun that introduces an adjective clause
33. complete contains the simple predicate and everything
pronoun •(that, which, who, whom, whose)
predicate that goes with it
14. indefinite •pronoun that refers to a person, place,
34. compound two or more subjects joined by a conjunction
pronoun thing, or idea that is not specifically named
subject and have the same verb
•(all, another, any, both, each, few, other,
several, ETC.) 35. compound two or more verbs joined by a conjunction
verb and have the same subject
15. Adjectives •a word that describes a noun or pronoun
•all color words and number words 36. complements a word that completes the meaning of a verb

16. verb a word that expresses action 37. direct object •a complement that tells who or what
receives the action of the verb and is always
17. helping verb •a verb that helps the main verb
after a transitive verb
•(am, is, are, were, been, being)
•(go to the verb and ask yourself: "whom" or
18. linking verb •a verb that connects the subject to another "what" to find it)
word in the sentence
•(am, is, are, were, been, become, seem)
19. transitive verb a verb that has a direct object
38. indirect •is a complement in a sentence that has a 57. adjective a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or
object direct object in the same sentence clause pronoun
•(go to verb and ask: "to/ for whom" or "to/
58. noun clause •a subordinate clause that is used as a noun
for what"
•(common introductory words for this clause:
39. object •a complement that helps complete a how, if, that, what, whatever, when, whenever,
complement meaning of a transitive verb by identifying the where, wherever, whether, which, whichever,
direct object who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why)
•a sentence cannot have it unless it has a
59. adverb •subordinate clause that modifies a verb,
direct object
clause adjective, or adverb
40. subject identifies the subject after the linking verb •(introduced by a subordinating conjunction)
complement (similar to a predicate nominative)
60. simple has one independent clause and no
41. predicate an adjective after a linking verb sentence subordinate clause (may contain a compound
adjective subject, a compound verb, or phrases)
42. phrase a group of related verbs WITHOUT a verb 61. compound has two or more independent clauses and no
and a subject sentence subordinate clause
43. prepositional has a preposition and an object of a 62. complex has one independent clause and at least one
phrase preposition sentence subordinate
44. adjective a prepositional phrase used as an adjective 63. compound- has two or more independent clauses and at
prepositional complex least one subordinate clause
phrase sentence
45. adverb a prepositional phrase used as an adverb 64. declarative a sentence that makes a statement and ends
prepositional sentence with a period
phrase
65. imperative a sentence that gives a command and ends
46. participial •has a participle and its modifiers sentence with a period
phrase •the entire phrase is as a adjective
66. interrogative a sentence that asks a question and ends with
47. gerund •consists of a gerund and its modifiers sentence a question mark
phrase •the entire phrase is as a noun
67. exclamatory a sentence that show excitement or expresses
48. participle •=part adjective + part verb sentence strong feeling
•present end in "-ing" and past ends in "-ed"
68. elliptical a clause that may be left out when its
49. gerund a verb always ending in "-ing" and is used as clause meaning can be clearly understood in the
a noun context of the sentence -- most of these are
adverb clauses
50. infinitive a verb form beginning with "to-" and used as
a noun, adjective, or adverb
51. infinitive •an infinitive and all its modifiers
phrase •the entire phrase is as a noun, adjective,
adverb
52. appositive noun or pronoun placed beside another noun
or pronoun to describe it
53. appositive has an appositive and all its modifiers
phrase
54. Clause •a word group with a verb and its subject
•(used as a sentence or part of a sentence)
55. Independent a clause that expresses a complete thought
clause and can stand by itself as a complete
sentence (may be joined by a comma and a
coordinating conjunction -- FANBOYS)
56. subordinate a clause that does not express a complete
clause thought and cannot stand by itself
 Grammar
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1. Adjective/Modifier 5. Caption

goes along with a picture and often tells

describes, using vivid words. what is happening in a story.
2. Adverb 6. Compound
Sentence

two simple sentences, combined with a

conjunction.
describes a verb and usually ends in
"ly". 7. Conjunction

3. Alliteration

combines sentences together such as and,

but, or.
8. Declarative
Sentence

when all the letters in the beginning of

the words are the same such as Michele
made magical muffins on Monday.
4. Apostrophe

a sentence that makes a statement and ends

with a period.

found in a contraction such as can't,

don't, wouldn't, shouldn't, etc... It joins
two words.
9. Exclamatory 13. Metaphor
Sentence

a sentence that shows excitement and ends

with an exclamation mark.
10. Hyperbole

a comparison between two objects without

using like or as.
14. Noun

and exaggeration such as I am so hungry, I

could eat a horse.
11. Imperative a person, place, animal, idea, or thing.
Sentence 15. Onomatopoeia

a sentence that commands and usually ends

with a period.
12. Interrogative a sound word such as Boom! Buzz!
Sentence 16. Personification

a sentence that asks a question, waits to a

response, and ends with a question mark.

giving an inanimate object human/person

traits of qualities.
17. Prefix (un, re, 21. Run-On
dis, pre, mis, im) Sentence

a sentence with no punctuation.

22. Simile

beginning of a word such as redo, rethink,

untie, disapprove, etc...
18. Preposition

the shows location such as across, under,

in, on, beneath, below, etc... a comparison between two objects using
19. Pronoun like or as.
23. Simple
Sentence

this takes place of a noun such as I, She, It,

We, They, Her, etc... a plain, old, vanilla sentence. No big deal :)

20. Proper Noun 24. Stanza

the paragraphs in a poem.

an important, specific noun such as

Georgia, Mr., Gainesville, Riverbend, etc...
25. Suffix (er, able, ous, ness, ful, ly)

end of a word such as thoughtful.

26. Transition/Connecting Words

words that lead one idea to another such as Therefore, Also, First, In conclusion, Finally, etc...
 World Literature Exam Review
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1. Christopher 1st Great English playwright, questioned 17. 1066 Battle of Hastings. The feudal system began.
Marlowe authority.
18. Scop Professional Poet
"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."
19. Epic Long narrative poem telling about the deeds
2. Sir Walter Favorite knight and captain of Queen
of a great hero.
Raleigh Elizabeth. Secret marriage led to
imprisonment for treason 20. Epic Hero Brave and intelligent hero in an epic.
"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd." 21. Alliteration Repetition of consonant sounds at the
3. Sir Thomas Introduced the sonnet to English. Used beginning of words in the same line.
Wyatt Petrarchan form for his poems, but never 22. Kenning Poetic synonyms often found in Germanic
published them. poems. Ex. Beowulf=Hero of the Geats.
"Whoso List to Hunt."
23. 499 Anglo-Saxon period.
4. Edmund Wrote many pastoral poems. Created the
24. 597 Augustine established a monastery which
Spenser Spenserian Sonnet.
lead to the spread of Christianity.
Sonnet 30 (Fire/Ice)
Sonnet 75 (Name on beach) 25. 1576 The year in which London's first theater was
built.
5. William Most successful playwright of his time.
Shakespeare Expanded form of the sonnet and made it 26. John Donne Abandoned Catholicism and became an
more complex and less predictable. Anglican priest. Forerunner of metaphysical
Sonnet 18 (Summer's Day) poetry.
"A Valediction, Forbidding Mourning."
6. Sir Thomas Wrote fiction focusing on problems in the 16th
"Meditation 17."
More Century. Appointed to the King's Council, but
wouldn't side with King Henry the 8th on his 27. Cavalier Lighthearted, charming, and witty. Pushed
break from the RCC. Executed for treason. Poetry philosophy of "carpe diem."
Utopia. 28. Metaphysical Highly intellectual and slightly irrelevant.
7. Queen One of the best monarchs in English History. Poetry Primarily devotional and religious, relates to
Elizabeth I United Catholics and Protestants. Encouraged that which transcends the perceptible.
Literature and Drama. 29. Robert Anglican priest from London middle class.
"Speech Before the Spanish Armada." Herrick Did not concern himself with life's deep
8. Sonnet 14 line poem with a complicated rhyme questions.
scheme and defined structure. "To the Virgins, to make much of Time." "To
Daffodils"
9. Analogy Comparison between two dissimilar things in
order to explain an unfamiliar subject in terms 30. Venerable "The Father of English History" Worked in a
of a familiar one. Bede monastery since he was seven.
"The History of the English Church and
10. Repetition Repeated use of a word or phrase.
People."
11. Rhetorical A question to which no answer is expressed.
31. Geoffrey Narrator for Canterbury Tales, he describes
Question
Chaucer them and decides whether he likes them of
12. Antithesis Expresses contrasting ideas in parallel not.
grammatical structures.
32. Tragic Hero Central Character in a drama who is dignified
13. Renaissance Time of rebirth that began in Italy in the 14th possesses a defect that leads to their
Century when people became more curious downfall.
about life on earth.
33. Tragic Play 1. Introduction 2. Rising Action 3. Climatic
14. 1517 Protestant Reformation. Luther wrote the 95 Structure Plateau 4. Turning Point 5. Falling Action 6.
theses, and they split from the Roman Catholic Conclusion
Church.
34. Paradox Two opposites existing at the same time.
15. 1588 English defeated the Spanish Armada and
35. Soliloquy Solo speech on stage.
England became a super power.
36. Metaphysical Type of extended metaphor comparing very
16. 1611 King James version of the Bible came out,
Conceit dissimilar things.
which was a great example of English
Literature in that time.
 Grammar
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1. noun a word that names a person, a place,

a thing, or an idea.
2. common noun a general name e.g. man, religion, document
3. proper noun names someone or something
particular e.g. Andrew Jackson, Buddhism,
the Declaration of Independence
4. concrete noun names an object that occupies
space or that can be recognized by the senses e.g. wall juice sun
5. abstract noun an idea, a quality, or
a characteristic e.g. liberty, freshness, dedication
6. singular nouns name one person, place, thing,
or idea.
7. plural nouns name more than one.
8. collective noun names a group e.g. league, tribe, class
9. possessive form indicates possession, ownership, or the relationship between two nouns e.g. a mouse's tail, the mice's tails, James's
of a noun car
10. pronouns take the place of nouns, words acting as nouns, or other pronouns.
11. Personal refer to specific people or things, e.g. She sold them to us.
pronouns
12. possessive personal pronouns that indicate possession or ownership and they take the place of the possessive forms of
pronouns nouns, e.g. My worry is yours, too.
13. reflexive refer to nouns or other pronouns and indicate that the same persons or things are involved, e.g. They gave
pronouns themselves a treat.
14. intensive add emphasis to other nouns or pronouns. The leg itself was broken.
pronouns
15. indefinite refer to persons, places, or things in a more general way than nouns do, e.g. Each of the major harbors along the
pronouns Atlantic seaboard has a unique character.
16. demonstrative (this, that, these, and those) point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.
pronouns
17. interrogative (who, whom, whose,
pronouns which, and what) form questions.
18. relative begin subject-verb groups
pronouns called subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns include who, whom, whose, which, that, what, whoever, whomever,
whichever, and whatever.
19. verb a word that expresses action or a state of being.
20. action verb tells what someone or something does, e.g. The dog caught the ball in its teeth.
How she yearned to own such an animal.
21. transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words (known as the direct object) that answer the questions
what? or whom? E.g. The cat trailed us home. (Us is the direct
object.)
22. intransitive verb is an action verb that is not followed by a word that answers the questions what? or whom? The cat trailed
behind us. (Behind us tells where.)
23. linking links, or joins, the subject of
verb a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject.

The most common linking verb is be in all its forms, including am, is, are, was, were, will be, has been, and was
being.

Other verbs that can function as linking verbs are look, grow, feel, remain, appear, seem, sound, become, taste, stay,
and smell. Mnemonic (acrostic): BF BLASTS GR(A)SS

These verbs can also be used as action verbs. To determine whether a verb is used as an
action or a linking verb, substitute seem for
the verb. If seem can be substituted, the verb is probably a linking verb.

LINKING: The crowd stayed calm.

(Seemed makes sense.)
ACTION: The crowd stayed on the street.
(Seemed cannot be substituted.)
24. adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun by limiting its meaning.

old horse, leisurely stroll,

second class, tragic play,
federal law, some money,
this aim, those coats,
few quarrels

Possessive pronouns and nouns are considered adjectives because they modify nouns.

our teacher, their music

Kim's bike

Most adjectives have different forms to indicate

their degree of comparison.
Positive = good, comparative = better, superlative = best

Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. A and an are called indefinite articles. The is called a definite article.
25. proper formed from proper nouns and begin with capital letters.
adjectives
African continent, Canadian border, Finnish winters, Japanese cars
26. adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making its meaning more specific.

Saul carefully arranged the flowers.

(modifies verb arranged)
Midori was very careful. (modifies adjective
careful)
Pavlik left quite hastily. (modifies adverb
hastily)

Adverbs tell when, where, how, and to what degree or to what extent.

They see her often. (when) Rob is asleep downstairs. (where)

Rita drove carefully. (how)
Anu hardly visits anymore. (to what degree)
27. negative include the word not, the contraction -n't, or other negative words.
adverbs The lawn is scarcely green.
28. preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence.

The child ran across the hall. (Across shows the relationship between ran and the hall.)
He was interrupted during his speech.
(During expresses the time relationship between two events.)
The extra room is for guests. (For relates the noun room to the noun guests.)
29. compound made up of more than one word. They were late because of the weather.
preposition
30. object of the phrases that begin with preposition and end with a
preposition noun or a pronoun

He passed the ball over the defenders.

(Defenders is the object of over.)
31. conjunction a word that joins single words
or groups of words.
32. coordinating for, and, nor, but, or yet, so (FANBOYS)
conjunctions She hoped to go, but she could not.
33. correlative work in pairs, join words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.
conjunctions Neither she nor he went.
34. subordinating
conjunctions

join two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other. The clause that
the subordinating conjunction introduces cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence.
She did not go because she did not have
time.
35. conjunctive
adverbs

used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal grammatical importance.

She had very little time; therefore, she did

not go.
36. interjection

a word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation. An interjection has no grammatical connection to other
words.

Oh, she wanted to go.

37. subject and a the two basic parts of every sentence
predicate
38. simple subject the principal noun or pronoun that tells what a sentence is about.

Snow will continue.

39. simple the verb or verb phrase that tells about the subject.
predicate
Snow will continue.
40. complete formed by adding modifiers to the simple subject,
subject
41. complete formed by adding modifiers or complements to the simple predicate.
predicate
42. compound consists of two or more simple subjects that are
subject joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.
43. compound contains two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject.
predicate
44. complement a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a verb. The four kinds of complements are direct objects,
indirect objects, object complements, and subject complements.
45. direct object answers the questions what? or whom? after an action verb.

America's farmers produce abundant crops.

(produce what?)
Agricultural scientists help farmers by
applying new techniques to crop production.
(help whom?)
46. indirect object answers the questions to whom? for whom? to what? or for what? after an action verb.

The music gives me inspiration. (This music

gives inspiration to whom?)
Joel's aunt bought him the guitar. (Joel's
aunt bought the guitar for whom?)
They gave his performance their undivided
attention. (They gave their undivided attention
to what?)
47. object answers the question
complement what? after a direct object. The object complement completes the meaning of the direct object by identifying or
describing it. An object complement may be an adjective, a noun, or a pronoun. North America's location in the
midlatitudes makes American farmers successful. (adjective)

Soil and climate make the American farmer a top producer. (noun)

Above all, the hard work of many farmers makes the credit theirs. (pronoun)
48. subject follows a subject and a linking verb (like seemed) and identifies or describes the subject.
complement
49. predicate a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and points back to the subject to identify it further.
nominative A computer is a machine.
50. predicate follows a linking verb and points back to the subject and further describes it.
adjective
This computer is slow.
51. prepositional a group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the
phrase preposition. A preposition may have more than one object. A prepositional phrase normally acts as an adjective or an
adverb. When it acts as an adjective, a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or a pronoun. When it acts as an adverb,
a prepositional phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

She is a candidate for mayor. (adjective

phrase modifying the noun candidate)

Which of these do you prefer? (adjective

phrase modifying the pronoun which)

Keith jumped into the swimming pool.

(adverb phrase modifying the verb jumped)

She is upset about the automobile accident.

(adverb phrase modifying the adjective
upset)

The concert started soon after sunset.

(adverb phrase modifying the adverb soon)
52. appositive a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or give additional information about it.

Our dog Sniffles will be twelve years old.

(The appositive Sniffles identifies the noun
dog.)
53. appositive an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive.
phrase
The loon, a diving bird that eats fish, has
a cry that sounds like a wail, a yodel, or a
laugh. (The appositive phrase a diving bird
that eats fish gives more information about
the noun loon.
54. participle a verb form that can function as
an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past
participles often end in -ed.

John watched the exciting game.

Lisa is a celebrated violinist.

55. participial phrase contains a participle plus any complements
and modifiers and acts as an adjective

The man teaching the class is a substitute

teacher.
56. gerund a verb form that ends in -ing and is
used in the same way a noun is used.

Diving can be dangerous. (as subject)

Massimo enjoyed walking. (as direct

object)

He was known for his singing. (as object of

a preposition)

The chores, cleaning and polishing, were

yet to be done. (as appositives)
57. gerund phrase a gerund plus any complements and modifiers.

Framing exotic artwork is the shop's specialty.

58. infinitive a verb form that is usually preceded
by the word to and is used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.

To plan is a must. (infinitive as subject)

She wants to swim. (infinitive as direct
object)
His plan was to speak. (infinitive as
predicate nominative)
The teacher gave permission to leave.
(infinitive as adjective)
The racer was too weary to sprint.
(infinitive as adverb)
59. infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements and modifiers.

The family wants to spend a week at the

beach.
60. infinitive clause When an infinitive has its own subject.

The officer asked Mike to come forward.

Note that the subject of the infinitive phrase

comes between the main verb and the infinitive.
61. absolute consists of a noun or a pronoun that is modified by a participle or a participial phrase. An absolute phrase has no
phrase grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.

Its antlers caught in the tree, the stag

was unable to free itself.

The game forfeited, the players grabbed

their bags and headed for home.

The participle being is understood rather than

stated in some absolute phrases.
We hurried home, the hour [being] late.
62. clause a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and that is used as a part of a sentence.
63. main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence.

Bruno dances every weekend.

64. subordinate has a subject and a
clause predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
A subordinate clause needs a main clause
to complete its meaning.
He enjoys most types of dance *because he
likes movement and music.*
65. simple ...
sentence
66. aspect A category or form which expresses the way in which time is denoted by a verb.

There are three aspects in English, the progressive or continuous aspect (expressing duration, typically using the
auxiliary verb be with a form in -ing, as in I was reading a book), the perfect or perfective (expressing completed
action, typically using the auxiliary verb have with a past participle, as in I have read the book), and unmarked aspect
(as in he reads books)
67. Tense- commonly abbreviated tam and also called tense-modality-aspect or tma, is the grammatical system of a language
aspect- that covers the expression of tense (location in time), aspect (fabric of time - a single block of time, continuous flow of
mood time, or repetitive occurrence), and mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability).[1] In some
languages, evidentiality (whether evidence exists for the statement, and if so what kind) and mirativity (surprise) may
also be included.
68. auxiliary a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do,
verb and have ; the modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
69. modal verb an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would,
can, could, may, and might.
70. moods The indicative mood
The imperative mood
The interrogative mood
The conditional mood
The subjunctive mood