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Name: Muhammad Izmar Hariz Bin Zulkifli Id. Number: 56213117142 Lecturer: Encik Muhamad Fadli Bin Ghani

1) Reverberation is the undesired return of energy from a target to ambient noise caused by scattering from inhomogeneities in the medium and surfaces. 2) Reverberation is divided into volume reverberation caused by scattering within the water and surface reverberation caused by scattering at surfaces like the sea surface and bottom. 3) Volume reverberation ranges from Rayleigh scattering which depends on frequency, to geometric reflection which depends on the scatterer properties. The deep scattering layer is a major source of volume reverberation.

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70 views4 pages

Name: Muhammad Izmar Hariz Bin Zulkifli Id. Number: 56213117142 Lecturer: Encik Muhamad Fadli Bin Ghani

1) Reverberation is the undesired return of energy from a target to ambient noise caused by scattering from inhomogeneities in the medium and surfaces. 2) Reverberation is divided into volume reverberation caused by scattering within the water and surface reverberation caused by scattering at surfaces like the sea surface and bottom. 3) Volume reverberation ranges from Rayleigh scattering which depends on frequency, to geometric reflection which depends on the scatterer properties. The deep scattering layer is a major source of volume reverberation.

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Afiq Abidin
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ASSIGNMENT 1: REVERBERATION

NAME : MUHAMMAD IZMAR HARIZ BIN ZULKIFLI

ID. NUMBER : 56213117142

LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMAD FADLI BIN GHANI


Reverberation – Volume scattering

Reverberation is known as undesired return of energy which means the echo return
from the target to ambient noise, echo-ranging sonar will receive part of its own
transmitted energy returned in undesired echos. It is the net impact of dispersing from
different inhomogeneities in the volume of the medium and at the surfaces jumping the
medium. Resonation is corresponding to the sent force and, thusly, once the return
becomes resonation restricted, rather than commotion restricted, no further increment in
force or decrease in transfer speed will improve the nature of the return. The formation
of this reverberation is divided into two forms which are volume reverberation and
surface reverberation. For surface reverberation, is divided into two forms which are
sea surface reverberation and bottom reverberation.

Figure 1: Types of reverberation

Reverberation – Volume scattering

The volume reverberation the scattering of sound by inhomogeneities in water may


range between two extremes which are Rayleigh scattering and Regular geometric
reflection. For Rayleigh scattering it means that this scattering is independent of the
shape of the scatterer and depends upon the square of the frequency. While, for
Regular geometric reflection it means that this scattering depends upon the acoustical
properties of the individual scatterer and is independent of frequency. Reverberation
caused by marine organisms is fairly universal and represents the major source of
volume reverberation.

To describe volume reverberation in a quantitative manner, it needs to define several


quantities. First of all, define the volume scattering coefficient to be the power per unit
intensity and scattering volume scattered from an incident plane wave of intensity (I) by
a small volume (V).

Surface Reverberation

Surface reverberation means that the reverberation is produced by the scattering of


acoustical energy from surface rather than in the volume of the medium. Naturally, the
two surfaces that we are concerned with in underwater acoustics are the sea surface
and the sea floor. Surface reverberation quantities in a manner similar to that which
was done in volume reverberation. The quantities of this surface reverberation are
surface scattering coefficient and surface scattering strength.

The major source of volume reverberation in sea is the deep scattering layer(s), DSL as
it is called. The scatterers responsible for the reverberation are undoubtedly biological,
but the specific creatures making up the DSL have not been definitely identified. There
are two types of surface reverberation which are sea-surface reverberation and bottom
reverberation. Sea-surface reverberation is one of the more important effccts on sonar
operation because of the shallow depth of the transducer in the surface ship. This
reverberation is extremely important in surface channel propagation. It is known that the
sea-surface back scattering strength varies with incident angle, acoustic frequency, and
roughness of the surface. The latter is often related to the wind speed in a somewhat
semi-quantitative way. For bottom reverberation, In shallow water, scattering from the
bottom is generally the strongest contributor to the observed reverberation. Typical
order of magnitude values for volume, sea surface, and bottom reverberation in shallow
water are - 80 dB, - 40 dB, and - 25 dB, respectively. Bottom reverberation depends
upon the type and coarseness of the bottom and its contours. But it is generally
believed that the contours produce the biggest effect.

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