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Newton-Raphson Method: Numerical Analysis

1. The Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method used to find approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. 2. It uses the tangent line of the function at the current point to estimate a new improved point, and repeats this process iteratively until a close approximation is found. 3. The document provides the derivation and algorithm of the Newton-Raphson method, and provides two examples to demonstrate finding the roots of equations using this method through multiple iterations.

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526 views14 pages

Newton-Raphson Method: Numerical Analysis

1. The Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method used to find approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. 2. It uses the tangent line of the function at the current point to estimate a new improved point, and repeats this process iteratively until a close approximation is found. 3. The document provides the derivation and algorithm of the Newton-Raphson method, and provides two examples to demonstrate finding the roots of equations using this method through multiple iterations.

Uploaded by

نورالهدى سعيد عبد
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Numerical analysis

Lecture 2

Newton-Raphson Method

Prepared by:
Dr. Rana M. Taha 1
Newton-Raphson Method

f(x)

f(xi) x f x 
i, i f(xi )
xi 1 = xi -
f (xi )

f(xi-1)


xi+2 xi+1 xi X

Figure 1 Geometrical illustration of the Newton-Raphson method.


2
Derivation
f(x)

AB
f(xi) B tan(  
AC

f ( xi )
f ' ( xi ) 
xi  xi 1
C  A X f ( xi )
xi+1 xi xi 1  xi 
f ( xi )
3
Figure 2 Derivation of the Newton-Raphson method.
Algorithm for Newton-Raphson Method

4
Step 1

Evaluate f (x) symbolically.

5
Step 2

Use an initial guess of the root, xi , to estimate the new


value of the root, xi 1 , as
f xi 
xi 1 = xi -
f xi 

6
Example 1

You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET COMPANY’ that


makes floats for ABC commodes. The floating ball has a specific
gravity of 0.6 and has a radius of 5.5 cm. You are asked to find
the depth to which the ball is submerged when floating in water.

Figure 3 Floating ball problem.


7
The equation that gives the depth x in meters to
which the ball is submerged under water is given by

f x   x3-0.165x 2+3.993 10- 4


Figure 3 Floating ball problem.

Use the Newton’s method of finding roots of equations to find the depth ‘x’
to which the ball is submerged under water. Conduct three iterations to
estimate the root of the above equation with an accuracy of 10^-3.

8 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Solve for f ' x 

f x   x 3-0.165 x 2+3.993 10- 4


f ' x   3x 2-0.33x
Let us assume the initial guess of the root of f x   0
is x0  0.05m .

9
Iteration 1
The estimate of the root is

f  x0 
x1  x0 
f '  x0 

 0.05 
0.05  0.1650.05  3.993  10  4
3 2

30.05  0.330.05
2

1.118  10  4
 0.05 
 9  10 3
 0.05   0.01242 
 0.06242
10
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
f  x1 
x2  x1 
f '  x1 

 0.06242 
0.06242   0.1650.06242   3.993  10  4
3 2

30.06242   0.330.06242 
2

 3.97781 10 7
 0.06242 
 8.90973  10 3

 0.06242  4.4646  10 5 
 0.06238
11
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
f  x2 
x3  x2 
f '  x2 

 0.06238 
0.06238  0.1650.06238  3.993  10  4
3 2

30.06238  0.330.06238
2

4.44  10 11
 0.06238 
 8.91171 10 3
 
 0.06238   4.9822  10 9
 0.06238 12
Example 2:
Let's approximate the root of the following function with
Newton Raphson Method f(x)= e^-x –X, error <0.005

13
Homework
Find the root of the equation x^2 - 4x - 7 near x =5 to the
nearest thousandth.

14

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